Nature sports

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As nature Sport (also free-range , open-air or outdoor sports ), each self-determined action movement in the open countryside referred to a confrontation with nature or with themselves in the nature allows.

Nature sport is not necessarily synonymous with natural and landschaftsverträglichem sports .

history

Due to the increasing standardization in sport, nature sport has become more and more important as a countermovement. Outdoor sport is a relatively new term in the German language. The first scientific uses can be seen in exam and diploma theses in the mid / late 1980s, for example on the didactic value of skiing or on the conflict between nature conservation and sport using the example of canoeing . The term has been in regular use since the late 1990s. Adventure or open-air sports (or outdoor sports) were and are still used as related names. This also involves a recourse to sports from ancient times.

There are also some fun sports and trend sports , e.g. B. windsurfing and surfing , as well as extreme sports (z. B. free climbing ).

Motivations

The motivations of outdoor sports enthusiasts are to be considered specific to the sport; they can be assigned to the following categories:

  • Experience a beautiful landscape , nature experience, observation of wild animals
  • Increasing fitness in beautiful surroundings
  • Experience movement
  • Rest and relaxation
  • fun
  • Overcoming oneself, adventure , thrill or risk
  • Everyday escape
  • Community experience
  • Practicing environmentally friendly tourism (“ ecotourism ”) - therefore getting around, for example on foot or by bike

Typical nature sports

Land-based sports

Air sports

water sports

Winter sports

Other leisure activities (= natural leisure and recreational activities that cannot be directly assigned to a specific sport)

Nature sports and nature conservation

Outdoor sports activities can lead to heavy loads in nature and the landscape. Due to the strong increase in nature sports activities since the 1980s, there are increasing conflicts between nature sports enthusiasts and nature conservation; above all about individual landscapes or habitats that are particularly attractive for sport and recreation and that are particularly sensitive and / or worthy of protection. The potentially conflicting areas have at least one of the following characteristics:

  • High degree of closeness to nature and sensitivity
  • Occurrence of rare animal and plant species (species on the Red List )
  • Ecological diversity / high density of ecological niches
  • Rarity and representation for a type of landscape or biotope
  • High protective function for certain ecological potentials such as buffer zones, drinking water protection areas or protective forests

Mountains as a retreat for many rare animals and plants as well as wetlands and coastal zones as spawning and breeding grounds for water birds, amphibians and other animals are particularly affected.

With different approaches and strategies it is achieved that on the one hand nature sports activities can be carried out and on the other hand impairments to nature and the landscape can be avoided or reduced:

  • Planning strategies: creation of infrastructures or facilities, area development conception, infrastructural control
  • Persuasive strategies: agreements, patronage, information / education, appeals for self-restraint, codes, incentives / stimulation, training / further education of multipliers, environmental education / upbringing
  • Standard strategies: prohibitions, requirements / protection regulations

Nature-friendly sport

The Advisory Council for the Environment and Sport in the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety published a technical explanation on sport that is compatible with nature and the landscape in September 2001. Accordingly, sport in nature and the landscape is used for recreation and is compatible with nature and the landscape if the requirements of the German Federal Nature Conservation Act are complied with. There it says in § 4 u. a. that one has to behave in such a way that “ nature and landscape are not impaired more than is unavoidable under the circumstances ”. On the other hand, sport is not compatible with the natural landscape if it:

  • contradicts the legal regulations issued for the protection of biotopes and animal and plant species,
  • significantly affects the diversity, uniqueness and beauty of nature and landscape and reduces the experience and recreational value,
  • significantly disrupts the recreational function of the landscape through noise or other influences,
  • Causes substance inputs or physical loads that exceed the self-regulation of the affected ecosystem ,
  • disturbs wild animals in such a way that effects on the reproduction and stability of the populations concerned can be assumed,
  • changes the habitat of native animals and plants in such a way that their continued existence is endangered or
  • by means of internal combustion engines.

clothing

Outdoor sports are typically practiced in functional clothing , so-called outdoor clothing . This clothing is also worn by many in everyday life. The industry association European Outdoor Group estimates that outdoor clothing worth around 6 billion euros will be sold in Europe in 2010. However, functional clothing is heavily criticized because of its harmfulness.

Sports activities in the field of nudism or nude sports , on the other hand, take place without clothing .

See also

literature

  • Ralf Roth, Stefan Türk, Gregor Klos: Technical terms from nature sports and ecology . In: Series of publications in nature sport and ecology, Vol. 14, German Sport University - Institute for nature sport and ecology, Cologne 2003 ( PDF file )
  • Christina Zeidenitz, Marcel Hunziker: Leisure activities because of and against nature and landscape: Social scientific investigations into backgrounds and solutions . In: BfN script 199 - Outdoor sports and communication, Bonn 2006
  • Philipp Hatje: Didactic and curricular importance of a nature sport using the example of skiing . Thesis, Hamburg 1985
  • Eva Wiesinger: Nature conservation and nature sports using the example of canoeing . Diploma thesis, Vienna 1987
  • Paul Ingold: Leisure activities in the habitat of alpine animals - areas of conflict between humans and animals. With a guide for practical use . Haupt, Bern 2005

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Pierre Parlebas : Eléments de sociologie du sport . Pr. Univ. de France, Paris 1986, ISBN 2-13-039299-7 .
  2. ↑ Arnd Krüger , Roland Naul : “Tournament was the Sumer vil ...” - Theory and practice of traditional forms from athletics and movement games. In: Ulrich Becker (Ed.): Athletics in the curriculum vitae. Meyer & Meyer, Aachen 1994, ISBN 3-89124-200-X , pp. 3395-3400.
  3. ↑ Susanne Amann: Outdoor manufacturers fail when it comes to social responsibility. on: spiegel.de July 13, 2010.
  4. ^ European Outdoor Group - News. ( Memento from December 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  5. ↑ Outdoor clothing: Better just waterproof In: Wissenschaft.de , February 6, 2019, accessed on February 7, 2019

Web links

Wikibooks: Outdoor Activities  - Learning and Teaching Materials