Old Jewish cemetery on Oberstrasse

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Cemetery entrance with the protective stone in the wall on the right

The Old Jewish Cemetery on Oberstrasse in Hanover is the oldest surviving Jewish cemetery in Northern Germany . It is located in the north of the city on a dune hill surrounded by a high wall . The cemetery was laid out around 1550 and served as the burial place of Hanoverian Jews until 1864, the year the Jewish cemetery at An der Strangriede was opened . With around 700 preserved tombstones , it is an important historical site for the history of the Hanoverian Jews .

history

Location of the cemetery hill to the right of Monbrillant Castle , 1763
Protection stone in the cemetery wall with the inscription of the protection order
Plaque from the Langenhagen Citizens' Association and Local History Association with an explanation of the restored protective stones that were re-erected on October 22, 1999

Similar to the sand accumulation of the Glockenberg in Marienwerder , an inland dune rising to 61.9 meters above sea ​​level rises up to almost 10 meters above the flat valley sand and low terrace area of the Leine in the northern part of Hanover . Around the middle of the 16th century, the Jewish cemetery was laid out on the dune that the small Jewish community had acquired, northwest of the city of Hanover. At first it was only surrounded by a hedge. Because of the frequent desecration of graves by carters who illegally removed sand from the hill, the community received a protection order in 1671. The wording of this document, which the district governor of the Langenhagen office had issued, can be found on a stone tablet at the cemetery (preserved in duplicate). He warns against "fouling and tumbling" (damaging or disturbing) the Jewish grave city.

In 1740 the cemetery was expanded and a wall was added. The oldest surviving tombstone in the cemetery, which was raised by several layers of burial, dates from 1654 (Salomon Gans), the last from 1866 for the banker Adolph Meyer . The cemetery was closed in 1864 after the opening of the Jewish cemetery at An der Strangriede . It contains the graves of important Jewish personalities from Hanover in the early modern period , including the ancestors of the poet Heinrich Heine .

The cemetery on Oberstrasse survived the Third Reich without any major damage.

Inscription of the protective stones

THE JEWS TOMB CITY
AND PROTECTION STONE
WITH STORAGE WHO IN
THE SAME FIOLIRES ARE IN THE FUTURE
OR WITH REMOVAL OF THE SAN
THE TURBUS WILL BE THE-
SAME WITHOUT SEEING ONLY
SERMO CETMO HERTZOGEN
JOHANN FRIEDRICH THE MERCY-
STEN PRINCIPLES IN SHARP
FER TAKEN FORCE
SOL CLOCK LANGENHAGEN
D. 11th SEPTEMB. Ao. 1671 AMANDATE
TO SERMI PROPRIUM MELCHIOR
ALBERT REICHARD
(SERMO = Serenissimo; CETMO: template prescribed for CELSO = Celsissimo)

  • Cemetery wall

  • Top view of the cemetery

  • Guided tours in June / July 2010 by Peter Schulze

Tombs (selection)

  • Marcus Adler (died 1834), 30 years country rabbi (No. 397, modeled and splayed hands as a symbol of the Aaronic blessing on the gravestone). His son Nathan Marcus Adler (1803-1890) was his properly elected successor (1830-1845)
  • Leffmann Behrens (1634–1714), court and chamber agent of Duke Johann Friedrich , patron of the Jewish community, 2nd husband of Jente Hameln (around 1623–1695) (see below) (no. 159)
  • Michael David (died 1758), who came from Halberstadt, worked for Leffmann Behrens' company. In 1713 he received the patent from the court and chamber agent in Hanover. In 1714, after Leffmann Behrens' death and the bankruptcy of his company, Michael David saved the endangered community synagogue by buying it and handing it over to the community (No. 248)
  • Moses Alexander Michael David, * Hanover around 1702 † ibid. April 27, 1741 ⚭ Bune Goldschmid † May 23, 1756 (No. 36)
  • David Michael David, banker in Hanover * Hanover around 1703 † ibid. January 30, 1766 (No. 247) ⚭ 1. Serle Elke Bösig, * October 26, 1745 (No. 238)
  • Meyer Michael David, Royal. Court and chamber agent, banker in Hanover * Hanover 10.1714 † ibid. July 27, 1799 (no.248)
  • Salomon Michael David Kurf. Braunschweig-Lüneburg war agent * Hanover approx. 1718/24 † ibid. March 20, 1791, (No. 241), ⚭ 2. Bella Abraham David † Hanover August 8, 1750 (No. 224), ⚭ 3. Vogelschen Meir [Minden]; † Copenhagen September 7, 1794 (No. 246)
  • Simon Alexander Michael David; † Hanover November 9, 1803 (No. 245) ⚭Rahel Edel Kann † Hanover November 17, 1774 (No. 225)
  • Salman Gans from Hameln (died 1654), 1st husband of Jente Hameln (see below), ancestor of Heinrich Heine (great, great, great, great grandfather!), And son Seligmann, oldest gravestone (No. 11)
  • Lewin Goldschmidt (died 1706), the first synagogue was set up in his house in Calenberger Neustadt in 1688
  • Jente Hameln (around 1623–1695), first marriage to Salman Gans (see above), second marriage to Leffmann Behrens (see above), Heinrich Heine's great, great, great grandmother ; Sister-in-law of the memoir writer Glikl bas Judah Leib (also Glückel von Hameln) (1645–1724) (No. 160)
  • Heimann Heine (Chaim Bückeburg) (died 1780), grandfather Heinrich Heines (No. 304)
  • Simon David Heine (Bückeburg) (died 1744), great-grandfather Heinrich Heines (No. 305)
  • Marcus Jacob Marx (died 1789), Hofmedicus
  • Adolph Meyer (1807–1866), banker, founder of mechanical weaving and cotton spinning and weaving in Hannover Linden, and Fanny Meyer, b. Königswarter (1804–1861), youngest tombstone in the cemetery (double grave no. 17a and 08)
  • Ephraim Meyer (1779–1849), money changer and among other things board member of the charity
  • Rafael Levi (1685–1779), mathematician and astronomer, last student of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (No. 307)

