Hartmann III. from Grüningen

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Grave slab of a Hartmann von Grüningen in the Markgröninger Bartholomäuskirche: Not by Hartmann I, as is often assumed, but by Hartmann III. It is considered the oldest preserved grave slab of a Count of Württemberg.
The Bartholomäuskirche , built by the Counts of Grüningen in their main residence, was intended as the burial place of their princely dynasty
In the Neckar basin between the Heuchelberg in the northwest and the semicircle of the Keuperwald Mountains (brown), the Counts of Grüningen had taken over a number of Hohenstaufen and imperial estates

Hartmann III. von Grüningen (* before 1252; † October 4, 1280 on the Hohenasperg ), came from the Grüningen-Landau sideline of the House of Württemberg . His parents were Count Hartmann II von Grüningen and an unknown first wife. Hartmann III. fought from 1275 in vain against the " Revindikationspolitik " King Rudolf von Habsburg , died after years of conflict in imprisonment on the Asperg and was like his father in their new church and grave lay in Grüningen buried. The decline of this young Württemberg dynasty began with his death.

Hartmann I. = Hartmann I. + Hartmann II. + Hartmann III. ?

This Wikipedia article is based on the occasional hypothesis that in reality there was a father, son and grandson, all of whom were called Hartmann von Grüningen and which modern historical research has wrongly combined into one person, the father Hartmann I. von Grüningen . This article about Hartmann III. therefore contradicts the article about Hartmann I. von Grüningen. The article on Hartmann II von Grüningen is also based on the assumption of the three Hartmanns .

Futile resistance and decline

Hartmann III. presumably inherited his father's underland property controlled by Grüningen around the turn of the year 1274/75, which had to be defended against King Rudolf of Habsburg's "revision policy" . Since 1273 he has been demanding back the imperial estates in the Neckar basin and in particular the castle and town of Grüningen, which Hartmann II had received from the anti-Staufer King Wilhelm of Holland together with the imperial storm flag as inherited and then interpreted as own property. While his cousin Count Ulrich II of Württemberg was willing to compromise, Hartmann III. alone on the military map and thus negotiated another five-year conflict with the royal troops.

Arson in Grüningen

His father, the "Comes illustrissimus" called Count Hartmann II, died probably in 1274, at the latest in early 1275. He may have died in combat or succumbed to any wounds he might have sustained in the violent clashes with the royal armed forces. However, they could also have taken advantage of his previous death when they moved against Grüningen around 1275, captured the city and set fire to the St. Bartholomew's Church, newly built by the count family . For this time of death speaks that in 1275 no senior is named and apparently an inheritance and name division had taken place. Because while in the Unterland only "Hartmann (III.) Von Grüningen" appears in the future, in the Oberland from September 1274 only the sons Konrad and Eberhard record as "Counts of Landau ".

Celebrated revenge

In the also controversial city of Brackenheim , the first-born son Hartmann III. On October 19, 1277, repel the enemy troops despite their superior strength and lead numerous prisoners to Grüningen. This victory was celebrated in Grüningen according to a traditional hymnal with local historical records as "Revenge of the Church St. Bartholomew" for the sacrilege of 1275. Whether the testamentary donation to the Marie altar of St. Bartholomew's Church, the Speyer Bishop Friedrich von Bolanden confirmed in 1277, in this context by Hartmann III. took place or goes back to his father is unclear. However, on this occasion, the undated foundation of the Marienglocke by Hartmann III. be done. The following was engraved on it in Latin: Holy Mother Maria, Markus Lukas Matthäus Johannes, Count Hartmann von Grüningen, who has a daughter of Herr von Eberstein as his wife .

Death in captivity

In the spring of 1280, however, a much larger army of a coalition of Swabian counts under the leadership of the imperial bailiff Albrecht II of Hohenberg approached. Instead of holing up in Grüningen, however, he faced his opponents in open field battle and had to surrender on April 6, 1280. He died on October 4, 1280 after six months of imprisonment on the Hohenasperg and was buried in the Bartholomäuskirche , which his father had intended as the burial place for their dynasty. The grave slab has been preserved and is considered the oldest monument with the Württemberg coat of arms.

