Prunus

Prunus
Blackthorn ( Prunus spinosa ), with fruits
Systematics
Eurosiden I Order : Rose-like (rosales) Family : Rose family (Rosaceae) Subfamily : Spiraeoideae Tribe : Stone fruit plants Genre : Prunus
Scientific name of the  tribe
Amygdaleae
Yuss.
Scientific name of the  genus
Prunus
L.

Prunus is a genus within the family of the rose family (Rosaceae). In the system, it is the only genus in the tribe Amygdaleae (stone fruit family). The genus Prunus includes more than 200 species . There are many important cultivated forms that produce fruit .

Description and ecology

Illustration of the almond ( Prunus dulcis )

Vegetative characteristics

The Prunus species are deciduous, rarely evergreen (section Laurocerasus ) trees and shrubs and reach heights of 0.3 to 25 meters depending on the species. The trunk diameter can reach several meters. Some of the species have thorns . Some species form root shoots .

Arranged alternate and helically, sometimes standing together in tufts, mostly distributed on the branches leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The simple, flat leaf blades are shaped very differently depending on the species, pinnate and reticulate and are usually herbaceous, rarely leathery. The leaf margin is usually serrated, more rarely smooth or lobed. In some species, the leaves have an aromatic scent, for example bitter almonds. The leaf surfaces are usually not hairy. On the petiole and blade there are often sessile or stalked extra-floral nectaries . At the end of the leaf stalk they can appear as conspicuous glandular bumps. The two stipules are permanent or declining, not fused with each other and not with the petiole.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are solitary, or usually few or many in terminal or lateral, simple, racemose , umbrella-racemic or dold-like inflorescences . Mostly they are on lateral short shoots and appear in front of or at the same time as the leaves. There are no cover sheets. Flower stalks are long to very short or absent.

Five-fold flowers of Prunus tomentosa . The five nailed petals are clearly visible.

The mostly hermaphrodite, mostly short-stalked flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope (perianth). They often appear in front of the leaves. The more or less hairy flower cup (hypanthium) is shaped differently. The five spread, green or brown to red, more or less hairy sepals usually form nectar inward and downward and usually fall off after anthesis . The five white to pink, free, mostly bare petals are elliptical to circular, nailed briefly and they fall off before withering. They are white to reddish or yellowish. There is a discus that often lines the inside of the flower cup. The 10 to 100 fertile stamens are clearly different, free from each other and not fused with the petals. The individual carpel stands free in the hypanthium , a protective, cup-like tubular structure, on the outer edge of which the sepals and petals are attached. Each middle carpel houses one or two pendulous, anatropic ovules . In double flowers two or three carpels may occur. The long stylus is just to conical and ending in a capitate or shield-shaped scar. The pollination is effected by Hymenoptera ( Entomophilie ).

In Prunus , the carpel is involved in fruiting. As pericarp wall differentiates the ovary in three different tissue zones: the endocarp lignified, forming the most seeded stone, then located where the actual seeds. The mesocarp forms the actual pulp and the exocarp creates the final epidermis of the fruit. This structure is typical of stone fruits , whose pulp, which is often edible, is used in agriculture. When ripe, the fruits are yellow to orange, red to purple or almost black. The fruits can be hairy. The seeds have a hard seed coat (testa) and some species may contain amygdalin . The distribution unit ( diaspore ) is the fruit that falls from the tree before the next vegetation period and is distributed by many animal species ( zoochory ), especially birds.

Ingredients and chromosome number

The seeds are often poisonous due to cyanogenic glycosides (here mostly amygdalin ). In sprout and roots usually comes prunasin before, often in the seeds. Sorbitol is produced in larger quantities.

The chromosomes base number is x = 8. It is by the following Ploidiegraden reported: 2, 3, 4, 6, or 7 (di-, tri- to heptaploid).

distribution

The Prunus species thrive mainly in the forests and deserts of the northern hemisphere , a not inconsiderable number of species occur in the tropics.

