Chinese plum
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Chinese plum ( Prunus salicina ) |
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The Chinese plum ( Prunus salicina ), also known as susine , Japanese plum tree , Chinese plum tree or three-flowered plum , is a species of plant in the genus Prunus within the rose family (Rosaceae). The fruits of many varieties are used as fruit .
description
Appearance, bark and leaf
The Chinese plum grows as a deciduous tree and reaches heights of about 9 to 12 meters. The bark, petioles, flower stalks and the flower cup are hairy or bald or densely downy. The bark of the branches is purple-reddish-brown and that of the twigs is yellowish-red. The purple winter buds are usually bare or rarely hairy on the edges of the bud scales.
The alternate leaves arranged on the branches are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 1 to 2 centimeters long and has two extra-floral nectar glands. The simple leaf blade is usually 6 to 8, rarely up to 12 centimeters and a width of 2.5 to 5 centimeters oblong-obovate, narrow-elliptical or rarely oblong-egg-shaped with a wedge-shaped blade base and pointed to the end skipped short. The leaf margin is notched twice. The upper side of the leaf is dark green and shiny. The six or seven lateral nerves on each side of the main nerve do not reach the edge of the leaf. The linear stipules are glandular at the edges.
blossom
The Chinese plum blooms early in spring . Always three flowers are grouped into a bundle (hence one of the German names and a synonym ). The bare flower stalks are 1 to 1.5 centimeters long. The hermaphrodite, five-fold, radially symmetrical flowers have a diameter of 1.5 to 2.2 centimeters. The five green sepals are oblong-egg-shaped with a length of about 5 millimeters, glabrous and serrate at the edges. The five free, white petals are oblong-obovate. The only central carpel is glabrous. The scar is disc-shaped.
fruit
The drupes have a diameter of about 4 to 5 centimeters for natural forms and up to 7 centimeters for cultivated forms and are spherical, egg-shaped or conical. When ripe they turn yellow to red, in cultivated forms to purple and have yellow-pink flesh. They can be harvested in summer (July to August). The egg-shaped to elongated endocarp is wrinkled.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 16, less often 32 or 24.
distribution
The Chinese plum is native to China at altitudes between 200 and 2600 meters in the provinces of Anhui , Fujian , Gansu , Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , Hebei , Heilongjiang , Henan , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangsu , Jiangxi , Jilin , Liaoning , Ningxia , Shaanxi , Shandong , Shanxi , Sichuan , Yunnan , Zhejiang and Taiwan .
It is currently cultivated in Korea , Japan , the United States , Australia, and rarely in Europe .
Trivial names in different languages
The Far Eastern variety of common names is interesting : The Prunus salicina is Chinese 李 , Pinyin lǐ ; usually also 中国 李 , Zhōngguó lǐ - called "Chinese plum" and 李子 , lǐzi for the fruit . Japanese is more likely to use sumomo ( 李 or 酸 桃 ; literally "sour peach)". In Korean, the fruit is called jadu ( 자두 ), from the original Sino-Korean form 紫 桃 , jado (literally: "violet-colored peach").
The family name Li / Lee ( 李 , Lǐ ) literally means "plum tree" and is the most common family name in China and widely used in the rest of the world. The corresponding name in Vietnam is Ly and in Korea Yi ( 이 ; 李 ; romanized to Lee , Rhe or more rarely Li , I and Yee ).
Systematics
The first description of Prunus salicina was in 1828 by John Lindley in Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London , 7, p. 239. The botanical epithet salicina is derived from the willow ( Salix ). Synonyms for Prunus salicina Lindl. are: Prunus triflora Roxb. , Prunus thibetica Franch. Prunus salicina belongs to the section Prunus in the subgenus Prunus within the genus Prunus .
Varieties
From the species Prunus salicina Lindl. at least three varieties are known:
- Japanese plum or Japanese plum tree ( Prunus salicina Lindl. Var. Salicina , syn .: Prunus botan André , Prunus ichangana C.K. Schneider , Prunus triflora Roxb. ): They are found in China, Japan, Europe, Asia and America.
- Ussuri plum or Chinese plum tree ( Prunus salicina var. Mandshurica ( Skvorts. ) Skvorts. Et A.Baran. , Syn .: Prunus triflora Roxb. Var. Mandshurica Skvortzov , Prunus ussuriensis Kovalev & Kostina. ): They are found in China, Russia as well as in Setai .
- Prunus salicina var. Pubipes ( Koehne ) LHBailey (Syn .: Prunus triflora Roxb. Var. Pubipes Koehne ): parts of the plant are more hairy than in the other varieties.
Hybrids
Some hybrids with other species are also known (selection):
- Peach plums ( Prunus salicina × Prunus persica )
- Prunus salicina × Prunus armeniaca (English common name: "plumcots")
- 'Jaspy' ( Prunus salicina × Prunus spinosa ) is a medium-sized plum rootstock
- 'Sprite' ( Prunus salicina × Prunus cerasifera ).
use
The stone fruits of the Chinese plum are eaten as fruit by humans . They are mostly consumed raw or dried into prunes or processed. While the majority of Chinese plums are eaten raw, most cultivated plums ( Prunus domestica ) are dried. Although both species mature at different times of the year and share different markets, there is some competition between them.
The share of the Chinese plum in global plum production is significant. While the cultivated plum ( Prunus domestica ) is mostly grown in Europe , the share of Prunus salicina in plum production in China is over 90 percent. Production in China in 2005 was 1.87 million tons. The Chinese plum is increasingly being grown in the USA: While in 1975 70 percent of all plums grown in the United States were Prunus domestica , the proportion has now shifted in favor of the Chinese plum. In 2004, European plums were grown on 67,000 hectares and Chinese plums on 36,000 hectares in the USA. More Chinese than European plums are grown in South America and Australia.
swell
- Gu Cuizhi, Bruce Bartholomew: Prunus in the Flora of China. Volume 9, 2003, p. 403: Prunus salicina - online.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Prunus salicina at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ International trivial names.
- ^ Prunus salicina in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ Biosecurity Australia (Ed.): Provisional final import risk analysis report for fresh stone fruit from California, Idaho, Oregon and Washington . 2010, p. 59 ( pdf ). pdf ( Memento of the original from June 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ L. Tian, S. Sibbald: Micropropagation of Prunus Domestica and Prunus Salicina using Mature Seeds . In: Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits . tape 2 , 2007, p. 373-379 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-1-4020-6352-7_34 .
- ↑ Walter Hartmann : Global Player Plum - Development of plum and plum cultivation worldwide . In: Lecture on the occasion of the 32nd Federal Stone Fruit Seminar from November 28th - 30th, 2006 in Ahrweiler . 2006 ( online ).
