Gray dwarf tension
| Gray dwarf tension | ||||||||||||
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Gray dwarf moth ( Idaea seriata ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Idaea seriata | ||||||||||||
| ( Closet , 1802) |
The gray dwarf spanner ( Idaea seriata ), also gray- pollinated spider, is a butterfly ( moth ) from the spanner family (Geometridae).
features
The wingspan of the moth is variable and ranges from 13 to 22 millimeters. The forewings of this type of tensioner have a dirty white basic color and are very variable in terms of their coloration and drawing. The inner transverse line is indistinct and absent on the hind wings. The middle shadow is dark gray and runs through the center or towards the edge of it and continues on the hind wings. The outer transverse line is marked by vein points. The wavy line is dark on both sides. The hemline is line-shaped and the fringe points are clearly drawn black.
In addition to the typical dirty white coloring, depending on the environmental conditions (high temperatures and dryness), the development of melanistically colored specimens is favored during the pre-imaginal stages . For example, butterflies with smoke-gray overcast wings appear, in which the drawing is barely recognizable (f. Obscura) and those with a sharp, broad, light wavy line in front of the hem (f. Undulata). In addition, specimens with dark gray or black darkened wings and light fringes are observed (f. Cubicularia).
The eggs are initially gray-yellow and later turn pink with irregular spots. The surface shows a network of fine polygonal dimples.
The caterpillar is relatively long and slender; it reduces its diameter somewhat towards the front end. It shows strong constrictions and clear lateral keels. It is colored light brown, red brown, light gray or dark gray. The drawing is variable, often with diamond spots on the back, which are cut through by a narrow, light back line. The head is relatively small.
The doll is relatively slim; it measures 6.5 millimeters in length and 1.7 millimeters in diameter. It is gray-yellow-brown in color with dark speckles and dark spots on the back. The Kremaster is medium in size and rounded at the end. It is about as long as it is wide on the basal side. The three pairs of hook-shaped bristles are uniform and about as long as the Kremaster.
Geographical occurrence
The gray dwarf spanner is widespread in western , central and northern Europe . In the north, its distribution area extends to Denmark and southern Scandinavia. In the east one finds the species as far as Russia ( Moscow or Veliky Novgorod ). Idaea seriata is replaced by the subspecies Idaea seriata canteneraria , starting from northeast Spain across the central and eastern Mediterranean (including the islands, except Crete ) to the Crimean peninsula , while the western Mediterranean and the Balearic Islands are populated by the sister species Idaea minuscularia . Outside of Europe, the gray dwarf species can be found in eastern Algeria , Tunisia , Turkey , Cyprus , the Caucasus and the northwest of the Transcaucasus . In Morocco and western Algeria it is in turn replaced by the sister species Idaea minuscularia .
habitat
The species is one of the cultural successors in Central Europe , it is rarely found outside of settlement areas. In southern Europe, the moths are ubiquitous, they are particularly numerous in Mediterranean thickets and scrub landscapes ( maquis ).
Suitable habitats are up to about 500 meters above sea level, in the south-east of France the species rises a little higher. The subspecies Idaea seriata canteneraria lives up to around 1,000 meters above sea level, in exceptional cases the moths also settle on dry, sun-exposed mountain slopes that can be up to 1,800 meters above sea level, such as in the south of the Alps , the Apennines , and Sicily in Corsica .
Way of life
The gray dwarf moth forms two generations a year in Central Europe, whose moths fly from late May to late July and from early August to mid-October. The first generation caterpillars can be seen in September and after wintering in May. The second generation of caterpillars develops from July to August. Both generations overlap considerably. In the north of the distribution area there is only one generation that flies from mid-June to mid-August. The subspecies I. s. canteneraria reproduces in the coastal lowlands throughout the year. At higher altitudes only three generations are formed, living from the beginning of May to the beginning of July, from mid-August to the end of September and from the beginning of October to mid-November. Under optimal breeding conditions, four generations were formed per year.
During the day, the dormant moths can often be found on light walls, the main activity time is at dusk. In the north, the moths are rarely seen on artificial light sources or on bait, while in southern Europe they are often observed in the light. Moths suckling nectar have been observed on the blossoms of buddleia ( Buddleja ) and honeysuckle ( Lonicera ). The females lay about 50 eggs on the food plants of the caterpillars.