Systematics

Prunus (Latin for plum tree) was previously considered the only genus of the stone fruit family (Amygdaloideae). Due to molecular genetic studies, however, this genus is now placed as the tribe Amygdaleae in the subfamily Spiraeoideae .

There are different classifications for this genus. In some cases, the species were divided into several genera, but this is not supported by molecular genetic work. The previous genera Padus , Padellus , Cerasus , Amygdalus , Persica , Armeniaca and Laurocerasus are therefore all integrated into Prunus and are only considered synonyms . The classic subdivision into five sub-genera is only partially supported by molecular genetic studies, but there was no classification that only lists monophyletic taxa. Now the 90 species of the former genus Pygeum and the five species of the genus Maddenia are incorporated here. Wen et al. 2008. The genus thus contains around 250 species.

Only synonyms for Prunus L. are: Amygdalopersica Daniel , Amygdalophora M. Roem. , Amygdalopsis M. Roem. , Amygdalus L. , Armeniaca Scop. , Cerapadus Buia , Ceraseidos sieve. & Zucc. , Cerasus Mill. , Emplectocladus Torr. , Lauro-cerasus Duhamel , Laurocerasus M. Roem. , Maddenia Hook. f. & Thomson , Padellus Vassilcz. , Padus Mill. , Persica Mill. , Pygeum Gaertn. Today some of them have the rank of sections.

Section Armeniaca : Ume ( Prunus mume )

Microcerasus section : prostrate cherry ( Prunus prostrata )

Penarmeniaca section : sand cherry ( Prunus pumila )

Prunus section : Plum ( Prunus domestica )

Prunus section : blackthorn ( Prunus spinosa )

Prunocerasus section : American wild plum ( Prunus americana )

Cerasus section : bird cherry ( Prunus avium )

Cerasus section : Sour cherry ( Prunus cerasus )

Cerasus section : stone sofas ( Prunus mahaleb )

Laurocerasus section : Cherry laurel ( Prunus laurocerasus )

Laurocerasus section : Portuguese laurel cherry ( Prunus lusitanica )

Laurocerasus section : Common bird cherry ( Prunus padus )

Laurocerasus section : Late bird cherry ( Prunus serotina )

Subgenus Amygdalus : Almond ( Prunus dulcis )

Subgenus Amygdalus : Peach ( Prunus persica )

Subgenus Amygdalus : dwarf almond ( Prunus tenella )

Subgenus Emplectocladus : Prunus fasciculata

The sub-genera and sections with selected species:

• Subgenus Prunus :
  • Section Armeniaca (Scop.) Turcz. :
    • Prunus ansu (Maxim.) Kom .: It occurs in China.
    • Apricot , apricot ( Prunus armeniaca L. )
    • Prunus brigantina Vill. : It only occurs in France .
    • Prunus × dasycarpa Ehrh. : It is only known from culture.
    • Manchurian apricot ( Prunus mandshurica (Maxim.) Koehne ): It is found in China, Korea and Russia's Far East .
    • Ume ( Prunus mume Sieb. & Zucc. , Syn .: Armeniaca mume Sieb. ): It occurs in four varieties only in the Chinese provinces of western Sichuan and western Yunnan. It is planted in some areas of Asia.
    • Siberian apricot ( Prunus sibirica L. )
  • Microcerasus Section :
    • Prunus besseyi L.H.Bailey : It is found in Canada and the United States.
    • Prunus bifrons Fritsch : It occurs in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
    • Prunus glandulosa Thunb. : It occurs in China.
    • Prunus humilis Bunge : It occurs in China.
    • Prunus jacquemontii Hook. f. : It occurs in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Tajikistan.
    • Prunus japonica Thunb. : It occurs in China and Korea.
    • Prunus microcarpa C.A.Mey. : It occurs in the Caucasus and in Western Asia .
    • Recumbent cherry ( Prunus prostrata Labill. )
    • Prunus tomentosa Thunb. : It occurs in India, China, Korea and Mongolia .
  • Penarmeniaca Section :
    • Prunus andersonii A.Gray : It occurs in California and Nevada .
    • Prunus Fremontii S. Watson : It occurs in California and in Baja California ,Mexico.
    • Sand cherry ( Prunus pumila L. ): It is native to North America.
  • Section Prunus :
    • Prunus bokhariensis Royle ex CKSchneid. : It occurs in India and Pakistan .
    • Cherry plum ( Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.)
    • Prunus cocomilia Ten. : It occurs in Southeast Europe and West Asia.
    • Prunus consociiflora C.K. cutting. : It occurs only in the Chinese province of Hubei .
    • Plum ( Prunus domestica L. )
    • Chinese plum ( Prunus salicina Lindl. )
    • Blackthorn ( Prunus spinosa L. )
    • Prunus ursina Kotschy : It occurs in Turkey, Syria , Lebanon and Israel .
    • Alutscha ( Prunus vachuschtii Bregadze ): It occurs in Transcaucasia and Asia Minor .
  • Section Prunocerasus : With about 18 species in North America:
    • American wild plum ( Prunus americana Marshall )
    • Prunus angustifolia Marshall : It is found in the United States.
    • Prunus geniculata R.M. Harper : This endemic is only found in Florida .
    • Prunus gracilis Engelm. & A.Gray : It occurs in the United States.
    • Prunus hortulana L.H.Bailey : It is found in the northern, central, and eastern United States.
    • Prunus maritima Marshall : It is found in eastern Canada and the eastern United States.
    • Prunus mexicana S. Watson : It occurs in the United States and in the Mexican states of Coahuila and Nuevo León .
    • Prunus murrayana E.J. Palmer : It occurs in Texas .
    • Prunus nigra Aiton : It is found in the northern United States and Canada.
    • Prunus rivularis Scheele (Syn .: Prunus munsoniana W.Wight & Hedrick ): It occurs in the central and eastern United States.
    • Prunus subcordata Benth. : It occurs in Oregon and California .
    • Prunus texana Dietr. : It occurs in Texas .
    • Prunus umbellata Elliot (Syn .: Prunus alleghaniensis Porter ): It occurs in the eastern United States and in Texas .
• Subgenus Cerasus (Mill.) A.Gray : With two sections:
  • Section Cerasus :
    • Prunus alaica (Pojark.) Gilli : It only occurs in Tajikistan .
    • Prunus apetala (Sieb. & Zucc.) Franch. & Sav : It only occurs in Japan .
    • Bird cherry ( Prunus avium (L.) L. )
    • Taiwan cherry ( Prunus campanulata Maxim. )
    • Prunus canescens Bois : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Hubei and Sichuan .
    • Prunus cerasoides D.Don : It occurs in Sri Lanka , India, Nepal , Bhutan , Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and in China.
    • Sour cherry , sour cherry ( Prunus cerasus L. )
    • Prunus clarofolia C.K. Schneid. : It occurs in China.
    • Prunus concinna Koehne : It occurs in China.
    • Prunus conradinae Koehne : It occurs in China.
    • Prunus cyclamina Koehne : It occurs in China.
    • Prunus dielsiana C.K. Schneid. : It occurs in China.
    • Prunus emarginata (Douglas) Eaton : It occurs in British Columbia , the western United States, New Mexico, and the Mexican state of Baja California .
    • Dwarf cherry , steppe cherry ( Prunus fruticosa Pall. )
    • Prunus glandulifolia Rupr. & Maxim. : This endemic occurs only in the Russian Oblast Amur .
    • Prunus himalaica Kitam. : It occurs in Sikkim and in Nepal.
    • Prunus incisa Thunb. : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Honshū .
    • Prunus leveilleana Koehne : It occurs in China, Japan and Korea.
    • Amur cherry ( Prunus maackii Rupr. )
