Hippolytus Guarinoni
Hippolyt Guarinoni (also: Ippolito Guarinoni and Hippolytus Guarinonius ) (born November 18, 1571 in Trient , † May 31, 1654 in Hall in Tirol ) was a doctor and polymath who practiced in Hall. As a representative of a militant Catholicism , he was instrumental in the building of the Karlskirche in Volders and founded the anti-Semitic Anderl von Rinn cult.
Biographical Notes
Guarinoni's work as a doctor and preacher
Hippolyt Guarinoni was the son of the imperial physician Bartholomäus Guarinoni and the daughter of a citizen of Trento, Catharina Pellegrini. Since his parents could not marry because of family resistance - both later entered into different marriages - the child was born out of wedlock. In order to free those who were later honored from this stain, he was declared marital by Pope Paul V in 1618 .
Hippolytus spent his childhood in Trento, later he moved with his father to Vienna and finally he followed him in 1583 at the court of Emperor Rudolf II in Prague , where he received a thorough and comprehensive education in the Jesuit grammar school there. The lessons with the Jesuits were formative for the inquisitive young man for his whole life. From 1593 to 1597 Guarinoni studied medicine at the University of Padua ; in addition, he attended lectures in theology and philosophy. After completing his studies, he ordained as a doctor in Trient (1598) and in Hall in Tirol (1601), where he rose to become a city physician . In 1607 Guarinoni was appointed personal physician to the Archduchesses Eleonore and Maria Christina in the Haller Damenstift . When Tyrol was ravaged by the plague in 1611 , he left the city of Hall, but suggested the building of temporary huts, into which the sick were transferred from their unhealthy taverns, and encouraged the government, which was often slow Arrange for the infected area to be cleaned up. In general, the hygienic prophylaxis to ward off epidemics was one of Guarinoni's main concerns. In addition, he dealt with the effects of healing springs and recommended physical activity for physical exercise. He also wrote the saying: "Respect nature and back to it, restraint in everyone!"
The real passion of Guarinoni was the consolidation and reform of Catholicism, which earned him the goodwill of conservative circles, but also the permanent dislike of the Haller city council and many citizens. When it came to advancing the Catholic cause, Guarinoni was not at a loss for the means, and he even considered the use of cunning and flattery to be legitimate in this context. Sometimes his fanaticism went too far even for his teachers, the Jesuits : “My God, what does the good Dr. Guarinoni not on! Wouldn't it be better if he stayed with his faculty! ”Once said one of his companions when he was getting too colorful in a theological argument. In 1611, for example, he denounced the Bolzano theosophist Adam Haslmayr to the Tyrolean Prince Archduke Maximilian the German master , which led to Haslmayr's galley penalty in Genoa , which he survived.
From 1620 until his death, Guarinoni built the Karlskirche, which he designed himself, and was also responsible for the construction of other sacred buildings. Many of his medical and religious writings were also created during this time.
In 1628 he received permission from Bishop Daniel Zeno von Brixen to catechesize as a lay theologian in the mountain villages. So he became a "secular Jesuit", as he characterized himself. On his forays through the country, Guarinioni not only preached discipline and customs, but also practiced practical policing. Everywhere he saw himself surrounded by frivolity and “profligacy”. Accordingly, his criticism was mostly harsh.
Because of his efforts for public health, Emperor Ferdinand II appointed him ore physician from and to Hoffberg and Volderthurn. The Pope rewarded his commitment to the Catholic cause by knighting him from the golden spur .
Guarinoni was married twice. His first wife Cariatas Thaler gave birth to 8 children, including triplets who died immediately after birth and who all received the name Christina (C. Fides, C. Spes and C. Charitas) at the emergency baptism: “The 4th day of Mertzen in 1604 Year Charitus or love the greatest gave birth to us three. Drey Christinae, three sisters, three God's gift, who decided on a body, now decided on a grave. In an hour one is born, lived and died at the same time, and lead from love to love into the kingdom of heaven. Hippolytus Guarinonius, Art. & Doc. & Charitas Tallerin moestiss. Parent. Dulcis. FFF posuere. ”An alabaster plaque, which is walled in next to the pulpit of the Lindenkirche (also Trinity Church) on St. Georgenberg in Fiecht, reminds of this fateful event. Two years after his wife's death, Guarinoni married Helena von Spieß, a former lady-in-waiting. He also had two sons with her.
The architect and builder
An outward sign of Guarinoni's religious fervor is the Karlskirche in Volders, which he had built from his considerable fortune according to his plans. The almost oriental-looking church, easily accessible from the rest area on the A 12 Inntal motorway (direction Kufstein) - art historians describe the style as "Venetian Baroque" - is one of the strangest sacred buildings in Tyrol. The building, the floor plan of which is based on St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, had to be interrupted repeatedly due to Guarinoni's financial difficulties and was therefore only inaugurated on July 25, 1654, 34 years after the laying of the foundation stone on April 2, 1620. Guarinoni did not live to see this happy day, he died two months before the inauguration in Hall. The Karlskirche has also become his burial place. In front of the steps of the Three Kings Altar, a white marble slab with the coat of arms of the founder shows that Guarinoni was laid to rest here with his wife and two of his sons after his last disposition.