  • View from Oberstrasse

  • Detail tombstones

  • Tombstones

  • Salomon Michael David's grave in the Jewish cemetery in Oberstrasse

See also

literature

  • Selig Gronemann : Genealogical studies on the old Jewish families of Hanover . Berlin: Louis Lamm, Berlin 1913 (listing in Hebrew of 459 grave inscriptions complete (without translation) and 267 inscriptions with names and date of death).
  • Arnold Nöldeke : The art monuments of the province of Hanover. 1: Hanover district. Issue 2: City of Hanover . Part 1: Monuments of the "old" city area of ​​Hanover. Hanover 1932. Reprint: Osnabrück: Wenner 1979, p. 259. ISBN 3-87898-151-1
  • Margret Wahl: The old Jewish cemetery in Hanover . With contributions by Ludwig Lazarus (among others). In: Hannoversche Geschichtsblätter . NF Vol. 15 (1961), pp. 1-76. In this:
    • P. 3–10: Ludwig Lazarus: On the history of the cemetery .
    • Pp. 10–15: Hans Henning v. Reden: The Sandberg as a Redensches fief .
    • P. 15–63: Margret Wahl: Survey of the tombstones .
    • P. 64–75: Helmut Plath : The gravestones, shapes and symbols .
    • After p. 76: general plan.
  • Peter Schulze (historian) : Contributions to the history of the Jews in Hanover . Hanover: Hahn 1998. ( Hannoversche Studien , Vol. 6) ISBN 3-7752-4956-7 (here a.o. p. 12 about the old cemetery on Oberstrasse)
  • Helmut Knocke , Hugo Thielen : Hannover art and culture lexicon , manual and city guide . 3rd, rev. Hannover: Schäfer 1995, p. 154. ISBN 3-88746-313-7
  • Wolfram Zöller: The old Jewish cemetery in Hanover and its gravestones of Heinrich Heine's ancestors . In: Heine yearbook. Vol. 34 (1995) pp. 168-179.
  • Louis and Henry Fraenkel: Genealogical tables of Jewish families. 14th - 20th centuries. Forgotten fragments of the history of the Fraenkel family . Transl. from Danish: Glimt af Glemt by: Malene Woodman. 2nd edition Munich: Saur 1999. ISBN 3-598-11426-5
    • Vol. 1 .: Text and indexes
    • Vol. 2 .: Genealogical tables

Web links

Commons : Alter Jüdischer Friedhof an der Oberstraße  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ NN : Yearbook of the Geographical Society of Hanover , Vol. 1: Hanover and its surrounding area , Hanover: Geographical Society of Hanover , 1978, p. 22; Preview over google books
  2. ↑ Gerd Weiß: Landscape Park "Hinüberer Garten". In: Monument topography of the Federal Republic of Germany , architectural monuments in Lower Saxony, City of Hanover, Part 2, Volume 10.2 , ed. by Hans-Herbert Möller , Lower Saxony State Administration Office - publications by the Institute for Monument Preservation , Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden 1985, ISBN 3-528-06208-8 , pp. 70f .; as well as Marienwerder in the addendum directory of architectural monuments acc. § 4 ( NDSchG ) (excluding architectural monuments of the archaeological monument preservation ) / Status: July 1, 1985 / City of Hanover. P. 16
  3. ^ Arnold Nöldeke: Die Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Hannover , p. 259 and Wahl 1961, p. 4
  4. ↑ Gudrun Wille: Jente Hameln, ancestor of important and famous personalities. Born around 1623 in the prince-bishopric of Hildesheim, died on July 25, 1695 in Hanover . In: Daughters of Time. Vol. 2: Hildesheim women from six centuries . Edited by Andrea Germer . Researched and presented by the history group in the Frauen-Labyrinth-Projekt Region Hildesheim eV Hildesheim: Gerstenberg, 2013, pp. 27–70. ISBN 978-3-8067-8782-5
  5. ^ Margret Wahl: Survey of the tombstones , in this: The old Jewish cemetery in Hanover , with contributions by Ludwig Lazarus, Hans Henning v. Speeches, Helmut Plath and pictures by Wilhelm Meyer, in: Hannoversche Geschichtsblätter , New Series 15, Issue 1/2 (1961), v. a. Pp. 15-63; here: p. 39 and general plan p. 77
  6. ↑ Peter Schulze: Meyer, (3) Ephraim. In: Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein (eds.) U. a .: City Lexicon Hanover . From the beginning to the present. Schlütersche, Hannover 2009, ISBN 978-3-89993-662-9 , p. 440.

Coordinates: 52 ° 22 ′ 53.8 "  N , 9 ° 43 ′ 21.8"  E