    • Stone Vistula , rock cherry ( Prunus mahaleb L. )
    • Prunus maximowiczii Rupr.
    • Prunus meyeri Rehder : It occurs in Korea.
    • Prunus nipponica Matsum. : It occurs in Japan, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin .
    • Prunus pensylvanica L. f. : It occurs in Canada and the United States.
    • Prunus pleiocerasus Koehne : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan .
    • Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl. : It occurs in China.
    • Prunus rufa Hook. f. : It occurs in India, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar.
    • Mountain cherry ( Prunus sargentii Rehder ): It occurs in Hokkaidō , Korea and in Far Eastern Russia.
    • Mahogany cherry ( Prunus serrula Franch. ): It occurs in China.
    • Japanese cherry ( Prunus serrulata Lindl. )
    • Prunus setulosa Batalin : It occurs in China.
    • Prunus speciosa (Koidz.) Ingram : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Honshū .
    • Prunus stipulacea Maxim. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Shaanxi , Sichuan and Qinghai .
    • Higan cherry ( Prunus subhirtella Miq. , Syn .: Prunus pendula Sieb. Ex Maxim. ): It occurs in Japan.
    • Prunus takasagomontana Sasaki : It occurs in Taiwan .
    • Prunus takesimensis Nakai : It occurs in Korea.
    • Prunus trichostoma Koehne : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Hubei, Gansu, Sichuan, Qinghai, Yunnan and Xizang .
    • Prunus × tschonoskii Koehne = Prunus apetala × Prunus leveilleana , it occurs in Japan.
    • Prunus turcomanica (Pojark.) Gilli : It occurs in Iran and Turkmenistan .
    • Prunus verecunda (Koidz.) Koehne : It occurs in Japan and Korea.
    • Prunus yedoensis Matsum : This endemic occurs only on the Korean island of Jejudo .
  • Section Laurocerasus (including Pygeum Gaertn. And sect. Padus (Mill.) Turcz. ): The racemose inflorescences contain many relatively small flowers. Only in this section there are evergreen species with leathery leaves:
    • Prunus africana (Hook. F.) Kalkman : It occurs in Africa, Madagascar and the Comoros .
    • Prunus brachypoda Batalin : It occurs in China.
    • Prunus buergeriana Miq. : It occurs in India, Bhutan, Japan, Taiwan, Korea and China.
    • Prunus caroliniana (Mill.) Aiton : It occurs in southern North America.
    • Prunus ceylanica (Wight) Miq. : It occurs in Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh , Nepal, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, the Andamans and the Nicobar Islands .
    • Prunus cornuta (Wall. Ex Royle) Steud. : It occurs in Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan and in Tibet .
    • Prunus grayana Maxim. : It occurs in China and Japan.
    • Prunus grisea (Blume ex Müll. Berol.) Kalkman : It occurs in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand and Papua New Guinea .
    • Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. Ex Hook. & Arn.) D.Dietr. : It occurs in California and Baja California.
    • Prunus incana (Pall.) Batsch : It occurs in Turkey and in the Caucasus.
    • Prunus jenkinsii Hook. f. & Thomson : It occurs in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Bhutan and Yunnan.
    • Laurel cherry ( Prunus laurocerasus L. , Syn .: Prunus grandifolia Salisb. )
    • Portuguese cherry laurel ( Prunus lusitanica L. )
    • Prunus lyonii (Eastw.) Coffin. : It occurs in California and in the Mexican state of Baja California .
    • Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. (Syn .: Prunus sphaerocarpa Sw. ): It occurs in South America, on islands in the Caribbean, in Mexico and Florida .
    • Prunus napaulensis (Ser.) Steud. : It occurs in India, Bhutan, Myanmar and China.
    • Prunus obtusata Koehne (Syn .: Prunus pubigera (CKSchneid.) Koehne , Prunus vaniotii H.Lév. ): It occurs in Taiwan and China.
    • Common bird cherry ( Prunus padus L. , Syn .: Prunus racemosa Lam. )
    • Prunus phaeosticta (Hance) Maxim. : It occurs in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan and in China.
    • Late bird cherry ( Prunus serotina Ehrh. , Syn .: Prunus capuli Cav. , Prunus salicifolia Kunth , Prunus virens (Wooton & Standl.) Shreve )
    • Prunus spinulosa sieve. & Zucc. : It occurs in China and Japan.
    • Prunus ssiori F.Schmidt : It occurs in Japan, on the Kuriles and on Sakhalin .
    • Prunus turneriana (FMBailey) Kalkman : It occurs in Queensland and Papua New Guinea.
    • Prunus undulata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don (Syn .: Prunus acuminata (Wall.) D.Dietr. , Prunus wallichii Steud. ): It occurs in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam and in China.
    • Virginian bird cherry ( Prunus virginiana L. )
    • Prunus wilsonii (Diels ex CKSchneid.) Koehne (Syn .: Prunus rufomicans Koehne ): It occurs in China.
    • Prunus zippeliana Miq. : It occurs in Japan, Vietnam, Taiwan and China.

