Goodenia plants
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Goodenia plants or stylus cup plants (Goodeniaceae) are a family of plants in the order of the aster-like (Asterales). Most of the species are native to Australia. The best known is the bedding and balcony plant blue fan flower ( Scaevola aemula ).
description
Appearance and leaves
They are mostly evergreen, annual or perennial herbaceous plants , less often sub-shrubs , shrubs or small trees . They grow upright on their own or, less often, by climbing. Only a few species have spines.
They often have tufts of shaggy hair ( trichomes ) on their leaf axils. The mostly alternate, rarely opposite or whorled arranged leaves are often sessile. The simple leaf blades have smooth, lobed, serrate or serrated leaf margins. Stipules are always missing.
Inflorescences and flowers
The flowers are individually in the leaf axils or in several or many in zymous , racemose , umbrella-racemic , spike-like , capid ( Brunonia australis ) or shingled inflorescences.
The hermaphroditic flowers are zygomorphic or rarely almost radial symmetry and usually five-fold with a double flower envelope . The mostly five, rarely three mostly relatively small sepals are free or fused. The colors of the petals range from white to yellow and from pink to mauve to brownish-red and blue. The five petals are fused at their base. The corolla tube opens, except in Scaevola and Selliera , on the underside of the flower. The crown is more or less two-lipped or single-lipped (for example Scaevola ). The five corolla lobes are in two parts or often with three teeth. Often “ears” of the petals envelop the stamens.
There is only one circle with five free or fused stamens and can fused with the base of the petals. The dust bags, which open with a longitudinal slit, are free or grown together around the stylus. The pollen falls into the anthers tube before the stylus grows up. Two carpels are a mostly lower to half under constant or rarely permanent upper ( Velleia ), more or less two-chamber, seemingly single-chamber, or rarely vierkammerigen ( Scaevola porocarya ) ovary grown. The ovary contains one to a few anatropic ovules in central angled or basal placentation.
Fruits and seeds
The fruits often have a durable cup; They are mostly capsule fruits (for example Goodenia ), less often stone fruits (for example Scaevola ), or small nut fruits . The mostly flat seeds can be winged or wingless. The seeds contain a lot of endosperm and a straight embryo .
Pollination Mechanism
Secondary pollen presentation takes place in a pollen cup, the pollen of the obligate proterandric flowers being dumped into the pollen cup before the flower opens. The stylus pushes the pollen out of the stamen with the cup-shaped membrane (indusium) below the stigma, before the female flowering phase occurs with the opening of the small stigma. The pollination is done by insects that get the pollen from the pen of transfer - "brush off".
Systematics and distribution
The Goodeniaceae family was established in 1810 by Robert Brown in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae , p. 573 with the spelling "Goodenoviae". Type genus is Goodenia Sm. Synonyms for Goodeniaceae R.Br. are Scaevolaceae Lindl. and Brunoniaceae R.Br.
The habitat of most species is Australia (all genres) and Malaysia . Some kinds have their areas in South America , Africa , the Caribbean Islands , New Zealand and Southeast Asia .
There are about twelve genera with about 300 to 440 species in the family of the Goodeniaceae:
- Anthotium R.Br. : The three to four species are common in southwestern Australia.
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Brunonia Sm .: It contains only one species:
- Brunonia australis Sm. Ex R.Br. : It is widespread in Australia.
- Coopernookia Carolin : The six or so species are common in southern Australia.
- Dampiera R.Br. : The approximately 65 to 66 species distributed throughout Australia.
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Diaspasis R.Br. : It contains only one type:
- Diaspasis filifolia R.Br. : It is common in southwestern Australia.
- Goodenia ( Goodenia Sm. ): The 170 to 180 species are distributed in East and Southeast Asia (New Guinea, Indonesia and the Philippines) and Australia. Only one species, Goodenia konigsbergeri , is not found in Australia.
- Lechenaultia R.Br. ( Syn .: Leschenaultia DC. ): The approximately 21 species all occur in Australia, only one species extends to New Guinea.
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Pentaptilon E. Pritz. : It contains only one type:
- Pentaptilon careyi (F. Muell.) E. Pritz. : It occurs only in Western Australia .
- Fan flowers ( Scaevola L. ): The approximately 80 to 130 species are pantropical , more common in subtropical areas of the southern hemisphere, but mainly in Australia (around 71 species), some species are found in the Caribbean .
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Selliera Cav. : It contains only two types:
- Selliera radicans Cav. : It owns a disjoint area in Chile , New Zealand , Tasmania , Victoria , Western Australia and South Australia .
- Selliera microphylla Colenso : It is endemic to the Central Volcanic Plateau and adjacent mountains on New Zealand's North Island .
- Velleia Sm .: The approximately 21 species all occur in Australia, only one species also extends to New Guinea.
- Verreauxia Benth. : The three or so species are common in southwestern Australia.
Illustrations
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- The family of Goodeniaceae in APWebsite. (Sections systematics and description)
- The Goodeniaceae and Brunoniaceae family at DELTA. (Section description)
- Deyuan Hong, Dianella G. Howarth: Goodeniaceae . In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Volume 19. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 568–569 (English, - full text online - online text is identical to the printed work). (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
- Family Goodeniaceae in the New South Wales Flora Online . (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
- Goodeniaceae family in the Flora of Western Australia . (Section description)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Deyuan Hong, Dianella G. Howarth: Goodeniaceae . In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Volume 19. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9 , pp. 568–569 (English, - full text online - online text is identical to the printed work).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Family Goodeniaceae in the New South Wales Flora Online .
- ↑ First description scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
- ^ Goodeniaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved June 18, 2011.
- ↑ Goodeniaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
