Henenu

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Henenu

Henu or Henenu is the head of the house ( ancient Egyptian : "Em-ra-per" ( M-r3-pr ), sometimes "Imi-ra-per" ( Jmj-r3-pr ) , later vocalized under Amenemhet I. to "Imi- ra-per-who "[ Jmj-r3-pr-wr ] expanded) of the Egyptian kings Mentuhotep II. and Mentuhotep III. who was the first civil servant of the Middle Kingdom to reopen the roads to Lebanon and Punt (gold country) .

supporting documents

The inscription Wadi Hammamat No. 114

The following inscription from Henu can be found in Wadi Hammamat:

Vertical line (Couyat & Montet 1 = Breasted 0) "[...] Se-anch-ka-Re [...]"

Horizontal row (M 2 = B 1) year eight 3. Schemu I (August 18) .

Row (M 3 = B 2) The real favorite servant who does everything he praises every day, bearer of the royal seal, [only] companion [companion], - overseer of what is and what is not, Overseer of the temples, overseer of the granaries and the White House

Row (M 4 = B 3) overseer over horn and hoof, chief of the six great houses, who in a loud voice calls out the king on the day of waiting, who judges the prisoner according to his desert [...]

Line (M 5 = B 4) [...]

Line (M 6 = B 5) [...]

Line (M 7 = B 6) [...]

Line (M 8 = B 7) […] Who satisfies the heart of the king as guardian of the gate of the south ; about the

Line (M 9 = B 8) Administration of the Gaue of the South, head of the treasure of gold ... who faints the Haunebu ( uncivilized ), to which the two countries come and bow, to which every office reports; Bearer of the royal seal, only companion.

Line (M 10 = B 9) the steward Henu says: "[Sir, his life is long] and he is in good health, [has] sent me to bring a ship to Punt to bring him fresh To bring spices / myrrh ( anti ), which are in the possession of the sheikhs of the desert / the red land, because of his fear in the highlands (?). So I set out from Koptos,

Line (M 11 = B 10) on the path that His Majesty showed me: A troop from the south accompanied me. It consisted of […] w3bw (?) From the Gau of Thebes - from one side to Iumiteru and on the other to Shabe - royal representatives of all kinds, from the villages and fields, they walked united by my side; two corps of reconnaissance (?), four companies of security guards (?)

Line (M 12 = B 11) cleared the way for me by subjugating the king's enemies; Hunters and mountaineers / desert dwellers / children of the highlands were posted as guards to secure my corps. His Majesty had given me responsibility for everything. They sent messengers to me, and as I commanded, millions obeyed. I set out with a force of 3,000 men.

Row (M 13 = B 12) I have turned the path into a river, the red land / the desert into fertile fields of the plain: I have given everyone a leather bottle, a handle, two tubes / jugs of water and 20 rolls for each Day, the mules were laden with sandals. Now I dug twelve wells in the bush

Line (M 14 = B 13) […] When I reached Wadj-Wer, I built a ship / a fleet and dispatched it / her with everything after having made a great sacrifice of cattle, bulls and

Row (M 15 = B 14) had offered gazelles / ibises. Now after my return from the wadi who did what his majesty had commanded and I brought him some of the products I had found on the shores of God's land . I descended through Wag and Ra-henu and brought him high quality stone blocks for statues for the divine chapel / temple; never

Line (M 16 = B 15) this was done by a confidante of the king who was sent out from the time of God. I did this for the majesty of my Lord because he loved me so much [...] "

Line (M 17 = B 16) [...]

Incidentally, this inscription is the only dated inscription from the government of Mentuhotep III.

The Deir el-Bahari tomb (MMA 510; TT 313)

North of the temple of Mentuhotep II. Neb-hepet-Re in Deir el-Bahari , steward Henenu [here he is written with -nn-] had a grave built for himself. Four limestone steles have been preserved, fragments of the painted sarcophagus and the door frame. Two of the steles are slightly better preserved and are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art . They originally stood opposite each other in the entrance to the grave. They are bordered by a band of inscriptions. There are 16 lines of a biographical text on it. Next to it is a relief with the tomb lord sitting behind a sacrificial table. The name of Mentuhotep II. Neb-hepet-Re is specifically mentioned.

[His (the king's) true favorite] servant [who did what he praised] in the course of each day, the overseer of horn, hoof, feather and [...], the overseer of [...], of what flies and what flutters down, the overseer of what is and what is not, the great steward Henenu.

Then there are fragments that show that he collected taxes for the king in the cantons of Thinis and Aphroditopolis , that he cleared blocked sewers and organized a large military expedition. He has provided for my master's house and taken care of his well-being in all areas. He would have had granite brought in from Aswan for his own grave . He went on a trip to Syria or Lebanon to get wood, more precisely cedar trunks , for the king.