• Subgenus Amygdalus (L.) Focke :
  • Prunus arabica (Olivier) Meikle : It occurs in Western Asia and on the Arabian Peninsula.
  • Silver almond ( Prunus argentea (Lam.) Rehder )
  • Prunus brahuica (Boiss.) Aitch. & Hemsl. : It occurs in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
  • Prunus bucharica (Korsh.) Hand.-Mazz. : It occurs in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
  • Prunus davidiana (Carrière) Franch. : It occurs in China.
  • Almond ( Prunus dulcis (Mill.) DAWebb )
  • Prunus eburnea (Spach) Aitch. : It occurs in Iran and Afghanistan.
  • Fenzl's almond ( Prunus fenzliana Fritsch )
  • Prunus ferganensis (Kostov & Rjabov) Kovalev & Kostov : It occurs in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and in the Uighur autonomous region of Xinjiang .
  • Prunus haussknechtii C.K. Schneid. : It occurs in Iran.
  • Prunus havardii (W.Wight) SCMason : This endemic is only found in Texas .
  • Prunus kansuensis Rehder : It occurs in China.
  • Prunus kuramica (Korsh.) Kitam. : It occurs in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
  • Prunus lycioides (Spach) CK cutting. : It occurs in Turkey and Iran.
  • Prunus microphylla (Kunth) Hemsl. : It occurs in Mexico.
  • Prunus minutiflora Engelm. ex A.Gray : It occurs in Texas and the Mexican state of Chihuahua.
  • Prunus mira Koehne : It occurs in Sichuan , Yunnan and Tibet .
  • Prunus mongolica Maxim. : It occurs in China and Mongolia.
  • Prunus pedunculata (Pall.) Maxim. : It occurs in Siberia , China and Mongolia.
  • Peach ( Prunus persica (L.) Batsch )
  • Prunus petunnikowii ( litv .) Rehder : It occurs in Kazakhstan.
  • Prunus scoparia (Spach) CK cutting. : It occurs in Afghanistan, Iran and Turkmenistan.
  • Prunus spinosissima (Bunge) Franch. : It occurs in Crimea , in Afghanistan in Iran and in Central Asia.
  • Prunus tangutica (Batalin) Koehne : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Sichuan .
  • Dwarf Almond ( Prunus tenella Batsch )
  • Prunus texana D. Dietr. : It only occurs in Texas.
  • Prunus trichamygdalus Hand .-- Mazz. : It occurs in Turkey, Iran and Azerbaijan .
  • Almond trees ( Prunus triloba Lindl. ): The home is China and Korea.
  • Prunus turcomanica (Lincz.) Kitam. : It occurs in Iran and Turkmenistan.
  • Prunus webbii (Spach) Vierh. : It occurs in southern Europe and in Turkey.
  • Almond-peach ( Prunus × persicoides (Ser.) M.Vilm. & Bois , Syn .: Prunus × amygdalopersica (Weston) Rehder ) = Prunus dulcis × Prunus persica
• Subgenus Emplectocladus : Only occurs in North America:
  • Prunus fasciculata (Torr.) A.Gray : It occurs in Arizona , California , Nevada , Utah and in the Mexican state of Baja California .

