Anderl von Rinn

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Depiction of the alleged ritual murder in the Judenstein pilgrimage church (removed in 1961)

Anderl (Andreas) Oxner von Rinn was a boy, according to a ritual murder legend of the 17th century, who was born on November 26, 1459 and was ritually murdered on July 12, 1462 in the North Tyrolean village of Rinn by non-local Jews . For several centuries his alleged bones, which were laid out in the pilgrimage church of the time in the Judenstein near Rinn district, were the destination of pilgrims. As recent historical research has since shown and was recognized by the Catholic Church in 1994 through the decree of the Diocese of Innsbruck to dissolve the Anderl cult , there has never been a ritual murder martyrdom.

Creation of the legend

Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary, a pilgrimage church until 1994

The actual legend of the ritual murder of Andrew originated around 1620. The then doctor at the aristocratic women's monastery in Hall , Hippolyt Guarinoni , said he heard about child murder and then carried out his own investigations. In 1642 he published a book in rhyme form about the incident: Triumph Cron Marter Vnd Funerary Inscription of the Holy Innocent Child. Furthermore, a manuscript has been preserved from him, which was completed in 1651 and bears the title: Greetings from history / Der Marter, Deß Hailling = / Vnschuldigen Khindtß / Andree Von Rinn, / So through the Jews, Jm. 1462. Year / den. Day 12 July, The Christ [n] thumb / Zu honn Vnd Mockery Murdered . Other writings about the alleged ritual murder of Andreas von Rinn come from Father Hadrian Kembter (1745), Father Benedikt Cavallesio (1747) and Flaminius Cornelius, Lord Senate of Venice.

Guarinoni, who was born in Trento , designed the Anderl legend based on the well-known martyr cult around Simon von Trient . According to Guarinoni's "research", the legendary Andreas von Rinn was murdered by Jews traveling through in 1462 - the year of the crime is said to have appeared in his dream. Thirteen years later, inspired by the alleged ritual murder of Simon von Trient (1475), the child's bones were transferred to the parish church of Rinn and buried. Around 1620 the bones were exhumed again and examined by Guarinoni: he found twenty wounds that are said to have been inflicted on the child. In 1671, the alleged mummified corpse was transferred to the high altar of the church in Judenstein near Rinn , which was built over the alleged crime scene, a rock known as the Judenstein . The cult around Andreas von Rinn developed into an important place of pilgrimage and thus an example of anti-Judaism in the Catholic Church.

Anderl cult and the Jesuit drama

The oldest written document that reports on the Anderl cult comes from the year 1621. It is a program booklet (a so-called perioche) for the Jesuit counter-reformation drama About the (hasty) three-year-old child Andrea . The members of the Jesuit College in Hall, where the drama was also performed in 1621, are considered to be the authors of the drama. Guarinoni was in close contact with the members and the rector of the college and probably acted as the material supplier for the drama. In the plot of the play, all the key data of the martyr legend are already laid out: the three-year-old Anderl is sold by his greedy godfather to "bloodthirsty" Jews in 1462, who put the child on a stone, "which is still today called Stain by the Jews", to murder. The Jesuit drama, which was only staged in Hall, probably set the Anderl cult, which is hostile to Jews, going through its performance. From this Jesuit drama, folk drama emerged in the 1650s, the so-called Anderlspiele, “which may have had the most lasting influence on the consolidation of the legend in the popular consciousness”. At the same time, the subject of Simon von Trient, who accompanied Anderl in the above-mentioned drama as a martyr or ritual murder victim, was staged many times.

With regard to the writing of the Anderl legend, Guarinoni was already in close correspondence with the Munich Jesuit Matthäus Rader at the end of 1620 , who renewed medieval ritual murder accusations in the lexicon of saints he wrote, the Bavaria Sancta , and illustrated them for the first time with elaborate copperplate engravings. B. also that of Regensburg . Analyzes of his correspondence with Rader showed that Guarinoni also drew material from this for his legend of the martyr Andreas von Rinn.

consequences

Sculpture of Anderl von Rinn on a fountain in front of the Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary (2012)

Pope Benedict XIV allowed the veneration of Anderl in the Roman Catholic Church through the papal bull " Beatus Andreas " of February 22, 1755 and called him "blessed" (beatus). The anti-Jewish legend spread through popular drama based on the writings of Guarinoni and staged until 1954. The Brothers Grimm published the story of Anderl in 1816 in their first volume of German legends. In 1893 the book “Four Tyrolean Children, Victims of Hasidic Fanaticism” by the Viennese clergyman Joseph Deckert appeared , with which he further spread the legend and made modern forms of anti-Semitism useful.

From 1909 to 1911, the Romanian-born field rabbi Josef Sagher (1875–1946) - he had come to Innsbruck with Jewish soldiers from a military police battalion - campaigned for the cult to be eradicated: he turned to the bishops in Salzburg, Brixen and Trient and even to Pope Pius X. In June 1910 he asked the bishop of Brixen, Joseph Altenweisel , with objective arguments, to remove the cruel depictions in the church in Judenstein, which the bishop not only rejected with the prejudices prevalent at the time, but also with the warning was connected, the removal of the images could "stimulate popular consciousness". All other initiatives were also unsuccessful. He documented his scientific arguments, inputs and initiatives in a study entitled “Critical historical investigation of the history of Anderl von Rinn in Tyrol and the intervention at the Vatican and Pope Pius the X” and had them self-published in 1911; only a few copies of it exist today. Excerpts from this study were presented at an event organized by the Tyrolean State Museum, the Lehrhaus Innsbruck and the municipal museum.

