Haplogroup N (mtDNA)

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Haplogroup of mitochondrial DNA
Surname N
Possible time of origin 71,000 years ago
Possible place of origin Asia or East Africa
predecessor L3
successor N1'5, N2, N9, N12, N13, N14, N21, N22, A, I, W, R, X, Y
Mutations 73, 7028, 11719, 12705, 14766, 16223
Assumed migration route in terms of the Out-of-Africa theory and according to the mitochondrial DNA.

The haplogroup N is a haplogroup of the mitochondria ( mtDNA ) in human genetics .

She is a descendant of haplogroup L3 , who took part in the emigration from Africa; its origin is believed to be in western Asia about 50,000 to 80,000 years ago. Haplogroup N is the ancestor of almost all European and oceanic haplogroups, in addition to many Asian and Amerindian ones. It is believed that it originated in West Asia at the same time as haplogroup M. This macro aplogroup spans several continents. It is also present in the Horn of Africa at a lower frequency, which was caused by a return migration to Africa 30,000 years ago, together with the Asian haplotype M1 and other Eurasian haplogroups.

The descendants also include the macro-aplogroup R (and its descendants) and the haplogroups N1, A, I, S, W, X, and Y.

family tree

This phylogenetic family tree of the subgroups of haplogroup N is based on a publication by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser and subsequent scientific research.

  • N
    • N1'5
      • N1
        • N1a'c'd'e'I
          • N1a'd'e'I
            • N1a'e'I
              • Haplogroup_N1a_ (mtDNA)
                • N1a1
                  • N1a1a
              • N1e'I
            • N1d
          • N1c
        • N1b
          • N1b1
            • N1b1a
            • N1b1b
            • N1b1c
              • N1b1d
          • N1b2
      • N5
    • N2
    • N9
      • N9a
        • N9a1'3
          • N9a1
          • N9a3
        • N9a2'4'5
          • N9a2
            • N9a2a'b
              • N9a2a
              • N9a2b
            • N9a2c
            • N9a2d
          • N9a4
          • N9a5
        • N9a6
          • N9a6a
      • N9b
        • N9b1
          • N9b1a
          • N9b1b
          • N9b1c
            • N9b1c1
        • N9b2
        • N9b3
      • Haplogroup Y
    • N12
      • N12a
    • N13
    • N14
    • N21
    • N22
    • A.
    • Haplogroup S (mtDNA)
    • X
    • R.

Finds of ancient skeletons of the mtDNA haplogroup N in Europe

2003: Two Cro-Magnon specimens from the Paglicci Cave, Apulia, Italy carried haplogroup N. These finds were 23,000 and 24,000 years old.

2005/2010: Wolfgang Haak et al. Sequenced mitochondrial DNA of ancient skeletons (from approx. 5500 to 4900 BC) from sites of the line ceramic culture in Germany and Austria - of 38 DNA sequences obtained, six had haplogroup N1a.

2010: Marie-France Deguilloux et al. examined remains of the burial place of a tumulus in Deux Sevres, France, from the year 4200 BC. Chr. ( Megalithic culture ) were subjected to a DNA analysis. The haplogroup N1a carried one copy.

2011: Zsuzsanna Guba analyzed the mtDNA of eleven Neolithic skeletons from Hungary. Among five specimens of the Körös culture , two with the mutations of the haplogroup N9a were found.

Finds from antiquity / the Middle Ages

2006: The frozen remains of a man in the mountains of Mongolia ( Altai Republic) also proved him to be the carrier of the mtDNA haplogroup N1a. The blonde Scythian warrior lived about 2005 years ago.

2007: One of a total of 13 skeletons in the medieval cemetery in Riisby, Denmark (founded in 1000 AD) carried Hg N1a, which is extremely rare for Scandinavia.

2007: The existence of the haplogroup N1a in Hungary between the 10th and 11th centuries was also rare. Century. In a 2007 study, few skeletons with this haplogroup were found from people of high status, whereas people of lower status had other haplogroups that were more typical of Western Eurasia.

2008: In Sagalassos , southwest Anatolia, rich finds were made and a total of 85 skeletons were excavated. After the DNA sequences had been obtained, the mtDNA Hg N (possibly N1b) was found in some. The excavation finds date back to a period of 200 years (11th – 13th centuries) and this area was Byzantine at that time .

Louis XVI of France

Remains of the blood of Louis XVI. were subjected to a DNA test in 2010. The unusual, ancient mtDNA haplogroup N1b 176G was surprising. His male Hg could also be determined in this way.

Reconstructed network of mitochondrial DNA of haplogroup N1a

See also

Web links

Evolution Tree Haplogroup Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
mtDNA Eva
L0 L1 L2 L3   L4 L5 L6
  M. N  
CZ D. E. G Q   A. S.   R.   I. W. X Y
C. Z B. F. R0   pre-JT P  U
HV JT K
H V J T

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ M. Metspalu, T. Kivisild, E. Metspalu, J. Parik, G. Hudjashov, K. Kaldma, P. Serk, M. Karmin, DM Behar, MT Gilbert, P. Endicott, S. Mastana, SS Papiha, K. Skorecki, A. Torroni, R. Villems: Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans. In: BMC genetics. Volume 5, August 2004, p. 26, ISSN  1471-2156 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471-2156-5-26 . PMID 15339343 . PMC 516768 (free full text).
  2. ↑ Haplogroups I & N.
  3. ↑ Mannis van Oven, Manfred Kayser: Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. In: Human Mutation. 30, 2009, p. E386, PMID 18853457 . doi : 10.1002 / humu.20921 .
  4. ↑ David Carmelli et al .: Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans . 2003
  5. ^ Wolfgang Haak: Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities . 2010
  6. ↑ Deguilloux et al .: Ancient DNA from Megalithic French Bural Chamber . (PDF; 965 kB) 2010
  7. ^ Zsuzsanna Guba et al .: Evidence for N9a discontinuity and East Asian haplogroups in the Neolithic Hungary 2010
  8. ↑ Genetic analysis of a Scytho-Siberian skeleton . In: Human biology; an international record of research , 76, 2007, PMID 15222683
  9. ↑ Linea Melchior, Niels Lynnerup, Hans R. Siegismund, Toomas Kivisild, Jørgen Dissing, Michael Hofreiter: Genetic Diversity among Ancient Nordic Populations. In: PLoS ONE. 5, 2010, p. E11898, doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0011898 .
  10. ↑ Comparison of maternal lineage and biogeographic analyzes of ancient and modern Hungarian populations . In: American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 2007, doi: 10.1002 / ajpa.20677
  11. ^ Claudio Ottoni et al .: Mitochondrial analysis of Byzantine population reveals the differential impact of multiple historical events in South Anatolia . doi : 10.1038 / ejhg.2010.230 .
  12. ^ Genetic analysis of the presumptive blood from Louis XVI, King of France . In: Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2011, PMID 20940110