use

Cherry wood

Scharka disease on an apricot ( Prunus armeniaca )

In Central Europe, numerous foreign species of Prunus are used as ornamental plants because of their decorative leaves, flowers or twigs, and partly also because of their growth habit . They are planted in parks, gardens and along streets. In Japan, the Hanami Cherry Blossom Festival plays an important cultural role.

The fruits are used by many species and cultivars as fruit and for the production of spirits , for example cherries , plums and mirabelle plums . The kernels of almonds are used. Some species produce beautiful wood, for example cherry wood. In some areas, different types shape the landscape, so that is Schlehengäu after there often wild sloe named. The medicinal effects of some species have been studied.

Diseases

Different diseases occur in several subgenera. These include:

• the European stone fruit yellowing (apricot, plum, peach)
• the fool's disease ( Taphrina pruni : plums, bird cherries, apricots)

Excessive lime content in the soil can trigger jaundice ( chlorosis ) due to an iron deficiency , especially with peaches on their own backing . Excessive water supply or waterlogging trigger gum flow , especially with peaches and apricots .

Many viruses have been identified for Prunus species . These are mostly transmitted through grafting , but also through root contact, mechanical transmission, aphids and, rarely, nematodes .

• In many species, ring spot viruses in the cherry cause leaf spots, yellowing, necrosis and leaf aging, as well as stunted buds and other changes in shape, which are accompanied by local bark necrosis and the subsequent flow of gum . ( Stecklenberger disease , willow leafless of the plum , sprain compression of the peach ).
• The plum ribbon mosaic virus causes leaf spots in many species.
• The tomato black ring stain virus leads to leaf spots, shoot upsets and overall damage in cherries, peaches and almonds.
• The raspberry spot virus causes the same symptoms ( Pfeffinger's disease of cherries ).
• The Sharka virus causes the Sharka disease of the plum, which besides plums also affects apricots and peaches and leads to leaf spots and fruit damage.
• The virus of green ring spotting in cherries, ornamental cherries, peaches and apricots and the line mosaic virus in plums, almonds and peaches also cause leaf spots and fruit damage .
• The leaf roll virus damages the leaves and also affects the entire plant. It occurs mainly in cherries and peaches.
• The virus of the Hungarian leafy leaves , the Arabis mosaic virus as well as the viruses of the perishable and the black branch crayfish have so far only been detected in sweet cherries.
• The bark crack virus attacks sweet cherries and plums.
• The ornamental cherry diver virus is found in sweet cherries and Japanese cherry blossoms.
• The apoplexis virus attacks peaches and apricots, in which, after prematurely sprouting, individual branches or the entire plant can die.
• The small fruit virus and the albino virus lead to underdeveloped fruits in many species. Certain varieties of Prunus serrulata and Prunus erecta show no symptoms despite being infected with the virus and thus serve as an infection reservoir.

Many of the viruses found in cherries and plums were only discovered through transmission to other plant species. The susceptibility of plums and cherries to viruses varies depending on the variety.

Among the bacterial diseases, the yellowing bacteriosis caused by Pseudomonas mors-prunorum , which leads to yellowing and curling of the leaves, is particularly noteworthy, as well as bacterial burn which is harmful to leaves and shoots, which is caused by Pseudomonas syringae . In sweet cherries and rock cherries, house plums, noble plums and cherry plums as well as peaches, apricots and almonds, Agrobacterium tumefaciens can grow pea-sized to fist-sized growths with a spongy structure, known as root goiter, on parts of the roots and trunk close to the ground , produce.

Synchytrium aureum causes warts on the stems and leaves of young sloes.

