Refugee settlement

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As a refugee settlements newly built in Germany were settlements referred to the group of victims of the expellees of refugees and World War II were made available. If they had not yet found their own apartments, they had previously been mainly housed in camps and temporary accommodation in rural areas.

history

Refugee settlements arose from the beginning of the 1940s to the beginning of the 1960s, often in rural areas on the outskirts, somewhat separated and partly on former Wehrmacht areas. The construction of such settlements was significantly promoted or made possible in the first place through targeted housing programs of the federal states or often also by charities or churches. In this way, entire planned cities such as Espelkamp or Waldkraiburg were created .

In Schleswig-Holstein , the first systematic, uniform and centrally controlled housing construction program in West Germany after the war, the ERP special program " Construction of 10,000 refugee apartments ", was implemented under the leadership of the German trade unions . The foundation stone of the special program was laid on March 5, 1950 by Hans Böckler , who died on February 16, 1951 , in the settlement later named after him (" Böcklersiedlung ") in Neumünster as the largest single building project of the special program.

The emergence of refugee settlements was often associated with social tensions between their residents and the old residents of a community. For some refugees, they also meant a social (re) advancement, because until then they were usually housed with these old residents and for the first time had their own home again.

Creation of refugee settlements

Refugee settlements in rented and multi-storey apartment buildings were usually built on undeveloped land, reconstruction only took place in a few cases (e.g. in Kiel - Neumühlen-Dietrichsdorf ). The row construction dominated the urban layout of the buildings.

In the case of refugee settlements with single-family houses, many have been created with small settlements to create home ownership . Typical for this are the simple housing estates or terraced houses with a rectangular floor plan and pitched roof and with a surrounding (mostly larger) garden. Place names from the areas of origin of the residents were often chosen as street names. Typically there are street names like Königsberger Straße , Schlesienweg , Pommernstraße or Sudetenweg . The names for the settlements were also often based on the origin of their residents (for example the Ostlandsiedlung in Scheeßel in Lower Saxony ). Often, however, small, nameless settlements, often comprising only three or four houses, were built outside even the smallest of towns in rural regions.

A special building typology for refugee settlements was the duplex house , which was designed for two different phases of use. Erected as a terraced house with two or three small rental apartments in the first phase, it was intended to be used for the first accommodation of families. When the pressure on the housing market subsided, the buildings should then be converted into single-family homes.

Examples

literature

  1. ↑ Reinhold Nimptsch: “Productive refugee aid from the trade unions: New organizational methods for the construction of 10,000 apartments”; Cologne 1950
  2. ↑ Astrid Holz, Dietmar Walberg, et al: Settlements from the 1950s - modernization or demolition? Methodology for making decisions about demolition, modernization or new construction in settlements from the 1950s. Final report. Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning -BBR-, Bonn (sponsor); Working group for contemporary building e. V., Kiel (executive body); Construction Research Report No. 56; Kiel 2006. ISBN 978-3-8167-7481-5
  3. ↑ Working group for contemporary building e. V. (Eds.): Johannes Scharre / Ulrich Haake: "The construction of 10,000 refugee apartments in Schleswig-Holstein (ERP special program 1950) - results, methods, experiences and conclusions", / Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Produktiv refugeeshilfe e. V .; (Research report on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Housing No. 148 (2404/05)); Building research report of the working group for contemporary building e. V. No. 2, Kiel 1952
  • Kalte Heimat , A. Kossert, 2008 Siedler-Verlag