Redistribution in the Neckar Basin

Burgraviate and city of Grüningen fell back to the Reich together with the imperial storm flag. Hartmann's brothers, especially Konrad, who now called himself Count von Grüningen, had to give up their claims to the county of Grüningen and later also sell their own property in the city to the king. After the final loss of the main residence in Grüningen, they only called themselves "Counts of Landau" after their Landau castle near Riedlingen on the Danube. Grüningen then became a free imperial city , the imperial castle served the imperial bailiff for Lower Swabia as a second residence.

In Marbach am Neckar , Duke Hermann I von Teck and Count Simon von Zweibrücken and Eberstein succeeded Hartmann III. take over in place of his brothers; possibly favored by family relationships with Hartmann's only heir, Beatrix von Grüningen.

Decisive for the extensive territorial gains of the Dukes of Teck in the Neckar basin at the expense of the Counts of Grüningen, like with Count Albrecht II of Hohenberg, may have been their loyalty to the king. In 1280 , King Rudolf von Habsburg elevated Brackenheim , which was evidently developed by the Grueninger counts on the northern border of their lower territory, to the status of "city with all the rights and freedoms that the imperial city of Esslingen had".

Back in Württemberg hands

In the eighties and nineties, the Landau house was repeatedly forced to sell numerous own goods in acute financial need. In the Neckar basin, for example, sales in Fellbach, Immenrode (settlement that was later sold), Ober- and Untertürkheim, Cannstatt and Stuttgart are documented. King Adolf von Nassau also bought the family property in the city of Grüningen in installments from Count Konrad and Eberhard until 1296. The peak of humiliation was reached in 1299: Konrad von Landau had to promise the Commander in the course of a sale to the Teutonic Order House in Altshausen that the purchase price would be used to ease his debt.

While the brothers Konrad and Eberhard von Landau completely forfeited their family's former Swabian supremacy and vainly struggled against the descent into political insignificance, their Württemberg cousin Count Eberhard, the illustrious , succeeded in gradually filling Grüninger positions in the Neckar basin. From 1301 at the latest, he tried to get the castle and town of Grüningen into his possession: King Albrecht von Habsburg confessed on March 11, 1301 in Schwäbisch Hall, to owe Count Eberhard von Württemberg 12,000 pounds of Heller, and pledged the castle and the castle to him as requested City of Grüningen. In 1336 Eberhard's successor, Count Ulrich III. von Württemberg finally succeed. Transferred by King Ludwig as an inheritance, the Wuerttemberg counts came again and this time finally into the possession of Grüningen and the imperial storm flag, which they also took over as dukes in their four-part coat of arms from 1495. And even Friedrich von Württemberg , who was crowned king, still had the title of count "von Grüningen" as a secondary title. This is evidenced by a document from 1806 in which he called himself “Count of Gröningen” among other things.

family

One Hartmann becomes three

In current historiography, it is mostly misunderstood that instead of one, mentioned for the first time in 1237 and supposedly died in 1280, there were three Count Hartmann von Grüningen in this period. Although the traditional documents around 1246 and from 1265 to 1274 show two phases in which senior and junior are differentiated. The supposedly second and actually the third Hartmann is considered to have died young and is therefore of little relevance.

This Hartmann III. is mentioned for the first time in 1265 when his father, Hartmann II. von Grüningen ("senior"), sold land to the Salem monastery with the consent of the junior. If he had already been legally competent at this point in time, he would have been born before 1252 by the first unknown wife of Hartmann II. He was mentioned several times in the following years, but was left out in the 1273 listing of the sons of Hartmann II and his second wife Hedwig von Veringen. Hence the general assumption that he died earlier. Against this, Hartmann II is not only named here, but also senior in 1274: On April 23, Count Hartmann the Elder of Grüningen hands over ownership of the property of Elisabeth, the widow of knight Konrad von Schatzberg, to the Salem convent and monastery. In fact, Hartmann III. 1273 not listed with the "remaining" sons of Hartmann II and Hedwig (⚭ 1252) because he, like his sisters Agnes and Adelheid, apparently came from a previous marriage and did not need to be heard when Hedwig's marriage property was sold.

A fourth Hartmann?

