Governor General (Estonia)
The (general) governor of Estonia was the governor of the Swedish and from 1710 Russian monarchs in the Estonia governorate from 1561 to 1917 . The governorate comprised the entire northern part of the national territory of the Republic of Estonia , which was proclaimed on February 24, 1918 .
history
In the early 1560s, during the Livonian War (1558–1583), the northern part of what is now Estonia submitted to the Swedish crown. The area comprised the four districts of Harrien , Jerwen , Wiek and Wierland and the island of Dagö . Sweden formed an administrative unit from it.
The governor or governor general of the Swedish and Russian crowns was the governor of the Swedish king or, from 1710, of the Russian tsar in Estonia. He was based in Reval .
The real power holder of Estonia remained the native Baltic German nobility of Estonia. It was organized in the Estonian knighthood , whose privileges were largely guaranteed by the Swedish king and later the Russian tsar. The knighthood exercised its power over a state parliament, which existed until 1917.
In October 1710, Russia conquered the area in the Great Northern War . Sweden recognized the loss of territory under international law in the Peace of Nystad in 1721. The Swedish administrative structure was retained. However, the tsarist governor general was directly subordinate to the monarch, although in other Russian governorates he was subordinate to the senate. As the Estonian Governorate ( Russian Эстляндская губерния ), Estonia remained one of the three Baltic Governments of the Russian Empire alongside Livonia and Courland until February 1918 .
Swedish governors of Estonia (1561–1674)
- 1561–1562: Lars Ivarsson Fleming
- 1562–1562: Henrik Klasson Horn
- 1562–1564: Svante Stensson Sture
- 1564–1565: Hermann Pedersson Fleming
- 1565–1568: Henrik Klasson Horn
- 1568–1570: Gabriel Kristiernsson Oxenstierna
- 1570–1572: Hans Björnsson till Lepas
- 1572–1574: Claes Åkesson Tott
- 1574–1575: Pontus de la Gardie
- 1576–1578: Carl Henriksson Horn
- 1578–1580: Göran Boije
- 1580–1581: Svante Eriksson Stalarm
- 1582–1583: Göran Boije
- 1583–1585: Pontus de la Gardie
- 1585–1588: Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna
- 1588–1588: Hans Wachtmeister
- 1588–1590: Gustaf Axelsson Banér
- 1590–1592: Erik Gabrielsson Oxenstierna
- 1592–1600: Göran Boije
- 1600–1601: Carl Henriksson Horn
- 1601–1602: Moritz Stensson Leijonhufvud
- 1619–1622: Jacob de la Gardie
- 1622–1626: Per Gustafsson Banér
- 1626–1628: Johan De la Gardie
- 1628–1642: Philipp von Scheiding
- 1642–1646: Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna
- 1646–1653: Erik Axelsson Oxenstierna
- 1653–1653: Wilhelm Ulrich
- 1653–1655: Heinrich von Thurn
- 1655–1655: Wilhelm Ulrich
- 1655–1656: Bengt Skytte
- 1656–1656: Wilhelm Ulrich
- 1656–1674: Bengt Horn
- 1674–1674: Johan Christoffer von Scheiding
Swedish Governors General of Estonia (1674-1710)
- 1674–1681: Anders Torstenson
- 1681–1687: Robert Lichtone
- 1687–1687: Nils Bielke
- 1687–1704: Axel Julius De la Gardie
- 1704–1706: Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach
- 1706–1709: Niels Stromberg
- 1709-1710: Carl Nieroth
Russian Governors General of Estonia (1710–1728)
- 1710–1711: Rudolph Felix Bauer
- 1711–1719: Alexander Danilowitsch Menshikov
- 1719–1728: Fyodor Matwejewitsch Apraxin
Russian governors of Estonia (1728–1762)
- 1728–1736: Friedrich von Löwen
- 1736–1736: Plato Ivanovich Mussin-Pushkin
- 1736–1738: Ernst Sebastian von Manstein
- 1738–1740: Gustav Otto Douglas
- 1740–1743: Woldemar von Löwendahl
- 1743–1753: Peter August Friedrich von Holstein-Beck
- 1753–1758: Vladimir Petrovich Dolgoruki
- 1758–1762: Peter August Friedrich von Holstein-Beck
Russian Governors General of Estonia (1762–1792)
- 1762–1775: Peter August Friedrich von Holstein-Beck
- 1775–1792: Georg Browne
Russian governors of Estonia (1783-1917)
(1783–1792 and 1808–1819 the governors of Estonia were subordinate to the governors general)
- 1783–1786: Georg Friedrich von Grotenhielm
- 1786–1797: Heinrich Johann von Wrangell
- 1797–1808: Andreas von Langell
- 1809–1819: Berend von Uexküll
- 1819–1832: Gotthard Wilhelm von Budberg-Bönninghausen
- 1832–1833: Otto Wilhelm von Essen
- 1833–1841: Paul Friedrich von Benckendorff
- 1842–1859: Johann Engelbrecht Christoph von Grünewaldt
- 1859–1868: Wilhelm Otto Cornelius Alexander von Ulrich
- 1868–1870: Mikhail Nikolajewitsch Galkin-Wraskoi
- 1870–1875: Michail Walentinowitsch Schachowskoi-Glebov-Streschnew
- 1875–1885: Viktor Petrovich Poliwanow
- 1885–1894: Sergei Wladimirowitsch Schachowskoi
- 1894–1902: Jefstafi Nikolajewitsch Scalon
- 1902–1905: Aleksei Valerianowitsch Bellegarde
- 1905–1905: Aleksei Aleksandrovich Lopuchin
- 1905–1906: Nikolai Georgiewitsch von Bünting
- 1906–1907: Pyotr Petrovich Baschilow
- 1907–1915: Ismail Wladimirovitsch Korostowets
- 1915–1917: Pyotr Vladimirovich Werjowkin
Russian governors general of Estonia (1808–1819)
- 1808–1809: Peter Friedrich Georg von Holstein-Oldenburg
- 1809-1811: vacancy
- 1811–1816: Paul Friedrich August von Holstein-Oldenburg
See also
literature
- The civil and military commander-in-chief at the time of the Kaiser. Russian government over Estonia and Reval. In: Das Inland , No. 19 May 9, 1855, No. 19 ( digitized version )
- Karsten Brüggemann and Ralph Tuchtenhagen : residents and representatives of the city of Reval / Tallinn. In: Tallinn. Little history of the city. Böhlau Verlag , Cologne-Weimar-Vienna 2011, ISBN 978-3-412-20601-7 . ( PDF )
Remarks
- ↑ Livonia , which was later conquered , was constituted as the Livonian Gouvernement . The governor general there had his seat in Riga .
- ↑ The list is incomplete and will be continued over several subsequent issues.