Hornheim (Kiel)
The Hornheim was Germany's third (or fourth) psychiatric clinic. It was the first private clinic to exist from 1845 to 1905 in what is now the Gaarden-Süd and Kronsburg district of Kiel . The Hornheimer Riegel is named after her.
Sanatorium
Even as a doctor in Schleswig acquired Peter Willers Jessen peasant place of Gaardener Kötters Stammler . It was between the Moorseer Weg and the Vieburger Weg. There he wanted to build the second psychiatric clinic after Schleswig in the Danish duchies of Schleswig and Holstein . He designed the clinic building and the garden based on the Illenau model . The architectural drawings came from Alexis de Chateauneuf , who himself was a patient in the Hornheim for months in 1850.
The foundation stone was laid on July 13, 1844. As approved by the government at Gottorf Castle on October 21, 1845, Jessen named the clinic in a fine play on words after his Berlin teachers Horn and Heim . After only a year of construction, the Hornheim was opened in autumn 1845. With its civic establishment, it was intended for well-off patients. This was a novelty, as at that time hospital was equated with poor house and asylum with madhouse and penitentiary. Wealthy patients therefore shied away from hospital and, even in critical cases, allowed themselves to be treated at home.
“Hornheim is to become an asylum in the true sense of the word, a refuge for the sick and suffering who need a shorter or longer distance from the ordinary circumstances of life in order to find recovery, peace and quiet. All the sick accepted there will form a large family with me and my family, and will be regarded and treated as members of it: to heal the sick, to comfort and raise up those who are suffering, and to give them a cheerful life in a friendly dwelling, becomes our goal common endeavor. In this higher and Christian sense, and with the firm resolve to dedicate our whole future life to the sick and suffering, we will open the asylum on October 1st, 1845. "
building
In the frontal perspective , the fronts of the three buildings and the French garden were facing south, where the complex bordered on the Vieburger wood. In the ground floor of the main building Jessen and his family lived. There he also took care of the administration and archive work. The gardener's apartment , a stable , a shed and the greenhouse were on the slope . The patients were housed in two identical outbuildings with 23 hospital rooms. The laundry room was in the women 's house, the workshop in the men's house . The freely accessible forecourt of both houses - the "veranda" - was secured by a lattice . The shutters were locked at night . The northern rooms led into a corridor that was permanently closed to the outside . In the upper floor each four rooms for the sick with unlimited output, two rooms for guards and wardens and a meeting room were located.
A two-storey wing with four patient rooms and one warder's room was attached to the north of the main wing. Restless and unclean patients lived downstairs, and upstairs those who threatened to escape and had to be secured with lattice windows. On the north slope of the site, behind the corridor, was the 5th station for madmen . The three high rooms were divided into an anteroom and a cell. A lattice door was let into the dividing Scheer wall, through which the whole cell could be seen. The stoves in the vestibule were heated from the corridor like everyone else. Because of the increasing number of advance registrations, in 1853 Jessen considered an extension with intermediate buildings that would connect the main house with the auxiliary buildings. The plans were not carried out.
staff
In addition to cooks , washerwomen and waitresses, craftsmen and gardeners were employed who were also employed as "occupational therapists" . An inspector was in charge of you. Doctors were just Jessen and - from the beginning - his son of the same name. The head caretaker of the “capable, solid men” was Claus Friedrich Wriedet in 1849 , who ran a small farm at the Ziegelteich station in Kiel , which opened in 1846 .
Patient
Jessen addressed "the mentally ill and nervous from the educated classes" and an international audience. When the clinic opened, he announced the daily care rate in various currencies . The house had to do without state subsidies and the patients should be dissuaded from their (justified) prejudices about breeding houses and madhouses . Three months in advance they paid 75 Courant a month for accommodation, care and board. With 50 to 60 patients on a regular basis, the clinic was always busy. Two thirds were men, one third women. The average age was 37 years. As some people lived in the clinic for more than a decade (17 years in one case), the average length of stay was 6 years for men and 5 years for women.
