Haplogroup L3
Haplogroup of mitochondrial DNA | |
---|---|
Surname | L3 |
Possible time of origin | 84,000 to 104,000 years ago |
Possible place of origin | East Africa |
predecessor | L3'4 |
successor | L3a, L3b'c'd'j, L3e'i'k'x, L3f, L3h, M, N |
Mutations | 769, 1018, 16311 |
The haplogroup L3 is a haplogroup of the mitochondria in human genetics . The researchers believe that haplogroup L3 was formed between 84,000 and 104,000 years ago.
It is particularly widespread in East Africa, in contrast to Sub-Saharan Africa , where haplogroups L1 and L2 make up around two thirds of the mtDNA haplogroups.
L3 is divided into several subgroups, one of which gave rise to the macro-aplogroups M and N, from which most of the non-African descendants.
According to Maca-Meyer et al. (2001): "Haplogroup L3 is more closely related to Eurasian haplogroups than the diverging African clusters L1 and L2".
family tree
This phylogenetic family tree of the subgroups of haplogroup L3 is based on a publication by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser and subsequent scientific research.
- L3'4
- L3
- L3a
- L3b'c'd'j
- L3b
- L3b1
- L3b1a
- L3b1a1
- L3b1a2
- L3b1b
- L3b1b1
- L3b1a
- L3b2
- L3b1
- L3c
- L3d
- L3d1-5
- L3d1
- L3d1a
- L3d1a1
- L3d1a1a
- L3d1a1
- L3d1b
- L3d1b1
- L3d1c
- L3d1d
- L3d1a
- L3d2
- L3d3
- L3d3a
- B3d4
- B3d5
- L3d1
- L3d1-5
- L3j
- L3b
- L3e'i'k'x
- L3e
- L3e1
- L3e1a
- L3e1a1
- L3e1a1a
- L3e1a2
- B3e1a3
- L3e1a1
- L3e1b
- L3e1c
- L3e1d
- L3e1e
- L3e1a
- L3e2
- L3e2a
- L3e2b
- L3e2b1
- L3e2b2
- L3e3'4'5
- B3e3'4
- B3e3
- B3e3a
- L3e3b
- B3e4
- B3e3
- B3e5
- B3e3'4
- L3e1
- L3i
- L3i1
- L3i1a
- L3i1b
- L3i2
- L3i1
- L3k
- L3x
- L3x1
- L3x2
- L3x2a
- L3x2a1
- L3x2a1a
- L3x2a1
- L3x2b
- L3x2a
- L3e
- L3f
- B3f1
- L3f1a
- L3f1b
- L3f1b1
- L3f1b2
- L3f1b3
- L3f1b4
- L3f1b4a
- L3f1b4a1
- L3f1b4a
- B3f2
- L3f2b
- B3f3
- B3f1
- L3h
- L3h1
- L3h1a
- L3h1a1
- L3h1a2
- L3h1a2a
- L3h1a2b
- L3h1b
- L3h1b1
- L3h1b1a
- L3h1b1
- L3h1a
- L3h2
- L3h1
- M.
- N
- L3
Individual evidence
- ↑ Sarah A. Tishkoff et al .: Whole mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African lineages . In: Molecular Biology Evolution , Vol. 24 (2007), Issue 3, pp. 757-768, ISSN 0737-4038 .
- ^ Douglas C. Wallace et al .: Origin of haplogroup M in Ethiopia . In: American Journal of Human Genetics , Vol. 67 (2000), Supplement, p. 217, ISSN 0002-9297 .
- ^ Nicole Maca-Meyer et al .: Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions . In: BMC Genetics , Vol. 2 (2001), p. 13, ISSN 1471-2156 .
- ↑ Mannis van Oven, Manfred Kayser: Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. In: Human Mutation. 30, 2009, p. E386, PMID 18853457 . doi : 10.1002 / humu.20921 .
See also
Web pages
- Biology Center Austria on Haplogroup L3 ( Memento from April 23, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
Evolution Tree Haplogroup Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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