Haplogroup X

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Haplogroup of mitochondrial DNA
Surname X
Possible time of origin 30,000 years ago
Possible place of origin Asia
successor X1, X2
Mutations 73, 7028, 11719, 12705, 14766, 16189, 16223, 16278
Distribution of the haplogroup X

The haplogroup X is a haplogroup of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in human genetics .

The genetic sequences of haplogroup X separated from haplogroup N and subsequently, from 20,000 to 30,000 years ago, they drifted further apart into the two subgroups X1 and X2. Haplogroup X makes up about two percent of the population in Europe , the Middle East, and North Africa . Their subgroup X1 is much less numerous and limited only to North, East Africa, and the Middle East. Subgroup X2 seems to have been associated with the dispersal of the population during or after the last Ice Age (Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)) about 21,000 years ago. It is more widespread in the Middle East, the Caucasus , Southeastern Europe and the Mediterranean , and somewhat less pronounced in the rest of Europe. Particular concentrations are found in Georgia (eight percent), the Orkney Islands (in Scotland) (seven percent) and under the Israeli Druze (26%). In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Evas , Bryan Sykes names the ancestor of this haplogroup Xenia.

According to a study from 1998, haplogroup X is also found in several North American peoples in different concentrations ( Ojibwa up to 25.7%, Navajo 6.5%, Sioux 14.6%). This was taken as a genetic indication of the Solutréen hypothesis about the colonization of America, but new studies on a much larger case basis were published in 2012, which suggested a genetic relationship corresponding to an extension from the west coast to the south, which is then overlapped by two further waves of immigration.

family tree

This phylogenetic family tree of the subgroups of haplogroup X is based on a publication by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser. and subsequent scientific research.

  • X
    • X1
      • X1a
        • X1a1
      • X1b
    • X2
      • X2a
        • X2a1
          • X2a1a
          • X2a1b
        • X2a2
      • X2b
        • X2b1
        • X2b2
        • X2b3
        • X2b4
      • X2c
        • X2c1
        • X2d
      • X2e
        • X2e1
          • X2e1a
            • X2e1a1
              • X2e1a1a
        • X2e2
      • X2f
      • X2g
      • X2h

See also

Evolution Tree Haplogroup Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
mtDNA Eva
L0 L1 L2 L3   L4 L5 L6
  M. N  
CZ D. E. G Q   A. S.   R.   I. W. X Y
C. Z B. F. R0   pre-JT P  U
HV JT K
H V J T

swell

  • Andrea KC Ribeiro-Dos Santos, SEB Santos, AL Machado, V. Guapindaia and MA Zago (1996): Heterogeneity of Mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in pre-Columbian Natives of the Amazon Region . In: American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 101, 29-37 (1996).
  • Peter N. Jones 2004. American Indian mtDNA, Y Chromosome Genetic Data, and the Peopling of North America . Boulder: Bauu Press.
  • RD Easton, DA Merriwether, et al. : mtDNA variation in the Yanomami: evidence for additional New World founding lineages. In: American Journal of Human Genetics , 59, (1). Pp. 213-225 (1996) PMID 8659527
  • David Glenn Smith et al. : Distribution of mtDNA Haplogroup X among Native North Americans , In: American Journal of Physical Anthropology . 110, pp. 271-284 (1999)
  • Miroslava V. Derenko et al. : The Presence of Mitochondrial Haplogroup X in Altaians from South Siberia , In: American Journal of Human Genetics . 69 (1), 237–241 (2001) PMID 11410843 PMC 1226041 (free full text)
  • Maere Reidla et al. : Origin and Diffusion of mtDNA Haplogroup X , In: American Journal of Human Genetics . 73, pp. 1178-1190 (2003)
  • Ilia A. Zaharov et al. : Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Aboriginal Populations of the Altai-Baikal Region: Implications for the Genetic History of North Asia and America In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1011, 21 (2004) doi : 10.1196 / annals.1293.003

Web links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Michael D. Brown et al. mtDNA Haplogroup X: An Ancient Link between Europe / Western Asia and North America? , American Journal of Human Genetics, 63, 1852-1861 (1998)
  2. ↑ David Reich, Nick Patterson, et al .: Reconstructing Native American population history , Nature 2012, online publication: July 11, 2012, doi: 10.1038 / nature11258
  3. ↑ Mannis van Oven, Manfred Kayser: Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. In: Human Mutation. 30, 2009, p. E386, PMID 18853457 . doi : 10.1002 / humu.20921 .