Francisco Gomez de Sandoval y Rojas
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Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas (* 1553 in Tordesillas , † May 17, 1625 in Valladolid ) was Marqués of Denia and since 1599 Duke of Lerma; he was the main adviser and first minister of the Spanish king Philip III. and was named cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Paul V in 1618 .
origin
The future Duke of Lerma was a grandson of the Jesuit general Francisco de Borja . His parents were Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Zúñiga, Margrave of Denia, and Isabel de Borja y Castro, daughter of the Duke of Gandía .
Political activity
Domestic politics
As far as we know, the Duke of Lerma, as royal keeper of the seal, had his hands in all important domestic political decisions - he was also the driving force behind the move and the return of the Spanish court to and from Valladolid (1601/1606). Prior to the move, he had acquired land and real estate there, which he was able to sell on for a profit. In the years 1609-1615 - after speculation against the king - the final expulsion of the descendants of the Moors ( moriscos ), who still made up a large proportion of the population (approx. 15-20%) in southern Spain, but also in Aragón .
Foreign policy
In 1604, the duke concluded a peace treaty with the "arch enemy" England. Three years later, the cessation of all acts of war in the Spanish-occupied Netherlands was ordered , which in 1609 led to an official armistice, although it was limited to 12 years from the start. However, there were regionally limited wars or conflicts in Italy as well as against the Ottoman Empire and in Morocco .
Cardinal appointments
Lerma had a major influence on whom the king nominated as Crown Cardinal . With one exception, all of the Spanish cardinals appointed during this period were either related to the Duque de Lerma or otherwise closely related. The first cardinal who owed his appointment to the work of the Duke of Lerma was Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas . He received his cardinalate on March 3, 1599 and throughout his life considered himself more a functionary of the Spanish crown than a servant of the Pope - he never visited Rome. The next clergyman to whom Lerma owed his cardinal hat was Antonio Zapata y Cisneros . This was followed by the survey by Gaspar de Borja y Velasco and Gabriel Trejo Paniagua . The latter was a relative of Rodrigo Calderón , again a favorite of Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas. The Duque de Lerma also campaigned for the Dominican and confessor of the Spanish King Jerónimo Xavierre to receive the cardinal's hat. The sixth cardinal, who owed his appointment to the Duque de Lerma, was Baltasar de Moscoso y Sandoval . The awarding of the cardinal's hat to Cardinal Infante Ferdinand , on the other hand, was a move by the opponents of Duque de Lerma. They wanted to prevent the Duke from receiving the rich Archdiocese of Toledo if he could get an appointment as cardinal.
End of influence
The greater the abundance of power was that he united in his person (eg. As he acquired in March 1608 by the Spanish crown at the price of 5,480,000 maravedis the basic rule (señorio) more than 300 places around Lerma) the greater was the number of his enemies. The most important of these was Gaspar de Guzmán , Count of Olivares, later Duke of Sanlúcar, who would go down in Spanish-European history as the "Duke of Olivares". Since 1613, when his position at the Spanish royal court was already weakened, the Duke of Lerma tried to gain the cardinal purple himself ; However, he was only successful in 1618 and was appointed cardinal priest of the titular church of San Sisto . This was accompanied by his withdrawal from politics. He spent the last years of his life secluded in Valladolid, but not without quarrels with Olivares and King Philip IV .
Tombs
The Duke of Lerma and his wife Doña Catalina de la Cerda Manuel, who died in 1603, are buried in the church of San Pablo in Valladolid - here you can also find marble copies of Pompeo Leoni (around 1530-1608) and marble copies made in 1601–1607 Lesmes Fernández del Moral made bronze tombs. These were brought to the Colegio de San Gregorio in the context of the dismortment of church property in Spain in 1835 ; both tombs are now part of the Museo Nacional de Escultura .
literature
- Alfredo Alvar Ezquerra: El Duque de Lerma - Corrupción y Desmoralización en la España del siglo XVII. La Esfera de los Libros, Madrid 2010, ISBN 978-84-9734-990-1 .
- Juan Matas, José María Micó and Jesús Ponce (eds.): El duque de Lerma - Poder y Literatura en el Siglo de Oro. Centro de Estudios Europa Hispánica, Madrid 2011, ISBN 978-84-936776-7-1 .
- Antonio Feros: El duque de Lerma - Realeza y Privanza en la España de Felipe III. Marcial Pons Historia, Madrid 2002. ISBN 978-84-95379-39-9 .
- Patrick Williams: "El Gran Valido - el Duque de Lerma, la Corte y el Gobierno de Felipe III, 1598 - 1621." Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid 2010, ISBN 978-84-9718-601-8 .
- Hillard von Thiessen: Family ties and creature wages. The (cardinal) duke of Lerma and the crown cardinals of Philip III. from Spain. In: Arne Karsten (ed.): The hunt for the red hat. Cardinal careers in baroque Rome. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2004, ISBN 3-525-36277-3 , p. 105 ff.
Web links
- Rojas de Sandoval, Francisco Gómez. In: Salvador Miranda : The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. ( Florida International University website), accessed May 15, 2017.
- Entry on Francisco Gómez Rojas de Sandoval on catholic-hierarchy.org ; accessed on May 15, 2017.
- Bronze tombs of the Duke and his wife in Valladolid - photos + information (Spanish)
- Marble tombs of the Duke and his wife in Valladolid - photos + brief information (Spanish)
- Project Requiem
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Rojas, Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Spanish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 1553 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Tordesillas |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 17, 1625 |
| Place of death | Valladolid |