The caterpillars are polyphagous , preferring dry and withered leaves of herbaceous plants as well as decaying plant remains. The caterpillars were found on the fruiting heads of the pigeon goiter ( Silene vulgaris ).
The larvae were also found on withered leaves of the annual bluegrass ( Poa annua ) and common dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale ), as well as on ivy ( Hedera helix ), stone fruit plants ( Prunus ), apple trees ( Malus ), rose plants (Rosaceae), nettles ( Urtica ) , Snowball ( Viburnum ), honeysuckle ( Lonicera caprifolium ), plantain trees ( Plantago ), clover ( Trifolium ), mosses , lichens , bird knotweed ( Polygonum aviculare ), clove root ( Geum urbanum ), dock ( Rumex ), vegetable cabbage ( Brassica oleracea ) and on leaves of various deciduous trees.
Systematics
The species was scientifically described for the first time in 1802 by Franz von Paula cabinet as Phalaena seriata . The type locality is near Ingolstadt (Bavaria). The species was described below under a number of other names, which are therefore more recent synonyms :
- Idaea calcearia Zeller, 1849
- Acidalia canteneraria Boisduval, 1840
- Dosithea incanaria cubicularia Peyerimhoff, 1862
- Idaea incanata australis Zeller, 1847
- Phalaena seriata cabinet, 1802
- Idaea australis Zeller, 1847
Two subspecies are currently recognized: the nominotypical subspecies Idaea seriata seriata (Cabinet, 1802) and Idaea seriata canteneraria (Boisduval, 1840). The latter subspecies represents the nominate subspecies in northeast Spain, the central and eastern Mediterranean region (except Crete) to Crimea. This form is light white in its basic color and the central band is usually completely absent. The subspecies Idaea seriata paleacata (Guenée, 1858) from the Îles d'Hyères (France) still recognized by Scoble was reunited with the nominotypic subspecies by Axel Hausmann.
Danger
The gray dwarf tension is not endangered in Germany.
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Red List at science4you
- ↑ Arno Bergmann: The large butterflies of Central Germany. Volume 5/1: Spanner. Distribution, forms and communities. Urania-Verlag, Jena 1955, DNB 450378403 .
- ↑ a b Manfred Koch , Wolfgang Heinicke: We determine butterflies. 3. Edition. Neumann, Radebeul 1991, ISBN 3-7402-0092-8 .
- ↑ Jan Pactocka: The pupae of the tensioners (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) Central Europe: subfamily Sterrhinae. Bonn zoological contributions, 51 (4): 269-296, Bonn 2002 ISSN 0006-7172 PDF ( Memento of the original from May 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d e Axel Hausmann: The Geometrid Moths of the World . In: Axel Hausmann (Ed.): The Geometrid Moths of Europe . 1st edition. Volume 2: Sterrhinae . Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2004, ISBN 87-88757-37-4 (English).
- ↑ a b c d Günter Ebert (Ed.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg . 1st edition. tape 8 . Moth VI. Spanner (Geometridae) 1st part. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3497-7 .
- ↑ a b c d e Malcolm Scoble: Geometrid moths of the world. A catalog (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) . Apollo Books, Stenstrup 1999, ISBN 0-643-06304-8 (English).
- ↑ a b Idaea seriata at Fauna Europaea
literature
- Günter Ebert (Ed.): The butterflies of Baden-Württemberg . 1st edition. tape 8 . Moth VI. Spanner (Geometridae) 1st part. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3497-7 .
- Walter Forster , Theodor A. Wohlfahrt : The butterflies of Central Europe. Volume 5: Spanner. (Geometridae). Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-440-04951-5 .
- Axel Hausmann: The Geometrid Moths of the World . In: Axel Hausmann (Ed.): The Geometrid Moths of Europe . 1st edition. Volume 2: Sterrhinae . Apollo Books, Stenstrup 2004, ISBN 87-88757-37-4 (English).
- Malcolm Scoble: Geometrid moths of the world. A catalog (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) . Apollo Books, Stenstrup 1999, ISBN 0-643-06304-8 (English).
- Bernhard Skinner: Color Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles . 2nd Edition. Penguin Books, London 1998, ISBN 0-670-87978-9 (English).
Web links
- www.schmetterling-raupe.de
- www.lepiforum.de Taxonomy and photos
- Ian Kimber: Guide to the moths of Great Britain and Ireland (English)
- Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa (English)