However, a document from 1284 caused irritation: At Landau Castle, a uniquely named "Hartmann by God's grace Count of Gröningen", for the sake of his soul, hands over the property rights of all properties and people in Bleichen ("villa Blachun"), with which the knight Marquard von Bleichen was enfeoffed by him, the monastery of Söflingen. Should this Hartmann III. his father would not have died until 1280. It seems more obvious, however, that in 1284 there was another Hartmann, i.e. the IV. This interpretation seems valid because from 1280 the later Konrad II. Became boss of the house Grüningen-Landau, which rules out that Hartmann III. there was still alive. His alleged son Hartmann IV would have been a minor at the beginning of the eighties. However, he should have replaced Konrad in 1284 at the latest. A dating error and the assignment of the document to Hartmann II (1274) therefore appear to be conclusive.

siblings

Hartmann III. had three brothers and probably four sisters:

  • Agnes von Grüningen, who was married to Count Rudolf II of Montfort before 1263 and must therefore come from a previous marriage;
  • Adelheid von Grüningen, presumed abbess of Heiligkreuztal , who like Hartmann III. should come from a previous marriage;
  • Anna von Grüningen, according to Sommer , became prioress of Offenhausen Monastery “after the death of her father” and documented it as such in 1277;
  • Konrad II von Grüningen-Landau (approx. 1254–1300), head of the house from October 1280, had to give up claims to the County of Grüningen and accept a serious political loss of importance for his family; in the end he called himself only Count von Landau ;
  • Ludwig von Grüningen-Landau, clergyman in the cathedral chapter of Augsburg , parishioner of Grüningen and Cannstatt ;
  • Eberhard I. von Landau, who tried in vain to strengthen the position of the house in the lowlands by marrying Richenza von Calw-Löwenstein .
  • Adelheid von Landau, married in 1293 to the noble Berthold von Mühlhausen , who documented several times in Grüningen and worked closely with Count Eberhard I of Württemberg and Konrad von Grüningen-Landau;

Marriage and offspring

Hartmann III. Was married, as the former bell donor inscription in the Grüninger Bartholomäuskirche suggests, presumably with a daughter of Count Otto senior and Beatrix von Eberstein . The inscription without a date on the larger of the two bells could, however, refer to a first marriage of Hartmann II.

Hartmann's offspring, some of which are poorly documented, include:

  • Conrad von Grüningen († 1277 near Chalon, France);
  • Beatrix von Grüningen, presumably a granddaughter of the eponymous Beatrix von Eberstein and married to Duke Hermann I von Teck .
  • "Hartmann by the grace of God called von Gro (e) ningen", who was first mentioned in 1284 and was no longer mentioned in a document and was probably a phantom due to a dating error.

Hartmanns III. Widow could have entered into a second, not befitting marriage with Arnold von Tamm , as a "Countess von Grüningen" documented together with him in Esslingen in 1304.

Additional information

swell

literature

  • Peter Fendrich: Return of the Counts of Grüningen - Insight into the revised history of the county on Heyd's footsteps . In: Through the city glasses - historical research, stories and preservation of monuments in Markgröningen , Volume 10, ed. v. AGD Markgröningen, Markgröningen 2016, pp. 40–47, ISBN 978-3000539077
  • Ludwig Friedrich Heyd : History of the Counts of Gröningen . 106 pp., Stuttgart 1829.
  • Ludwig Heyd: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special consideration for the general history of Württemberg, mostly based on unpublished sources . Stuttgart 1829, 268 p., Facsimile edition for the Heyd anniversary, Markgröningen 1992.
  • Sönke Lorenz , Dieter Mertens and Volker Press (eds.): The house of Württemberg. A biographical lexicon. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart et al. 1997, ISBN 3-17-013605-4 .
  • Sönke Lorenz: From Baden to Württemberg. Marbach - an object in the stately interplay of forces at the end of the 13th century . In: Journal for Württemberg State History (ZWLG), 72/2013, pp. 33–52.
  • Johann Daniel Georg von Memminger : The counts of Grüningen-Landau. Their name and their relationship with the house of Württemberg . In: Württ. Yearbooks for patriotic history, geography, statistics and topography, 1826, issue 1, pp. 69–97 ( Google ) and issue 2, pp. 376–440 ( Google ).
  • Ursula Mereb: Studies on the history of ownership of the Counts and Lords of Grüningen-Landau from approx. 1250 to approx. 1500 . 108 p., Tübingen 1970.
  • Karl Pfaff : The origin and the earliest history of the Wirtenberg Princely House: critically examined and presented. With seven supplements, three family tables and a historical-geographical map . 111 p., Stuttgart 1836.
  • Gerhard Raff : Hie gut Wirtemberg allways I: The House of Württemberg from Count Ulrich the founder to Duke Ludwig . Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-89850-110-8 .
  • Hermann Römer : Markgröningen in the context of regional history I., prehistory and the Middle Ages . 291 p., Markgröningen 1933.