More tracks

1 .: Also on the west bank of Thebes (Egypt) several mummy bandages have come to light that come from a Henenus workshop. This can be seen from the fact that the manufacturers have put their own symbols on the cloths. 1.1: From the grave of Wah. 1.2: From the Miyet's grave.

2 .: In Shatt er-Rigale, next to a large inscription from Mentuhotep II. Neb-hepet-Re , the head of the house H [enenu] appears in the company of the king's officials.

3 .: A misunderstandable passage in Eduard Meyer points to a cenotaph in Abydos . However, this is completely uncertain without further verification.

interpretation

Is Henu identical to Henenu?

On the one hand, there is disagreement as to whether the henenu of the tomb in Deir el-Bahari and the henu of the inscription in Wadi Hammamat are one and the same person. William C. Hayes emphasized the identity of both people. His colleague Herbert E. Winlock meticulously distinguished the two people without, however, expressly pointing out. Perhaps he wanted to avoid a direct confrontation with Hayes on this point. However, he points out that this name was not uncommon at that time and was used just as often by private individuals as a royal name. James P. Allen , curator emeritus of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, speaks out against an equation because he puts the construction of the tomb very early in the Neb-hepet-Res government, but considers Henu to be the successor to Henenus in the office of steward. However, in a later article, Allen argued that the two were identical.

Where did he (ne) nu go?

On the other hand, there is disagreement as to where Hen (en) u went at all. There are several options for trips to Punt :

1. He drives on the Nile to Koptos. From there he crosses the Arabian desert along the Wadi Hammamat (Ro-hanu) to the Red Sea, the "Great Green" (Wadj-Wer). There he lets a ship go south. The team then marches a little overland and reaches a river that “flows the wrong way round” in relation to the Nile. There the goddess Hathor is worshiped, which is why the country is also called "God's land". This variant is accepted by most Egyptologists.

2. He drives on the Nile to Koptos. It then stretches along Wadi Hammamat for a while, but then turns to the south. After a long march they reach the Nile again between the fourth and fifth cataracts . The Nile has swelled here by the Ethiopian tributaries and the flooding has already begun, which is called the "Great Green". You drive a little further up the river and then leave the river to the east. There they reach “the river that flows the wrong way round” and the “God's land”. This variant is adopted by the former curator of the Louvre , Christiane Desroches Noblecourt , and Claude Vandersleyen .

3. He travels north on the Nile and reaches the Mediterranean, the “Great Green”. His team then drives to Byblos , where Hathor is worshiped, and then crosses the Syrian desert and reaches the Euphrates , which, unlike the Nile, “flows upside down”. This would also coincide with the inscription in the tomb.

4. He drives on the Nile to Koptos, crosses the Arabian desert along the Wadi Hammamat. His team then drives across the Red Sea, the "Great Green" to Sinai , where Hathor is worshiped in the quarries. From there they march north until they reach Lebanon and finally the Euphrates. This would explain why the inscription was placed in Wadi Hammamat.

Same name as the Carthaginian navigator Hanno

He should not be with Hanno the Navigator , the Carthaginian navigator from the 1st millennium BC. Can be confused, even if his report was also set in stone in the temple of Baal Hammon in Carthage and both have made a contribution to the exploration of the African coasts. Both are written in the Phoenician as well as in the Egyptian script only H (-n) -nw, since the Greeks first used vowels.