The feast day of “Anderl von Rinn” was finally deleted from the church calendar in 1953 by Innsbruck Bishop Paulus Rusch . From 1959, the campaign against anti-Semitism in Austria campaigned for the removal of this ritual murder legend - the last to be officially cultivated in Europe. After many initiatives, the group of figures representing the alleged act and memorial plaques were removed in 1961. In 1969 the church of Judenstein was renovated, and a ceiling painting was also restored, the frescoes of which depict the legend of the murder of Anderl von Rinn by Jews. Protests from Germany and France were followed by years of attempts to persuade the church institutions in Vienna and Tyrol to take action against this revival of the cult, which only achieved a small success in 1972: a clarifying plaque was attached to the church in Judenstein. In 1978 this board disappeared again, and further initiatives were unsuccessful. Only after researching the brochure “Judenstein - Legende ohne Ende?” Published by the “Solidarity Community committed Christians” (SOG) did the public again become aware of the ongoing cult, so that in 1985 the alleged relic, made from children's bones and resembling a skeleton , was discovered the parish church was removed and buried. The trial of the former Tyrolean bishop Reinhold Stecher to finally eradicate the cult failed initially, however, had aroused already abroad attention, so it June 25, 1985 to a " Club 2 " in the ORF was that of Axel Corti was headed and Bishop Stecher, Felix Mitterer , the Tyrolean theologian Józef Niewiadomski , two residents from Rinn, a representative of the ORF regional studio Tyrol and Nadine Hauer, the author of the SOG brochure, took part. "Club 2" made waves in Austria too and led to Bishop Stecher still being able to remove the alleged relic from the church in 1985 and to get the Federal Monuments Office to ensure that the frescoes were not removed, but professionally covered.

In 1987, the Vienna Auxiliary Bishop Kurt Krenn, who belongs to the Engelwerk , brought up an adoration again, for which the Innsbruck Bishop Reinhold Stecher severely criticized him. In 1994 the latter officially banned the cult around the Judenstein, canceled the pilgrimage , had a fresco depicting the alleged ritual murder covered in the local chapel and renamed the church the "Visitation of Mary". The Innsbruck bishop Manfred Scheuer also affirmed the church's ban on the cult in 2015.

Cult after the church ban

Despite the ecclesiastical ban, a privately organized hike to the “Judenstein” near Rinn took place every year on the Sunday after July 12th. Co-organizers were chaplain Gottfried Melzer and Robert Prantner , who were suspended and convicted in Austria in 1998 for hate speech , theologian and, like Krenn, Engelwerk member. Individual Catholics agree to the celebration of the feast day and deny against the line of their church and against the historical knowledge that the ritual murder was invented. After Melzer's death, the anti-Semitic cult was advertised on the website gloria.tv founded by the Swiss priest Reto Nay . The Rechtsextremistin Hemma Tiffner called on to participate.

The "Anderl-Hof"

The “Anderl-Hof” in Rinn, a pilgrimage destination for cult followers and the alleged place of residence of the child, is a farm that was built in the 17th century and did not exist at the time of the alleged crime.

