History of the northern city of Hanover
The history of the northern part of Hanover describes the history of the Hanoverian district of Nordstadt .
Emergence
Only the street names “ Am Puttenser Felde ” and “ Schöneworth ” remind of the medieval desertification in the area of today's northern city .
Today's Nordstadt developed from the “ Steintor Garden Community ”, a rural administrative unit that once belonged to the Langenhagen district and which came to the Hanover district in 1793. The nucleus of today's district can still be seen around the Old Jewish Cemetery , which was laid out around 1650 , where Hanover's oldest industrial company was founded in 1742 with the “royally privileged oilcloth factory in front of the stone gate”. This is also where Hanover's last preserved garden house is located , a classicist half-timbered building from 1820 and at the same time the oldest house in the northern part of the city.
In 1829 the Steintor garden community was divided into eight localities ( Königsworth , Schloßwende, Nordfeld, Fernrode, Vorort, Ostwende, Bütersworth and Westwende).
Incorporation
The Steintor garden community was combined with the six localities of the Aegidientor garden community (Kirchwende, Bult, Kleefeld, Heidorn, Tiefenriede and Emmerberg) to form the suburb of Hanover in 1843 and incorporated into Hanover in 1859.
Before that, the Hornemann paint shop (Hornemannweg) had already set up shop on Engelbosteler Damm in 1837, from which the Pelikan factory later developed.
The settlement of industrial companies went hand in hand with the construction of the Hanover – Minden railway line : shortly after the completion of the Hanover station buildings in 1847, they were already too small. A new “product station” (which later became the main freight station in Hanover ) was needed. At the same time, a marshalling yard was built by 1870 in the triangle between Hanover's first railway underpass at the end of Engelbosteler Damm and Kopernikusstrasse. Preserved systems around the old loading road are a reminder of this.
With the track connection, the Bode safe factory (Bodestrasse) moved in 1858 and the soon-to-be-market-leading Appel delicatessen factory moved to Engelbosteler Damm. A track from the bend in the street Vordere Schöneworth still leads to the factory site with the Hummer logo developed by Änne Koken .
Already around 1858 the search for a place for the New Jewish Cemetery caused considerable problems, since "only very few parts of the suburban area are completely free of settlement".
The haphazard development on the old paths on both sides of the Engelbosteler Damm is still partly evident in the irregular settlement of farm workers' houses and small craft businesses. Small-town, almost rural buildings, some of them from the 1860s, have survived on Engelbosteler Damm, Heisenstrasse, An der Strangriede and Oberstrasse. The building fabric of this time is exemplified by the symmetrical elevation of the facade of the two-story house at Heisenstraße 31, which is framed by younger, higher tenement houses from the late 19th century.
After the population between the village of Hainholz and the former city limits of Hanover in what is now the northern part of the city had risen to over 7,000, the royal ministry approved the establishment of a new Evangelical Lutheran congregation. From August 28, 1859, the Nikolaikapelle on Klagesmarkt served as a temporary place of worship . After long discussions and the insight that the community could hardly raise funds for a church building, the "Ochsenpump", which had meanwhile silted up, was poured in at the northern end of the Klagesmarkt and built with the money and under the patronage of King George V from 1859–1864 Christ Church , which was built as a residential church almost at the same time as the Welfenschloss .
After the battle of Langensalza in 1866 and the annexation of the Kingdom of Hanover by Prussia , the military became a decisive economic factor in the northern part of the city. Instead of the planned palaces around Königsworther Platz , Georgengarten and Welfenschloss for the court of the Georg V family, who had fled to the Viennese court, additional military facilities and factories were to be built.
Four of the numerous barracks in the garrison town, which were spread over the whole town, were in the northern part of the town. After the royal Garde du Corps Caserne on Königsworther Platz, which was built in the 1850s, another Ulan barracks in the now Prussian province of Hanover was built as a three-wing complex on "Militärstrasse" (today Appelstrasse 7), from which the elongated horse stable extends had received. Opposite, next to the new Nikolai cemetery, was the train depot of the 10th Train Battalion, whose barracks were directly on the railway line on Möhringsberg.
