Ferdinand IV (Tuscany)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ferdinand IV.

Ferdinand IV. Salvator (born June 10, 1835 in Florence , † January 17, 1908 in Salzburg ) was an Archduke of Austria and from 1859 the last Grand Duke of Tuscany from the Habsburg secondary school of the Habsburg-Lorraine-Tuscany line . After his father's abdication in the struggle for an Italian nation-state, Ferdinand was nominally Grand Duke, but could no longer exercise his office, since in 1860 the Grand Duchy was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia. He then retreated into exile in Salzburg and Lindau in Lake Constance.

Life

With parents around 1845

Ferdinand IV., With full name Ferdinand Salvator Maria Joseph Johann Baptist Franz Ludwig Gonzaga Raphael Rainer Januarius , was born as the eldest son of Grand Duke Leopold II of Tuscany and Princess Maria Antonia of Bourbon-Sicily in 1835. He was a great-grandson of Emperor Leopold II through his second son Ferdinand III. from Tuscany. His son was then Ferdinand's father.

Ferdinand was brought up according to principles that were relatively liberal for his time. The person named in the Nando family married Princess Anna Maria of Saxony on November 24, 1856 in Dresden , who gave birth to their daughter Maria Antonia (d. 1883) on January 10, 1858. Anna Maria died on February 10, 1859 giving birth to her second daughter.

The Habsburg rule over the Grand Duchy of Tuscany came under pressure in the middle of the 19th century by the Italian national movement of the Risorgimento and had to take a position in the Italian wars of independence . When Sardinia and France on the side of the national movement were preparing for an armed conflict against the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies , which was to become the Second War of Independence ( Sardinian War ), Ferdinand's father, Leopold II, declared the neutrality of the Grand Duchy. Despite the urging of national forces in Central Italy, Leopold II did not go to war against Austria , also because of his ties to the Viennese line of his House of Habsburg, and "had ... sat between the two only possible stools". A revolution then broke out, as a result of which the grand ducal family fled to Bologna and from there went into exile in Vienna. Ferdinand's father tried to save the throne and abdicated in favor of his son on July 21, 1859, but could not prevent Tuscany from being annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia in the course of the unification of Italy after the clear result of a referendum in 1860 . This ended the rule of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine-Tuscany.

First Ferdinand IV. Maintained diplomatic protest against this decision and left the previous Tuscan ambassador at their posts. Only after the Austrian defeat in the German War in 1866 did the Austrian Emperor remove the symbol of Tuscany from his coat of arms.

Summer residence: Villa Toskana in Lindau

Ferdinand IV finally abdicated in 1870, also in order to clarify open property questions.

From 1868 lived Ferdinand IV. Alternately in the summer in the Villa Tuscany in Lindau and in winter in a tract of Salzburg residence , the Emperor him Franz Joseph I had left and since then Toskanatrakt is called. He was married to Princess Alicia of Bourbon-Parma , the daughter of the late Duke Charles III , in his second marriage since 1868 . from Parma . Grand Duke Ferdinand was also a great amateur photographer and patron of the amateur photographer club in Salzburg. Grand Duke Ferdinand IV is buried in the "Tuscany crypt" of the Capuchin crypt in Vienna. His widow lived in Salzburg until 1918 and then moved to Schwertberg .

progeny

First marriage: Ferdinand IV married Princess Anna of Saxony (1836-1859), daughter of King John I of Saxony and Princess Amalie Auguste of Bavaria in 1856 .

  • Maria Antonia (1858–1883) (lung disease), abbess of the Theresian women's monastery in Prague
  • Daughter (* / + 1859)

Second marriage: Ferdinand IV married Princess Alicia of Bourbon-Parma , daughter of Duke Charles III. of Parma and the Princess Louise Marie Therese of France .

Princess Anna of Saxony
Alicia of Bourbon-Parma, later Archduchess of Austria-Tuscany
⚭ 1903–1907 (divorced 1907) Wilhelmine Adamovicz (1877–1908)
⚭ 1907–1916 (divorced 1916) Maria Magdalena Ritter (1876–1924)
⚭ 1933 Klara Hedwig Pawlowski, née Groeger (1894–1978)
⚭ 1891 (divorced in 1903) King Friedrich August III. of Saxony
1907 (divorced in 1912) Enrico Toselli
⚭ 1921–1928 Rosa Kandie Kaltenbrunner (1878–1928)
⚭ 1929 Gertrude Tomanek von Beyerfels-Mondsee (1902–1997)
  • Peter Ferdinand (1874–1948), general of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy
⚭ 1900 Maria Christina of Bourbon-Sicily (1877–1947)
⚭ 1919 Maria Karoline Ludescher (1883–1981)
⚭ 1901 Prince Johannes zu Hohenlohe-Bartenstein and Jagstberg (1863–1921)
  • Margareta (1881-1965)
  • Germana (1884–1955)
  • Robert Ferdinand (1885–1895)
  • Agnes (1891-1945)

Literature (not evaluated)

Individual evidence

  1. See the entire question by Bernd Braun: The end of regional monarchies in Italy. Abdication in the course of the Risorgimento. In: Susan Richter, Dirk Dirbach (ed.): Renunciation of the throne. The abdication in monarchies from the Middle Ages to modern times. Böhlau, Köln, Weimar, Wien 2010, pp. 251–266, here pp. 254–257 , quotation p. 255.
  2. Michael Göbl: State symbols of the Habsburg Empire from 1867 with special consideration of the state coat of arms. In: Norbert Leser, Manfred Wegner (Hrsg.): Austrian political symbols. Historically, aesthetically and critically illuminated. Vienna 1994, pp. 11–36, here p. 18.
  3. Bernd Braun: The end of the regional monarchies in Italy. Abdication in the course of the Risorgimento. In: Susan Richter, Dirk Dirbach (ed.): Renunciation of the throne. The abdication in monarchies from the Middle Ages to modern times. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne, Weimar, Vienna 2010, pp. 251–266, here p. 257 .
  4. ^ Toskanatrakt at the Faculty Library for Law, University of Salzburg .
  5. Information page Versatile talents and interests ( Memento from March 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) on the exhibition Archduke Heinrich Ferdinand von Habsburg-Lothringen (1878–1969). Officer - Photographer - Painter ( Memento from August 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) in the Salzburg Museum from April 10, 2009 to April 25, 2010.
predecessor Office successor
Leopold II. Grand Duke of Tuscany
1859–1860
---