literature

• Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
• Cuizhi Gu, Chaoluan Li, Lingdi Lu, Shunyuan Jiang, Crinan Alexander, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, David E. Boufford, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba, Kenneth R. Robertson, Steven A. Spongberg: Rosaceae. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 9: Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-14-8 , pp. 389 (English). , (online) split into several genera, as Prunoideae.
• Amanda Spooner: Prunus - Entry in the Western Australian Flora , 2008.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Hildemar Scholz, Ilse Scholz: Prunus. In: Hildemar Scholz (Hrsg.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Founded by Gustav Hegi. 2nd, completely revised and enlarged edition. Volume IV Part 2B: Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (3) (Rosaceae, Part 2) , Blackwell, Berlin / Vienna a. a. 1995, ISBN 3-8263-2533-8 , p. 447.
2. ↑ Esteban Bortiri, Sang-Hun Oh, Fang-You Gao, Dan Potter: The phylogenetic utility of nucleotide sequences of sorbitol 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Prunus (Rosaceae). In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 89, 2002, pp. 1697-1708 doi: 10.3732 / ajb.89.10.1697 .
3. ↑ D. Potter, T. Eriksson, RC Evans, S. Oh, JEE Smedmark, DR Morgan, M. Kerr, KR Robertson, M. Arsenault, TA Dickinson, CS Campbell: Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 266, 2007, pp. 5-43. DOI: 10.1007 / s00606-007-0539-9 .
4. ↑ Sangtae Lee, Jun Wen: A phylogenetic analysis of Prunus and the Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) using ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 88, No. 1, 2001, pp. 150-160, (online).
5. ↑ Jun Wen, Scott T. Berggren, Chung-Hee Lee, Stefanie Ickert-Bond, Ting-Shuang Yi, Ki-Oug Yoo, Lei Xie, Joey Shaw & Dan Potter: Phylogenetic inferences in Prunus (Rosaceae) using chloroplast ndhF and nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. In: Journal of Systematics and Evolution , Volume 46, No. 3, 2008, pp. 322-332: (PDF file; 388 kB).
6. ↑ Prunus subg. Prunus on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
7. ↑ Prunus sect. Armeniaca on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df} Prunus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
9. ↑ ^{a b} Cuizhi Gu, Chaoluan Li, Lingdi Lu, Shunyuan Jiang, Crinan Alexander, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, David E. Boufford, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba, Kenneth R. Robertson, Steven A. Spongberg: Rosaceae. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 9: Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-14-8 , pp. 389 (English). , (online) split into several genera, as Prunoideae.
10. ↑ Prunus sect. Microcerasus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
11. ↑ Prunus sect. Penarmeniaca on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
12. ↑ Prunus sect. Prunus on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
13. ↑ Prunus vachuschtii Bregadze. In: Trudy Instituta Botaniki, Akademija Nauk Gruzinskoj SSR: Serija Flora i Sistematika. Volume 28, 1976, pp. 77-82.
14. ↑ Prunus sect. Prunocerasus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
15. ↑ Joey Shaw, Randall L. Small: Chloroplast DNA phylogeny and phylogeography of the North American plums (Prunus subgenus Prunus section Prunocerasus, Rosaceae). In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 92, 2005, pp. 2011-2030, doi: 10.3732 / ajb.92.12.2011
16. ↑ Ohta Satoshi et al .: Genetic Characterization of Flowering Cherries (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) Using rp116-rp114 Spacer Sequences of Chloroplast DNA. In: Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science , Volume 75, No. 1, 2006. pp. 72-78 (PDF file). ( Memento from July 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
17. ↑ Prunus sect. Cerasus on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
18. ↑ Prunus sect. Laurocerasus on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
19. ↑ Prunus subg. Amygdalus on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
20. ↑ subg. Emplectocladus at GRIN.
21. ↑ ^{a b} Hildemar Scholz, Ilse Scholz: Prunus. In: Hildemar Scholz (Hrsg.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 2nd completely revised and expanded edition. Volume IV Part 2B: Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (3) (Rosaceae, 2nd part) . Blackwell, Berlin / Vienna a. a. 1995, ISBN 3-8263-2533-8 . .
22. ^ Prunus - Entries in Plants For A Future .
23. ↑ Studies on the spread of the Scharka virus (PPV) and phytoplasms in apricots and other stone fruit species in 2001 in Austria .

Web links

Commons : Prunus  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Prunus  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

• Overview of the fruit-producing species from the Prunus subgenus (PDF file; 448 kB) from the University of Kassel.

further reading

• S.-W. Chin et al .: Diversification of almonds, peaches, plums and cherries - Molecular systematics and biogeographic history of Prunus (Rosaceae). In: Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. , Volume 76, 2014, pp. 34-48.
• S. Shi et al .: Phylogeny and classification of Prunus sensu lato (Rosaceae). In: J. Integr. Pl. Biol. , Volume 55, 2013, pp. 1069-1079.