Large-flowered betony

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Large-flowered betony
Large-flowered betonia (Betonica macrantha)

Large-flowered betonia ( Betonica macrantha )

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Lamioideae
Genre : Betonien ( Betonica )
Type : Large-flowered betony
Scientific name
Betonica grandiflora
Willd.

The Large-flowered Betonie ( Betonica macrantha K. Koch , Syn .: Betonica grandiflora Stephan ex Willd. Non Thuill. ) Is a plant from the genus of Betonien ( Betonica ) within the family of Labiatae (Lamiaceae).

Differentiation from other types

The large-flowered betonia is easy to address due to the very large flowers that have a distinct scent . All other Betonien species have smaller flowers and have no flower scent.

Vegetative characteristics

Iconography from Curtis's Botanical Magazine , Plate 700, 1804

The large-flowered betonia is a perennial herbaceous plant and usually reaches heights of 20 to 70 centimeters. It forms an underground, nodular rhizome as a survival organ. The stem like the leaves stand together in a basal rosette and are densely hairy with simple articulated hairs . The upright to ascending stem is covered, especially in the upper part, with backward-facing hairs (multi-celled limb hairs, 1.5 to 3 millimeters long). Stems of the lower stem leaves are mostly dead during flowering.

Generative characteristics

As an ornamental plant, the robustly growing Betonica grandiflora can also be found in public places (here in Munich-Thalkirchen). The 'Superba' variety used here, with its dense pseudo-whiskers, corresponds to the actual nominate form, the var. Macrantha with only simple pseudo-whorls is less valuable from a horticultural perspective. The long-lived perennial can thrive in its planting place for over 30 years.

The flowering period extends from June to July. The lowest bracts clearly tower above the flowers. The inflorescence is narrowly interrupted and made up of compound pseudo whorls in a loosely standing, egg-shaped to lanceolate pseudo-ear with 4 to 16 flowers per pseudo-ear.

The fragrant, hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The 11 to 15 millimeter long, hairy sepals are a membranous, reticulate-veined calyx tube, which is often red-purple and sticky from the glandular hair and ends in 4 to 6 millimeter long calyx teeth. The lavender, purple to violet-blue, rarely white corolla is very large with a length of 29 to 35 millimeters. The upper lip is broadly ovate with a slightly serrated or slightly lobed edge. The lower lip ends in three broad ovoid corolla lobes.

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The partial fruits are 4 millimeters long and 2.7 millimeters wide.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 16 or 32.

ecology

In Betonica macrantha is a hemicryptophytes .

Occurrence

The Betonica macrantha is distributed from the Pontus via Armenia and northern Iran to the Caucasus region.

For example, Betonica grandiflora thrives in the continental eastern Great Caucasus in the upper subalpine altitude range at altitudes of 2200 to 2500, rarely up to 2600 meters. It comes within this level, which is formed by the Caucasian birch and ash-birch- whitebeam forests ( cripple forest from Litwinows birch ( Betula litwinowii ) as well as Caucasian shrub birch ( Betula raddeana ) and Sorbus caucasigena ) and rhododendron bushes ( Rhododendron caucasicum ) , in subalpine grass communities of the great fescue ( Festuca varia ) with the magnificent cranesbill ( Geranium ibericum ). According to Oleg Sergeevič Grebenščikov , the ecoton of the subalpine lawns in the Caucasus can be found on hot and dry slopes at locations of former crippled forests and, in addition to the large-flowered concrete, also includes the following species in the 0.4 to 1.0 meter high flower lawns: Anemone fasciculata , Inula magnifica , Polygonum carneum and the Crimean lily ( Lilium monadelphum ).

The large-flowered concrete from gardens overgrown as a neophyte and was described by Gustav Hegi from the Harz region (Hainichwald near Mühlhausen), near Ludwigshafen and from Switzerland (Zürichhorn since 1898).

etymology

Both the scientific and the German common name derive from the large-blooded nature of the species to its close relatives. In Russian, the species is called Бүквӣца крупноцветковый, which corresponds to the scientific name and the German name. In English the species is called big betony.

Taxonomy

This species was first collected by the German botanist Christian Friedrich Stephan (1757–1814), who worked in Russia, in the Terek Valley in the Greater Caucasus south of the Kazbek . Betonica grandiflora was first published in 1800 by Carl Ludwig Willdenow in Species Plantarum , 4th edition, Volume 3, p. 96.

A synonyms for Betonica grandiflora Stephan ex Willd. is Stachys grandiflora (Stephan ex Willd.) Benth. According to R. Govaerts, the valid name for Betonica grandiflora is Stephan ex Willd. non Thuill. Betonica macrantha K. Koch .

The 'superba' variety

use

Some varieties are used as ornamental plants in gardens in the temperate areas .

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Marianne Jeker: Taxonomic and phytochemical investigations in the genus Betonica L. (= Diss. ETH. Volume 10312). Dissertation, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich 1993. p. 70
  2. ↑ Betonica macrantha at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  3. ↑ Armen Tachtajyan 1987: Флора Арменӣӣ. Том 8, Verbenaceae-Lentibulariaceae, Akademii Nauk Armejanckoi CCP, Erevan. P. 103
  4. ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Betonica macrantha. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  5. ↑ N. Zazanashvili, R. Gagnidze, G. Nakhutsrishvili: Main types of vegetation zonation on the mountains of the Caucasus . Eddy van der Maarel (Ed.): Succession and zonation on mountains, particularly on volcanoes - Dedicated to Erik Sjogren on his 65th birthday , Uppsala, 2000. P. 13 full-text PDF.
  6. ^ OS Grebenschikov, YA Isakov, RP Zimina, DN Panfilov: Les ecosystems naturelles et leur etagernent dans le Caucasus. In: Revue de Geographie Alpine, Volume 69, No. 2, 333-352, Grenoble 1975 (online: PDF) ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.persee.fr
  7. ↑ Helmut Gams : Labiatae / lip blood , p. 2408, In: Gustav Hegi : Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta. 2nd Edition. Volume V. Part 4: Angiosperms: Dicotyledones 3 (4) ( Labiatae - Solanaceae ), Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1964, ISBN 3-489-78021-3 (unchanged reprint from 1927 with addendum) .
  8. ↑ Armen Tachtajyan 1987: Флора Арменӣӣ. Том 8, Verbenaceae-Lentibulariaceae, Akademii Nauk Armejanckoi CCP, Erevan. P. 103
  9. ↑ Missouri Botanical Garden [1]
  10. ↑ Willdenow 1800 scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  11. ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein page 856).

Web links

Commons : Large-flowered Betonie ( Betonica grandiflora )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files