See also

literature

  • Thomas Albrich: The official end of the ritual murder legends around Simon von Trient and Andreas von Rinn. In the S. (Ed.): Jewish life in historical Tyrol. Volume 3, Innsbruck: Haymon, 2013, ( excerpt )
  • Wolfgang Benz : The Anderl von Rinn. Catholic folklore, anti-Semitism, right-wing populism. In: David. Jewish culture magazine. Issue 94, 9/2012. ( online )
  • Diocese of Innsbruck (ed.): Judenstein. The end of a legend. Innsbruck 1995, ISBN 3-901450-52-6 .
  • Rainer Erb / Albert Lichtblau : "There has never been a Jewish ritual murder". Conflicts about the abolition of the veneration of Andreas von Rinn. In: Zeitgeschichte 17, Heft 3, pp. 127–162, Vienna 1989
  • Rainer Erb Conflicts about the abolition of the worship of Andreas von Rinn.
  • Bernhard Fresacher : Anderl von Rinn. Ritual murder cult and reorientation in Judenstein 1945–1995. Innsbruck / Vienna 1998, ISBN 3-7022-2125-5 . (PDF online)
  • Nadine Hauer: Judenstein - legend without end . In: SOG / Edition 5, Solidarity Group of committed Christians in Austria (ed.), Salzburg 1985.
  • Andreas Maislinger , Günther Pallaver : Anti-Semitism without Jews - The example of Tyrol. In: Wolfgang Plat (Ed.): This earth is full of life and full of death. Pictures from the history of the Jewish Austrians. Herold Verlag, Vienna 1988, ISBN 3-7008-0378-8 .
  • Albert Massiczek : Correspondence with the Bishop of Tyrol DDr. Paul Rusch on the ritual murder festival in Rinn in Tyrol. 2nd Edition. Vienna 1963.
  • Georg Schroubek: On the question of the historicity of Andreas von Rinn. In: Susanna Buttaroni (Ed.): Ritual Murder in European History. Böhlau, Vienna 2003.
  • Ingrid Strobl : Anna and the Anderle. A research . Frankfurt am Main 1995, ISBN 3-596-22382-2 .
  • Richard Utz : Remembering Ritual Murder: The Anti-Semitic Blood Accusation Narrative in Medieval and Contemporary Cultural Memory. In: Eyolf Østrem (Ed.): Genre and Ritual: The Cultural Heritage of Medieval Rituals. Museum Tusculanum Press / University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2005, ISBN 87-635-0241-0 , pp. 145–62.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Bishop Reinhold Stecher: Decree to end the cult of Blessed Anderle von Rinn. In: Ordinance sheet of the Diocese of Innsbruck. No. 6, July 15, 1994.
  2. ↑ Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints Andreas Oxner von Rinn
  3. ↑ Wolfgang Treue: The Trient Jewish Trial. Requirements - processes - effects. Verlag Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hanover 1996, ISBN 3-7752-5613-X , p. 510. In 1637 Guarinoni examined Simon's body in Trient and found 5812 wounds.
  4. ↑ Michael Langer: ritual murder madness and Tyrolean popular piety. In: Diocese of Innsbruck (ed.): Judenstein. The end of a legend. Innsbruck 1995, pp. 31-62, here p. 39.
  5. ↑ a b c d Sabine Wallinger: Cult about "Anderl von Rinn": Those who have been told dead live longer . The December 2, 2014 standard
  6. ↑ Stefan Tilg : The popularization of a ritual murder legend in the Anderl von Rinn drama of the Hall Jesuits (1621). In: Daphnis magazine for middle German literature and culture of the early modern times. 33, 2004, pp. 623–640, here p. 626. Tilg has published the wording of the perioche therein.
  7. ^ Stefan Tilg: The popularization. 2004, p. 634.
  8. ↑ Michael Langer: ritual murder madness and Tyrolean popular piety. 1995, p. 48.
  9. ^ Robert Werner: The Regensburg ritual murder accusations - Sex pueri Ratisbonae. Developments, connections with Trient and Rinn, relics. In: Historischer Verein Regensburg und Oberpfalz (Ed.): Negotiations of the Historischer Verein für Oberpfalz and Regensburg 150. (VHV0) 2010, pp. 33–117, here p. 94.
  10. ↑ https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/Literatur/Judenstein-Geschichte.html
  11. ↑ theol. and phil. Rabbi Josef Sagher: Critical-historical examination of the history of Anderl von Rinn in Tyrol and the intervention at the Vatican and Pope Pius the X. Ed .: Joseph Sagher. Self-published, Innsbruck 1911, OCLC 163350841 .
  12. ↑ Michael Domanig: Brave against the "Schandmär" . Ed .: Tiroler Tageszeitung. Tiroler Tageszeitung, Lienz July 12, 2017.
  13. ↑ Wolfgang Benz: Handbook of Antisemitism - Events, Decrees, Controversies (Volume 4), Verlag Saur, 2011, p. 3
  14. ↑ N. Hauer: Judenstein - legend without end? 1985.
  15. ↑ N. Hauer: Judenstein - legend without end? 1985, p. 11-14 .
  16. ↑ N. Hauer: Judenstein - legend without end? 1985, p. 1-10 and 17-48 .
  17. ↑ N. Hauer: Judenstein - legend without end? 1985, p. 48-58 .
  18. ^ Anderl von Rinn - Church, ritual murder, anti-Semitism . June 25, 1985.
  19. ↑ N. Hauer: Judenstein - without end? 1985, p. 48-58 .
  20. ↑ Manfred Rebhandl: In Austria everyone lives on their island. Welt online from October 15, 2017
  21. ^ Melanie A. Sully: A contemporary history of Austria. Routledge, London / New York 1990, ISBN 0-415-01928-1 , p. 88, p. 104.
  22. ↑ Petra Stuiber: God's brave ball lightning. Die Welt of July 20, 2004
  23. ↑ Rinn on tirol-infos.at
  24. ↑ Bishop Scheuer confirms the ban on the anti-Jewish Anderl cult. kath.net from July 9, 2015
  25. ^ Documentation archive of the Austrian resistance : News from the far right - Anderlgedenken. ( Memento from March 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) June 2000
  26. ^ University of Nebraska : Stephen Roth: Antisemitism Worlwide. Edition 2000/1, p. 86 f., At Google Books . ISBN 978-0-8032-5945-4
  27. ^ Andreas Maislinger: Right and left anti-Semitism. A new edition: Die Tiroler - and again the Anderl von Rinn. ( Memento from September 13, 2003 in the Internet Archive ) In: Zeitschrift für Freizeitwirtschaft und Tourismus. Volume 47, 1995, number 2.

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