Bohemian gentian

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Bohemian gentian
Bohemian gentian (Gentianella praecox)

Bohemian gentian ( Gentianella praecox )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids I
Order : Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family : Gentian Family (Gentianaceae)
Genre : Wreath anian ( Gentianella )
Type : Bohemian gentian
Scientific name
Gentianella praecox
( A.Kern. & Jos.Kern. ) E. Mayer

The Bohemian gentian or Bohemian wreath ( Gentianella praecox ) is a species of plant that belongs to the genus of wreaths ( Gentianella ) in the gentian family (Gentianaceae). Its distribution is limited to the area of ​​the Bohemian Massif .

description

Leaf rosette in the first year
Inflorescence from the side, details of the calyx and crown are clearly visible
Albinotic specimen of the Bohemian gentian in the Austrian Bohemian Forest / Mühlviertel

Vegetative characteristics

The Bohemian gentian grows as a biennial herbaceous plant . In the first vegetation period, a relatively inconspicuous rosette of leaves is formed. In the second summer, the branched, reddish overflowing stems form , which reach heights of 5 to 30, sometimes up to 45 centimeters. The leaf blades are simple.

Generative characteristics

The lower branches are relatively long and this creates a corymbic inflorescence . In mowed or grazed lawns they are compact and bloomed, while in felted fallow grassland they are usually long-stemmed and scarce.

The hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical and five-fold and 20 to 45 millimeters long. The five sepals , often overflowing with carmine red, are fused at the base to form a wingless calyx tube. The calyx-tube is significantly shorter than the five almost identical, linear to narrowly triangular calyx-lobes, which have a papillary edge that is strongly rolled back; the calyx bays can vary in a population , sometimes even in a plant specimen, from rounded to pointed. The five mostly purple-colored, 15 to 40 millimeters long petals are fused at the base, widened towards the top and bearded in the throat.

The stalked capsule fruit is 2 to 6 millimeters long.

The flowering period extends from June to October. As with other wreaths, there are also here summer-blooming (aestivale) and autumn-blooming (autumnal) populations , which are no longer assigned any taxonomic value.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36.

Differentiation to similar species

The characteristics of the Bohemian gentian stand between the German fringed gentian ( Gentianella germanica ) and the Austrian wreath ( Gentianella austriaca ). Vladimír Skalický described it in 1969 as an endemic species of the Bohemian masses . The flower stalks branch out in the lower part. Characteristic of the Bohemian gentian are the often carmine-red overflowing calyx, the calyx tips, which are papilous and strongly rolled back at the edge, the clearly developed and full-rimmed wings of the calyx tube and the more or less U- or V-shaped rounded calyx bays.

Occurrence and protection

The distribution area of the Bohemian gentian extends over the Czech Republic , Bavaria and Austria with the Bohemian Forest as the center. In Austria, the Bohemian gentian occurs in the Upper Austrian Mühlviertel and in the Lower Austrian Waldviertel . The Bohemian gentian is very rare. There are only a few sites left and thus it is threatened with extinction in the entire distribution area.

The habitat range of the Bohemian gentian is wide. In addition to grassy grass lawns, there are also occurrences on mesotrophic and partially moist meadows as well as on drier and more alkaline grasslands. It almost always occurs on slopes above basins, basins or stream valleys. He is a character species of the Polygalacto-Nardetum from the association Violion caninae.

Only rediscovered in Bavaria in 1988, the remaining deposits in the Bavarian Forest, all near the border and at altitudes between 700 and 890 meters, were precisely mapped in 1989 and 1990 . The number of localities has since decreased from seven in 1990 to three in 2010. Most of the recent occurrences of the Bohemian gentian are in the Czech Republic.

Due to the fragmented distribution area, this species is listed by the IUCN as "Vulnerable".

The Bohemian gentian is one of the priority species of community interest of the Fauna-Flora-Habitats Directive , for the conservation of which special protection areas must be designated and which are to be protected particularly strictly. The EU member states must ensure the continued existence or, if necessary, the restoration of a favorable conservation status of the habitats of the species in their natural range (Article 3 (1) of the Habitats Directive). In the report on the Bohemian gentian in 2007, the state of preservation in Germany and the Czech Republic was rated "poor", Austria gave no rating. In the 2013 report, Austria also rated the state of preservation of the Bohemian gentian as poor and also had to record a further deteriorating trend.

Taxonomy

The first description was in 1888 under the Basionym Gentiana praecox by Anton Joseph Kerner and Josef Kerner . In 1968 Ernest Mayer introduced the Bohemian gentian as Gentianella praecox (A.Kern. & Jos.Kern.) E. Mayer in Bioloski Vestnik. Volume 16, 1968, p. 26 into the genus Gentianella . This older name, which can be assigned to the aestival breed, has priority over the name Gentianella bohemica Skalický , which is familiar to many and which was created in 1969 by Vladimír Skalický and belongs to the autumnal breed, which is no longer taxonomic. Further synonyms for Gentianella praecox (A.Kern. & Jos.Kern.) E. Mayer are Gentianella gabretae Skalický (described simultaneously with G. bohemica as an aestivale breed) and Gentianella praecox subsp. bohemica (Skalický) Holub .

literature

  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Sabine Götz: Species aid program “Bohemian Enzian” (Gentianella bohemica SKAL.) (= Contributions to species protection. 13) In: Series of publications by the Bavarian State Office for Environmental Protection. Volume 102, 1991, pp. 15-18.
  • Bohemian gentian. In: FloraWeb.de. (Section description)
  • Thomas Engleder: The Bohemian Kranzian / Gentianella bohemica (Gentianaceae) in the Austrian part of the Bohemian mass (Böhmerwald, Mühl- and Waldviertel). In: Neilreichia. Volume 4, 2006, pp. 215-220 ( PDF file).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Vladimír Skalický: The collective species Gentianella germanica (Willd.) EF Warburg sl in the Bohemian massif. In: Preslia. Volume 41, No. 2, pp. 140–147 (first description on p. 144).
  2. ↑ Karol Marhold: Gentianaceae. 2011: Gentianella praecox. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  3. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 759 .
  4. ↑ Andreas Zehm, Sabine Rösler: Bohemian Enzian. Gentianella bohemica Skal. In: Bavarian State Office for the Environment (Ed.): Information sheet on species protection. 6, 2010, pp. 1–4 ( PDF file ).
  5. ^ Gentianella bohemica in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2013.2. Posted by: M. Bilz, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
  6. ↑ Council Directive 92/43 / EEC of May 21, 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora (Habitats Directive) in the consolidated version of January 1, 2007 , Appendix II. In: OJ. L 206 of July 22, 1992, p. 38.
  7. ↑ European Topic Center on Biological Diversity (2009): Habitats Directive Article 17 Reporting, Gentianella bohemica , 2 pp. [PDF]
  8. ↑ Austrian Federal Environment Agency (2013): Austrian report in accordance with Article 17 of the Habitats Directive, reporting period 2007–2012, short version, 31 pp. [PDF]
  9. ^ Anton Joseph Kerner von Marilaun: Contributions to the flora of Lower Austria. In: Negotiations of the Imperial-Royal Zoological-Botanical Society in Vienna. Volume 38, 1888, pp. 669-670 (here: p. 669), PDF file.
  10. ^ Gentianella bohemica at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

Web links

Commons : Bohemian gentian ( Gentianella praecox )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files