References and comments

  1. ↑ Translated "high born" Count, which should mean of princely status.
  2. ↑ Tradition knows, however, of a Hartmann von Grüningen, who is said to have been buried in the Heiligkreuztal monastery as early as 1273 . See also David Wolleber: Descendant tables for the history of the House of Württemberg , Schorndorf 1591; UB Tübingen Mh6-2 A document dated April 23, 1274 speaks against this year of death, in which a Hartmann “senior” appears for the last time at Landau Castle. See WUB, Volume VII., No. 2417, p. 306, WUB online
  3. ↑ See Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: History of the Counts of Gröningen . 106 S., Stuttgart 1829, p. 81, and Ludwig Heyd: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special consideration for the general history of Württemberg, mostly based on unpublished sources . Stuttgart 1829, 268 p., Facsimile edition for the Heyd anniversary, Markgröningen 1992, p. 7.
  4. ↑ See Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: History of the Counts of Gröningen . 106 p., Stuttgart 1829, p. 81.
  5. ↑ See confirmation of foundation in WUB, Volume VIII, No. 2689, pp. 36–37, WUB online
  6. ↑ Original engraving: "SANCTA MARIA MATER, MARCUS, LUCAS, MATHÄUS, JOHANNES, COMES HARTMANNUS DE GRÜNINGEN QUI (H) ABET FILIAM DE EBERST."
  7. ↑ Inscription on the tomb: "ANNO.D (omi) NI. MC CLXXX. IN. DIE. FRA (n) CISSI. OB (iit). HARTMANN (us). COMES. DE. GRUENINGEN". Translated: "In the year of the Lord 1280 on the day of St. Francis (October 4th), Hartmann, Count of Grüningen, died." Werner Feil: Evang. Bartholomäus-Kirche Markgröningen . In: Quick Art Guide . 1st edition. No. 1655 . Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1987, ISBN 978-3-7954-5365-7 .
  8. ^ Sönke Lorenz: From Baden to Württemberg. Marbach - an object in the stately interplay of forces at the end of the 13th century . In: Zeitschrift für Württembergische Landesgeschichte (ZWLG), 72/2013, p. 44ff, which refers to Rolf Götz: The dukes of Teck - dukes without a duchy (series of publications by the Kirchheim unter Teck town archive), Kirchheim 2009, p. 33.
  9. ^ Sönke Lorenz: From Baden to Württemberg. Marbach - an object in the stately interplay of forces at the end of the 13th century . In: Zeitschrift für Württembergische Landesgeschichte (ZWLG), 72/2013, p. 40, and WUB online
  10. ^ Sönke Lorenz: From Baden to Württemberg. Marbach - an object in the stately interplay of forces at the end of the 13th century . In: Zeitschrift für Württembergische Landesgeschichte (ZWLG), 72/2013, p. 44, which refers to Rolf Götz: The dukes of Teck - dukes without a duchy (series of publications by the Kirchheim unter Teck town archive), Kirchheim 2009, p. 33. Your Uncle Konrad and Eberhard appear as guarantors for Duke Hermann von Teck in 1299. See u. a. WUB Volume XI, No. 5267, pp. 237-238, WUB online
  11. ↑ Source: Regesta Imperii VI, 1, 1245 RI online
  12. ↑ See Oberamtsbeschreibung Ludwigsburg, 1859, p. 248ff, at Wikisource and WUB Volume X, No. 4708, pp. 378–379, WUB online
  13. ↑ Source: WUB Volume XI, No. 5219, pp. 201–202, WUB online
  14. ↑ Cf. Regesta Imperii (1844), p. 224, No. 328, and HStA Stuttgart H 51 U 174, Landesarchiv BW
  15. ↑ Quotation from the state bibliography of Baden-Württemberg (BSZ)
  16. ↑ See Karl Pfaff: The origin and the earliest history of the Wirtenberg Princely House: Critically examined and presented. With seven supplements, three family tables and a historical-geographical map . 111 S., Stuttgart 1836, p. 69.
  17. ↑ Hartmann senior sold with the consent of "Hedwigis uxoris nec non universae prolis suae, quam tunc habuit, C., L., E., Mon. Heiligkreuztal decimas et molendinum in Andelfingen". Cf. Karl Pfaff: The origin and the earliest history of the Wirtenberg Princely House: critically examined and presented. With seven supplements, three family tables and a historical-geographical map . 111 S., Stuttgart 1836, p. 71, and WUB Volume VII, No. 2335, pp. 238-239, WUB online