literature

  • James P. Allen: The high officials of the early Middle Kingdom. In: Nigel Strudwick, John H. Taylor (Eds.): The Theban Necropolis Past, Present and Future. British Museum Press, London 2003, ISBN 0-7141-2247-5 , pp. 14-29.
  • James P. Allen: Some Theban Officials of the Early Middle Kingdom. In: Peter Der Manuelian (Ed.): Studies in honor of William Kelly Simpson. Volume 1, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1996, ISBN 0-87846-390-9 , pp. 9-10 [ full text as PDF file; 700 kB ( Memento from July 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive )].
  • James Henry Breasted : The Eleventh Dynasty . In: Eduard Meyer: Aegyptische Chronologie (= Philosophical and historical treatises of the Royal Academy of Sciences. 1904, Volume 1, ZDB -ID 955708-8 ). Publishing house of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin 1904, pp. 156–161.
  • James Henry Breasted: A history of Egypt. From the earliest times to the Persian conquest . Scribner, New York NY 1905, (German translation, most recently: History of Egypt . Translated by Hermann Ranke. Phaidon, Zurich 1954).
  • James Henry Breasted: Ancient records of Egypt. Volume 1: The first to the seventeenth dynasties . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1906, (Also reprinted: University of Illinois Press, Urbana Ill. 2001, ISBN 0-252-06990-0 ).
  • Gae Callender: The Middle Kingdom Renaissance . In: Ian Shaw (Ed.): The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000, ISBN 0-19-815034-2 .
  • Jules Couyat, Pierre Montet : Les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques et hiératiques du Ouâdi Hammâmât . Impr. De l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale, Caire 1912–1913 (= Mémoires publiés par les membres de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire. Volume 34, Fasc. 1-2, ISSN  0257-411X ).
  • William Christopher Hayes : The Scepter of Egypt. A background for the study of the Egyptian antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Volume 1, Harper, New York 1953.
  • William Christopher Hayes: Career of the Great Steward Henenu under Nebhepetre Mentuhotep . In: Journal of Egyptian Archeology. No. 35, 1949, ISSN  0075-4234 , pp. 43-47.
  • Eduard Meyer : The oldest historical peoples and cultures up to the sixteenth century. Addendum: The older chronology of Babylonia, Assyria and Egypt 9th edition, special edition (reprographic reprint of the 3rd edition from 1913) (= history of antiquity. [GdA] volume 1, half 2). Darmstadt 1981, ISBN 3-534-08915-4 .
  • Christiane Desroches Noblecourt : The mysterious queen on the pharaonic throne. From the Franz. By Nikolaus Gatter and Hainer Kober . (= Bastei-Lübbe-Taschenbuch: Archeology. Volume 6422). Bastei Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 2007, ISBN 978-3-404-64224-3 (Original: La reine mystérieuse. Hatshepsout. Pygmalion, Paris 2002, ISBN 2-85704-748-7 ).
  • Claude Obsomer: Sesostris Ier. Étude chronologique et historique du règne (= Étude. Volume 5). Connaissance de l'Egypte Ancienne, Bruxelles 1995, ISBN 2-87268-004-7 .
  • Claude Vandersleyen: Ouadj our. Un autre aspect de la vallée du Nil (= Étude. Volume 7). Connaissance de l'Egypte Ancienne, Bruxelles 1999, ISBN 2-87268-006-3 .
  • Herbert Eustis Winlock : The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes . Macmillan, New York NY et al. a. 1947.

