Pillau fortress
| Pillau fortress | ||
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 Pillau fortress |
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| Creation time : | 1625 | |
| Castle type : | Coastal fortress access around Frischen Haff | |
| Conservation status: | Received or received substantial parts | |
| Place: | Baltiysk | |
| Geographical location | 54 ° 38 '33.9 " N , 19 ° 53' 14.2" E | |
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The fortress Pillau , since 1888 also Fort Stiehle (after Gustav von Stiehle ), was laid out in 1626 in Pillau, today Baltijsk . It is a regular pentagon, surrounded by a moat and ramparts. The outer works were constantly exposed to silting. The fortress included the armory, the magazines and the arsenals.
history
The approach to the Frischen Haff has often changed in the past. In the Middle Ages it was near Lochstedt, which was secured by Lochstedt Castle . But the Lochstedter Tief began to silt up again in 1311 and made it impossible for larger ships to enter the lagoon and thus further to Königsberg. In 1497 a storm surge created the Pillauer Tief , 550 m long and 360 m wide. This new passage through the Fresh Spit between Fresh Lagoon and the Baltic Sea was now passable again for the cogs of the Hanseatic League. Whoever controlled this low, controlled trade, could raise tariffs, or cut Königsberg off from trade. During the Thirty Years' War , the Swedish King Gustav Adolf landed on July 6, 1626 with a fleet of 37 ships in Pillau, which was then occupied by the Swedes for ten years. They expanded the existing entrenchments and built the Pillau fortress . During the Swedish times, the place expanded and the first wooden church was built. On November 20, 1656, the Great Elector received the fortress from the Swedes through the Treaty of Labiau and developed Pillau into a naval base in Brandenburg . As a result, the population grew again, and pilots, traders and former officers settled in the fortress catchment area. In 1660 the wooden church was replaced by a stone structure and received an organ.
King Friedrich Wilhelm I granted Pillau town charter on January 18, 1725 and expanded the fortress to the current state. During the Seven Years' War, the city and fortress were under Russian occupation from 1758 to 1762. During the Fourth Coalition War, French troops besieged Pillau in vain in 1807, so that the fortress was preserved for Prussia through the Peace of Tilsiter .
From 1791 to 1805, under Paul von Gonzenbach's direction, the fortress was rebuilt and cost 645,000 thalers .
As a result of the Franco-Prussian alliance against Russia, the fortress had to accommodate a French occupation contingent of 1200 men under General Castella in the summer of 1812. When East Prussia rose against Napoleon at the beginning of 1813, the commander of the Prussian contingent succeeded in persuading the French occupation to withdraw without a fight on February 8, 1813 when Russian troops appeared before the Russians. On April 25, 1945, Pillau and its fortress were the last East Prussian city to be conquered by the Red Army (due to its exposed location) .
District fortress Pillau (1885–1903)
On July 2, 1885 , the new administrative district "Fortress Pillau" was formed from the manor district of Pillau, fortress, which previously belonged to the district of Alt Pillau . It consisted only of this one Gutsbezirk and belonged to the district Fischhausen in the administrative district of Konigsberg the Prussian province of East Prussia . Since the manorial district of Pillau, fortress, was incorporated into the municipality of Pillau on March 30, 1903, the administrative district "fortress Pillau" no longer existed.