Guarinoni also initiated the construction of the chapel on the Stiftsalm in the Voldertal and the Borgiaskapelle in Volderwald (Tulfes). The chapel of the Volderer Wildbad burned down several times, so the current building is only indirectly due to Guarinoni. Across the way in the Inn valley, he designed the plan for the Annenkirche in Bad Baumkirchen.
The writer
Guarinoni is not only known in Tyrol for his building activities, but even more for his medical, religious and rhetorical writings.
His most important work is the work Grewel of the devastation of the human race , published in Ingolstadt in 1610 , a voluminous tome which, due to its excessive form and content, eludes a clear genre. Among other things, Guarinoni deals with the following subjects in this work: “Doctor and Apodecker, Dück der Weiber. Dawung (digestion), Plains and Birg (mountains), Eaters and Sauffer, Engelländische Comedianten, Calendar follies, anecdotes from Eulenspiegel, Foxtail, the fencing schools. Dog law among Germans, Jews and heretics like to eat meat. Praise to the old women. Hymn of praise of the Gerhaben (guardians), Marx and Lucas brothers, Mühl and Müller fraud. Nature of geese and women. Pasta and plentiful food from farmers. Predicanten Frßdeckanten etc. “But Guarinionis Grewel are also a treasure trove for German linguistics, especially for unusual provincial expressions, as it is a not to be despised source of provincial references of all kinds, rich both in genuine German proverbs as in idioms, allusions and comparisons.
Among the many medical writings, the “Pestilentz Guardien” (1612) is well known. This “Traktätlein”, which was written in difficult times, is divided into seven sections, like the “Grewel”: 1. Guardi (= recommendation) for healthy people, 2. Guardi for priests, nurses and grave-diggers, 3. Guardi for infected houses, 4 Guardi for the cemeteries, 5th Guardi for clothes and linen, 6th Guardi against various errors, 7th Guardi for people who were damaged and burned by the “salt liquor”.
Also to be mentioned are the “Hydrooeconomgania” from 1640 and the “Chylosophiae academicae artis Aesculapiae novis astris illustratae tomi duo” (1648).
In addition to numerous vitae of saints (including about Cardinal Karl Borromeo , the saintly Capuchin Father Thomas of Bergamo, Saints Lea and Vinzentia and Archduchess Eleonore of Styria), Guarinoni wrote "conversation games" in the rough Meistersinger manner, also with Jesuit ethos.
In 1651 Guarinoni finished a book about an alleged Jewish child murder that is said to have happened in the Tyrolean community of Rinn in 1462. The title of this unpublished manuscript, which is in the Wilten monastery archive, reads: "Welcomed (n) dete Historj Der Marter deß Hailig = innocent Khindts Andree Von Rinn, so by the Jews, Im 1462. Jar, The 12th day of July, dem Christe (n) thumb zu Hoon Vnd Mockery, Murdered ... “When writing this work, Guarinioni worked with questionable survey methods. He processed his own dreams and drew fantastic conclusions from them. All acting persons are subsequently assigned names and the data communicated are pure fiction. The anti-Semitic cult around Anderl von Rinn developed from Guarinoni’s work and soon spread throughout Tyrol. It was not until the 1980s that the Catholic Church gradually distanced itself from legend and pilgrimage cult, which the Innsbruck bishop finally ended by decree of July 1994.
However, Guarinoni's description of the life and work of St. Notburga von Rattenberg , who is known for the so-called "sickle miracle" and is considered the patron saint of maidservants, the poor and farmers.
In his study “Culture and Society in Tyrol around 1600”, published in 1968, Jürgen Bücking lists the following points from a critical assessment of Guarinoni from today's perspective:
- blind faith in all church legends and in all literary tradition of whatever kind,
- the inability to grasp the past in terms of its being different,
- a lack of reflection and relativization,
- a deep knowledge in many ways; even in his field, rigid orthodoxy prevents the inclusion of extracurricular knowledge (Vesalius, Paracelsus), but mixes it with superstitious and legendary elements (even if he himself has asserted throughout his life that “the astrological and alchemical fabulous work” as well as the “fellow "Superstition and belief in cats" are the greatest errors of his time),
- a strong narrowing of all problems to the moral aspect alone.
The botanist
A herbarium created by Guarinoni, owned by the State Museum Ferdinandeum since 1876 as a donation from Wilten Abbey, is one of the oldest collections of its kind in Central Europe. The collection, laid out between 1610 and 1630 in book form with a wooden cover and bevelled edges, begins with a 13-page Latin-German index and contains 633 glued-on plants on 106 pages that were collected in the immediate vicinity of Innsbruck.
Legends
The stone of obedience : According to tradition, when the Karlskirche was being built, a stone above the construction site was said to have come loose that was about to fall on the construction workers. But by a shout from Guarinoni it is said to have come to a miraculous standstill. In remembrance of the threat that had been overcome, Guarinoni had part of it walled up to be visible. The stone and a table are in the Karlskirche immediately after the entrance and the side altar on the right side.