Web links

Notes and individual references

  1. ↑ Dating for the year 2000 BC According to Jean Meeus: Astronomische Algorithmen , u. a. Applications for Ephemeris Tool 4,5 Barth Leipzig 2000, ISBN 3-335-00400-0 with conversion program Ephemeris Tool 4,5 .
  2. ^ Rainer Hannig: Large Concise Dictionary Egyptian-German: (2800 - 950 BC) . von Zabern, Mainz 2006, ISBN 3-8053-1771-9 , p. 535.
  3. ↑ First published by: Émile Prisse d'Avennes: Monuments égyptiens, bas-reliefs, peintures, inscriptions etc., d'après les dessins exécutés sur les lieux; for faire suite aux Monuments de l'Égypte et de la Nubie de Champollion-le-Jeune. Didot Frères, Paris 1847, sheet (page) VI, no.2
  4. ↑ Completely represented by Carl Richard Lepsius: Monuments from Egypt and Ethiopia. Tafelwerke, Volume II, Nicolaische Buchhandlung, Berlin 1849–1859, p. 150 → picture a. ( online: Tafelwerk, Department II, Volume IV: Old Reich. P. 150 → picture a (inscriptions from Hamamât) )
  5. ↑ Golénischeff Hammamat XV - XVII = В. С. Голенищев : Эпиграфические результаты поездки в Уади-Хаммамат, в сборнике. Записки Восточного отделения Русского археологического общества. т. 2, в. 1—2, СПБ. 1887, C. 69–79, 18 табл. XV - XVII = in German: Wladimir Semjonowitsch Golenishchev : Epigraphic results of the trip to Wadi-Hammamat, in the collection. In: Memoirs of the Oriental Department of the Russian Archaeological Society. (= Zapiski Vostocnogo Otdelenija Rossijskogo Archeologičeskogo Obščestva. [ZVORAO]) Volume 2, Numbers 1 to 2, St. Petersburg 1887, pp. 69–79, Table 18, XV - XVII.
  6. ↑ impression at Jules Couyat, Pierre Montet: Les Inscriptions et hiéroglyphiques hiératiques de Ouâdi Ḩammāmāt (= Mémoires publiés par les membres de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire. Volume 34). Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archeologie orientale, Cairo 1912, no.114.
  7. ↑ First translation in: François Joseph Chabas: Voyage d'un Egyptien en Syrie, en Phénicie, en Palestine,… Dejussieu, Chalon-sur-Saone 1866, pp. 56–57.
  8. ^ English translation in: JH Breasted: Ancient records of Egypt. Volume 1, Chicago 1906, § 427-433.
  9. ^ French translation in: C. Obsomer: Sesostris Ier. Étude chronologique et historique du règne. Bruxelles 1995, pp. 394 & 395. [The gaps […] are in the translation with Breasted because he does not want to translate the endless litany of titles.]
  10. ↑ Mentioned in: Gaston Maspero: Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient classique. Volume I, Hachette, Paris 1875, p. 495; Henri Gauthier: Le livre des rois d'Egypte. Recueil de titres et protocoles royaux, noms propres de rois, reines, princes et princesses, noms de pyramides et de temples solaires, suivi d'un index alphabétique. Volume I, Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale, Cairo 1907, p. 243; E. Meyer in: GdA Volume I, Darmstadt 1981, § 278 & § 291; HE Winlock: The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes. New York NY u. a. 1947, p. 50; The Scepter of Egypt. A background for the study of the Egyptian antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Harper, New York 1953, I, p. 166; JH Breasted: History of Egypt. Zurich 1954, p. 109; G. Callender: The Middle Kingdom Renaissance. Oxford 2000, p. 156; CD Noblecourt: The mysterious queen on the pharaoh's throne. Bergisch Gladbach 2007, pp. 202 & 203.
  11. ^ HE Winlock: The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes. New York NY u. a. 1947, pp. 44 & 45 & 67; WC Hayes: Career of the Great Steward Henenu under Nebhepetre Mentuhotep. 1949 and WC Hayes: The Scepter of Egypt. A background for the study of the Egyptian antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Volume I, New York 1953, pp. 164 & 165; JP Allen: Some Theban Officials of the Early Middle Kingdom. Volume 1, Boston 1996, p. 4 (site plan), pp. 10-12, 18 (timetable), pp. 19-20, 23-24; G. Callender: The Middle Kingdom Renaissance. Oxford 2000, p. 156, p. 152.
  12. ^ WC Hayes: The Scepter of Egypt. A background for the study of the Egyptian antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Volume I, New York 1953, p. 260.
  13. ^ JP Allen: Some Theban Officials of the Early Middle Kingdom. Volume 1, Boston 1996, p. 11; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of Egyptian Art. (MMA) March 22, 7, unpublished: MMA - Theban Expedition Tomb Card 65, photograph MCC 133.
  14. ^ HE Winlock: The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes. New York NY u. a. 1947, pp. 34 & 67. Winlock's formulation is ambiguous and gives the impression that H […] is depicted next to the king, which is not the case.
  15. ^ E. Meyer in: GdA Volume I, Darmstadt 1981, § 291. Eduard Meyer cites two places where he could get the information from: Auguste Mariette: Catalog général des monuments d'Abydos découverts pendant les fouilles de cette ville. L'imprimerie nationale, Paris 1880, S 154-155, No. 630 and Hans Ostenfeldt Lange, Heinrich Schäfer: Gravestones and memorial stones of the Middle Kingdom. Part II (CG 20001-20780) (= Catalog Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire. ) Reichsdruckerei, Berlin 1908, No. 20425 ( online as a PDF file ).
  16. ^ WC Hayes: Career of the Great Steward Henenu under Nebhepetre Mentuhotep. 1949 and WC Hayes: The Scepter of Egypt. A background for the study of the Egyptian antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Volume I, New York 1953, p. 164.
  17. ^ HE Winlock: The Rise and Fall of the Middle Kingdom in Thebes. New York NY u. a. 1947 → Henenu : pp. 34 & 44 & 45 & 67; Henu : p. 50.
  18. ^ JP Allen: Some Theban Officials of the Early Middle Kingdom. Volume 1, Boston 1996, p. 12.
  19. ^ JP Allen: The high officials of the early Middle Kingdom. In: N. Strudwick, JH Taylor: The Theban Necropolis, Past Present and Future. London 2003, p. 16.
  20. ↑ E. Meyer in: GdA Volume I, Darmstadt 1981: Very clear identification of Wadj-wer with the Red Sea.
  21. ↑ CD Noblecourt: The mysterious queen on the pharaonic throne. Bergisch Gladbach 2007, pp. 199-215; C. Vandersleyen: Ouadj our. An autre aspect of the valley of the Nile. Bruxelles 1999.
  22. ↑ CD Noblecourt: The mysterious queen on the pharaonic throne. Bergisch Gladbach 2007, p. 201. It tries to show that the equation Wadj-Wer = Mediterranean does not work.
personal data
SURNAME Henenu
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Henu
BRIEF DESCRIPTION ancient Egyptian official
DATE OF BIRTH 21st century BC Chr.
DATE OF DEATH 21st century BC BC or 20th century BC Chr.