List of governors and commanders
Governors
- 1636 Melchior von Dargitz, colonel
- 1636 Heinrich Groß called Pfersfeld, Obrist
- 1641 Otto Wilhelm von Podewils , colonel
- 1657 Pierre de la Cave , major general
- 1679 Freiherr Joachim Heinrich Truchsess von Waldburg , major general and commander
- 1684 Wolfgang Christoph Truchsess von Waldburg , major general
- 1688 Johann Georg von Belling , major general
- 1689 Wilhelm von Brandt major general - later governor of Magdeburg (1692–1701) and Küstrin (1701)
- 1692 Count Alexander zu Dohna , Field Marshal General
- 1728 Count Albrecht Konrad Finck von Finckenstein , Field Marshal General - also Governor of Memel
- 1736 Erhard Ernst von Roeder , Field Marshal General - also Governor of Kolberg and Memel
- 1743 Johann von Lehwaldt Field Marshal General - also Governor of Königsberg and Memel
- 1768 Joachim Friedrich von Stutterheim , lieutenant general - also governor of Königsberg and Memel
- 1786 Dubislav Friedrich von Platen , general of the cavalry - also governor of Königsberg and Memel
- 1787 Count Albrecht Dietrich Gottfried von und zum Egloffstein , lieutenant general - also governor of Königsberg and Memel
Commanders
- 1641 Otto von Prömock (Prembock)
- 1678 Patrick Hamilton, lieutenant colonel later in command of Memel
- 1679 Benedikt Steffens, lieutenant colonel
- 1679 Baron Joachim Heinrich Truchsess von Waldburg, major general, later governor
- 1684 Johann Christoph von Goetze , lieutenant colonel, later governor of Küstrin and Peitz
- 1685 Gottfried Eberhard von Eberschwein, lieutenant colonel
- 1689 Bernd Christian von Schoenebeck , colonel, later in command of Colberg
- 1691 Martin von Dittmansdorf, colonel later in command of Colberg
- 1697 Georg Boguslav von Wobeser , lieutenant general
- 1722 Kaspar Dietlof von Winterfeld , Colonel
- 1725 Peter von Seers , major general
- 1727 Constantin von Billerbeck (1673–1744), Colonel
- 1742 Georg Werner von der Schulenburg , Colonel
- 1744 Ernst Conrad von Brandiss, Colonel
- 1756 Hennert von Wuthenow, lieutenant colonel
- 1757–1763 Russian administration
- 1763 von Sydow († 1770), Colonel
- 1770 vacant, Friedrich II. Plans to give up the fortress in favor of Gaudenz
- 1787 Viktor Amadeus Henckel von Donnersmarck , lieutenant general, later commander of Memel and governor of Königsberg
- 1796 Johann Christoph Lenz, Colonel
- 1806 Johann Friedrich von Herrmann , Colonel, 1st Commandant
- 1806 Gustav von strengck, major, 2nd in command
- 1808 Ernst Christian Albert von Tresckow , Colonel, charged with running the business
- 1815 Ludwig Ernst Christian von Kyckpusch , major
- 1815 Alexander von Trabenfeldt, Colonel
- 1827 Friedrich von Petersdorff , Colonel, previously in command of Memel, later in Thorn
- 1837 Karl Friedrich Leopold von Stuckrad , Colonel / Major General
literature
- Carl Beckherrn: History of the fortifications of Königsberg. Beyer, Königsberg 1890.
- Venice Eremeev: Koenigsberg - Kaliningrad - 750. The Monuments of Defensive Architecture. “April” Studio, Kaliningrad 2006, ISBN 5-902949-07-6 (Russian).
- Karl Faber : The strangest thing from the chronicle of the city and fortress Pillau. In: Contributions to the customer of Prussia. Volume 3, Königsberg 1824, pp. 42-70 and pp. 130-150 .
- Robert Albinus: Königsberg Lexicon. City and surroundings . Flechsig, Würzburg 2002, ISBN 3-88189-441-1 .
- Rainald Goetz : Fortress. 3 volumes in 5 sub-volumes. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1994, ISBN 3-518-09887-X .
- K. Hoburg: Historical-military news about the fortress Pillau. 1858, digitized .
- Jürgen Manthey : Königsberg - history of a world citizenship republic. Hanser, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-446-20619-1 .
- Leopold von Zedlitz-Neukirch : The state forces of the Prussian monarchy under Friedrich Wilhelm III. Volume 3, p. 209, digitized list of governors.
- List of commanders. in: Contributions to the customer of Prussia. P. 136f.
Individual evidence
- ^ Rolf Jehke: District fortress Pillau
- ^ According to the register of the flourishing and dead nobility in Germany digitized are Prömock / Prembock