  18. ↑ Source: WUB Volume VII, No. 2417, page 306, WUB online
  19. ↑ In the original: "Hartmannus, dei gratia Comes dictus de Gro (e) ningen". Source: WUB, Volume VIII, No. 3303, p. 430 WUB online
  20. ↑ The context suggests a spelling mistake in the date, because, according to Fendrich , an X less would be conclusive: Then the document referred to a foundation made in 1274 (MCXXIIII) shortly before his death by Hartmann II for “the sake of his soul”. Especially since a 1284 legally competent heir of Hartmann III. The efforts to regain Grüningen and the sale of the Grüningen property would certainly not have been left to his uncle Konrad. The location of the issue also suggests a dating error, as Landau Castle was assigned to the uncles of the ominous fourth Hartmann as "Count of Landau" when the estate was divided, and certain doubts as to whether a twenty-year-old count in financial difficulties would primarily invest in his soul's salvation .
  21. ↑ Source: WUB Volume VI, No. 1833, pp. 228-229, WUB online
  22. ↑ The daughter Elisabeth von Rudolf and Agnes was married to Truchsess Eberhard von Waldburg in 1275. See WUB Volume VII, No. 2520, pages 381-382, WUB online
  23. ↑ Ingrid Karin Sommer: The Chronicle of the Stuttgart Councilor Sebastian Küng (published by the Stuttgart City Archives, vol. 24), Stuttgart 1971, p. 43 (source: Pfeilsticker).
  24. ↑ Source: WUB Volume VIII, No. 2652, p. 10, WUB online
  25. ↑ Berthold von Mühlhausen (near Stuttgart) sold on July 15, 1293 with the consent of his wife Adelheid, Countess von Landau , to the Bebenhausen monastery a farm she had brought in in Zuffenhausen . See WUB Volume X, No. 4402, pp. 156-157, WUB online
  26. ↑ The engraving refers to a “Count Hartmann von Grüningen, who has a daughter of Herr von Eberstein as his wife” (see note above for the original text of the engraving).
  27. ↑ “1277 obiit Conradus, filius Hartmanni comitis in Francia apud Speracum, quae civitas sita iuxta Schalunna; et illuc missus fuerat, ut disceret gallicum. ”See Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: History of the Counts of Gröningen . 106 p., Stuttgart 1829, p. 91, note 6 (Necrolog in the old hymn book in the rectory).
  28. ^ Beatrix ⚭ Count Otto senior von Eberstein († 1279).
  29. ^ Sönke Lorenz: From Baden to Württemberg. Marbach - an object in the stately interplay of forces at the end of the 13th century . In: Zeitschrift für Württembergische Landesgeschichte (ZWLG), 72/2013, p. 44, which refers to Rolf Götz: The Dukes of Teck - Dukes without a Duchy (series of publications by the Kirchheim unter Teck City Archives), Kirchheim 2009, p. 33.
  30. ↑ Source: WUB Volume VIII, No. 3303, p. 430, WUB online
  31. ↑ Whether it actually existed and was supported by Hartmann III. originated, contradicts the historical context and cannot be proven by any other document. A dating error is obvious: "Instead of MCCLXXXIIII (1284), MCCLSXXIIII (1274) would be understandable" (see Peter Fendrich: Regesten der Grafen von Grüningen (database), Markgröningen 2013 and note above).
  32. ↑ Quotation (1304): "Comitissa de Grüningen et Arnoldus legaverunt 4 lb cere (wax), que dantur de domo lapidea Eberhardi de Tamme, Martini" from Herbert Raisch: The Esslinger Urbar from 1304. Stock book number 1 of the St. Katharina Hospital in Esslingen (1304 to after 1334) (Esslinger Studien series 2), Esslingen 1966.

See also

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Hartmann III. from Grüningen
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Count of Grüningen
DATE OF BIRTH before 1252
DATE OF DEATH 1280