A handout : A peasant girl who watched the construction workers gave Guarinoni a nut for her hard work, which is still kept in the archive of the Servite monastery next to the Karlskirche. A slip of paper with the master's handwritten note “My alms” is enclosed with the nut.
Guarinoni and Cardinal Karl Borromeo : The report on Guarinoni 's activity as a page of the Milanese Cardinal Karl Borromeo is also legendary. He is said to have prophesied to little Hippolytus that he would later build a church in his honor, Borromeo.
The burial place
Guarinoni died on May 31, 1654, on the feast of the Most Holy Trinity. He is buried in "his" Karlskirche. The grave slab reads:
ECCE VIATOR
ORBI FAMOSUS IN ARTE VIRTUTE DOCTRINA pietate ET nobilitate
PRAECLARUS MEDICUS Hippolytus_ QUARINONIUS AB HOFFPERG ET
FOLDER THURN TRIDENTINUS HUJUSCE Praesentis ECCLESIAE Fundator ET Extructor
DEFUNCTUS ULTIMO THE MAII Anno MDCLIV JACET HIC QUI UT CUM adiacente DELECTA coniuge SUA Helena TOTAVE SUA FAMILIA GAUDETA AETERNA
DEUM TER OPT MAX APPRECARE
In German:
You here, O wanderer! Hippolyt Guarinoni zu Hoffberg und Volderthurn, a physician who was world-famous for his
art, virtue, science, piety and nobleness, was born in Trento, the founder and builder of this church, died on the last day of May in 1654, is buried here and may himself and himself be here too resting beloved consort Helena and his whole family, praising the Most Holy Trinity.
The altarpiece of the Three Kings altar, in front of which the dead rest, was painted by Wilhelm Schöpfer from Munich in 1633. It shows the family of the client and builder in one person.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Josef Hirn : Archduke Maximilian the German Master , Innsbruck 1915/36, p. 459.
- ↑ Hannes Obermair : Early knowledge. Looking for pre-modern forms of knowledge in Bolzano and Tyrol . In: Hans Karl Peterlini (Ed.): Universitas Est. Vol. I: Essays on the history of education in Tyrol / South Tyrol from the Middle Ages to the Free University of Bozen . Bozen: Bozen / Bolzano University Press 2008, pp. 35–87, reference pp. 44–47.
- ↑ Allgemeine deutsche Biographie , Vol. 10, Leipzig 1879, p. 85.
- ^ Diocese of Innsbruck (ed.): Judenstein. The end of a legend , Innsbruck 1995, p. 105.
Literature (selection)
- Klaus Amann, Max Siller (ed.): Hippolytus Guarinonius. Files from the 5th symposium of the Sterzing Easter Games "The horrors of the devastation of the human race" (Schlern-Schriften 340). Innsbruck 2008.
- Jürgen Bücking: Culture and society in Tyrol 1600 - The Hippolytus Guarinonius "Grewel of the devastation of the human race" (1610) as a cultural historical source of the early 17th century (historical studies 401). Matthiesen Verlag, Lübeck and Hamburg 1968.
- Anton Dörrer , Franz Grass, Gustav Sauser, Karl Schadelbauer (compilation): Hippolytus Guarinonius (1571–1654). On the 300th anniversary of his death (Schlern-Schriften 126). Wagner University Press, Innsbruck 1954.
- Jakob Franck , Otto Brandis: Guarinonius, Hippolytus . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 10, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1879, pp. 83-85.
- Franz Grass: Guarinonius, Hippolytus. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 7, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1966, ISBN 3-428-00188-5 , p. 247 ( digitized version ).
- Ellen Hastaba: From song to game. The Anderl-von-Rinn song by Hippolyt Guarinoni as a template for Anderl-von-Rinn games , in: J. Holzner, O. Putzer, M. Siller (eds.): Literature and language culture in Tyrol (Festschrift Notburga Wolf) , Innsbruck 1997, pp. 273-288.
- Karl Klaar: Dr. H. Guarinoni and the Hall Congregation . Innsbruck 1903.
- Karl Koch: Dr. H. Guarinoni . Unprinted dissertation, 1925.
- Johann Georg Obrist : Hippolyt Guarinoni - On the history of Tyrolean culture . 1867.
- Georg Schroubek: On the question of the historicity of Andreas von Rinn , in: Susanna Buttaroni u. a. (Ed.): Ritual murder in European history . Vienna 2003.
- Stefan Tilg : The popularization of a ritual murder legend in the Anderl von Rinn drama of the Hall Jesuits (1621) , in: Daphnis. Journal for Middle German Literature and Culture of the Early Modern Age , 33rd year 2004, pp. 623–640.
- Stefan Tilg: Hippolyt Guarinoni. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 25, Bautz, Nordhausen 2005, ISBN 3-88309-332-7 , Sp. 505-511.
Web links
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Guarinoni, Hippolytus |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Writer, scholar and doctor |
| DATE OF BIRTH | November 18, 1571 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Trent |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 31, 1654 |
| Place of death | Hall in Tirol |