After an interlude as an auxiliary hospital during the war against France in 1871, the vacant Welfenschloss was rebuilt for the technical university by 1879 .
Not far from there, the business books factory JC König & Ebhardt, founded in 1843, moved into a new building on Schlosswender Strasse in the 1880s.
And finally, in 1895, the Sprengel chocolate factory moved into its then steadily expanding new building on Schaufelder Strasse, which was soon to extend into the bend in Glünderstrasse.
Opposite the suitcase factory, also on Schaufelder Straße, the buildings of the elevator manufacturer Hävemeyer and Sander , which was sold to the Kone company in 1974 , have been given new uses in the district.
Between 1890 and 1903 a total of six schools were built in the northern part of the city, and from 1897 to 1900 the fire station was finally built by the architect Otto Ruprecht .
On August 27, 1891 the foundation stone was laid for the new Municipal Hospital I , today's Nordstadt Clinic . It was built in a pavilion style according to plans by Paul Rowald . The building was handed over on January 31, 1895, and the inauguration took place on February 1. The construction costs amounted to three million marks.
In 1898, the Hanoverians Emil Berliner and Joseph Berliner founded the Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft; The world's first records were made in Kniestrasse. In the J. Berliner Telephon-Fabrik there , the brothers sold the Hackethal wire through the Hackethal wire company they founded .
Until the outbreak of the First World War , the northern city experienced a rapid increase in population, which made a very dense, closed block development necessary.
Development after the First World War
The First World War brought a great step backwards. Many of the small haulage companies located here had to close due to a lack of orders. The loss of inexpensive imports from the German colonies and the galloping inflation put a strain on the consumer goods industry (Sprengel) located here.
The living conditions of the "small people" in the northern part of the city, from the Weimar Republic to the "German Young People" ( Pimpfe ), the " Hitler Youth " and the hardships up to 1946 are described in the book " Die Menschen vom Damme ". It contains the childhood memories of Spiegel co- founder and later editor of the manager magazine Leo Brawand, who grew up here .
On the morning of March 25, 1945, the northern part of the city was destroyed in a major attack lasting almost two and a half hours: The air raids on Hanover mainly destroyed the area east of Engelbosteler Damm , due to the close proximity to Hanover's main freight station and the adjacent Continental AG . The bombs should mainly affect the war effort rubber production and transportation of the railway.
Development after the Second World War
The reconstruction in the 1950s initially showed great economic successes, which were accompanied by a renewed increase in population. From 1972 a gradual economic decline began, which led to numerous company closings and job losses. Only the university was able to expand its dominant influence on the district.
In the course of the conversion of the former main freight station, commercial buildings are being built on the large wasteland between the railway line and the newly created Gertrud-Knebusch-Straße. The converted halls now house food wholesalers and sports facilities. Especially in the northern area between Weidendamm and Engelbosteler Damm, small and medium-sized companies have held up. There are also several mosques of various religious groups here.
In order to counteract the decay of the old building fabric and to make the district more attractive again, especially for young families, an extensive district renovation program was started in 1985 . In the course of these measures, there were also spectacular property sales and violent clashes with squatters from the autonomous scene, who fought for several centers in the north of the city. Especially during the Chaostage 1995, the north town was the scene of the clashes between punks and police .
literature
- Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein (ed.): Stadtlexikon Hannover : From the beginnings to the present, Schlütersche, Hannover, 2009, ISBN 978-3-89993-662-9 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hans Joachim Toll : Ten years later , in this: The night before the day without sun. A documentary report on the life and death of the city of Hanover , reprint of the documentary report, appeared in the Hannoversche Presse, Hanover: Hannoversche Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, [1953], p. 24