Jessen understood the concept of illness much broader than his colleagues and apparently treated the whole spectrum of psychiatric illnesses; however, “not mentally ill” people were also accepted. Friedrich Wilhelm Felix von Bärensprung was one of the tragic patients . Jessen ate, played, danced, bowled and read with his patients, but recognized the limits:
“The participation of many sick people, especially those who are incurable, in family life, affairs, etc., is in any case illusory; most of them are too wrong or too plagued by pathological ideas or feelings to be accessible to more subtle sensations. "
Kiel
As idyllic as it is secluded, the Hornheim has never found a living connection with Kiel. The fear of the mentally ill and the "mad house" of the people of Kiel met Jessen's desire for discretion, but fueled prejudices and official distrust. In a letter to the Royal Office of Kiel, the Kiel House Bailiwick described the Hornheim as a state within a state (1853); but ten years later no regulations for state supervision had been drawn up. Bad gossip from two escaped patients led to "tremendous publicity". They had no legal consequences for Jessen, but they accelerated the legislation on the admission, accommodation and control of the mentally ill.
The End
When Jessen died in 1875, his son continued the clinic with moderate success. Numerous private psychiatric clinics have sprung up in all German states. The Hornheim lost its importance. As Jessen d. J. was 75 years old and gave up Hornheim in 1898 without an heir, the psychiatric clinic of the Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel was built . The time of the horn home was over. Jessen continued to live in the main building. The park was cut down, the hospital buildings lay fallow, the area was used as a sand and gravel pit.
In 1905 a consortium from Kiel bought the site. The hospital buildings were demolished in 1906. Most of the land area was settled and built on. The family of the immigrant Italian Grisante Panizzi bought the rest of the main building . The son Peter Panizzi established one of Germany's most important silk moth breeds there . After the annexation of Austria he was sent to Vienna to farm caterpillars on a large scale - for the extraction of parachute silk . The other son - also Grisante by first name - set up a haulage company from Hornheim before the Second World War . Later sold to the city of Kiel, it formed the basis of the Kiel Transport Company .
Exactly 100 years after its inauguration, the Hornheim was hit by an incendiary bomb during the air raids on Kiel . The fire ruin remained in place until 1961 and was sold to a construction company in Kiel. It was torn down and single-family houses were built on the land.
Hornheimer way
The Hornheimer Weg in Kiel is the only reminder of the Hornheim and its great importance in the history of German psychiatry. There is no explanation of the name on the street signs .
Without the current street name, the Hornheimer Weg is marked on the topographical military chart of the Duchy of Holstein (1789–1796) No. 21 by Gustav Adolf von Varendorff . The name appears for the first time in 1852 in the Kiel 1852 address book (p. 1) as "Heilanstalt Hornheim". In 1905 and 1920 the Hornheimer Weg is mentioned in the protocol text. According to the 1938 address book, it led from Barkauer Weg (1789, 1880) to the former Hornheim farm. Since 1971 it has started on the Lübscher Baum street at the Barkau roundabout.
literature
- Peter Willers Jessen : The Hornheim Asylum, the authorities and the public. Kiel 1862.
- Peter Hamann: Peter Willers Jessen's former Asylum Hornheim in Kiel. A contribution to the history of psychiatry in Schleswig-Holstein. In: Historia Hospitalium, magazine of the German Society for Hospital History 12, 1980, pp. 69–95. GoogleBooks
- Schleswig-Holstein Medical Journal. Volume 1980, Issue 9, pp. 506-512.
Web links
- Eric J. Engstrom: History of Psychiatry Criticism (2011)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Peter Hamann (1980)
- ↑ General Journal for Psychiatry 15 (1859)
- ↑ Hornheimer Weg (GoogleMaps)
- ↑ Hans-G. Hilscher, Dietrich Bleihöfer: Hornheimer way. In: Kiel Street Lexicon. Continued since 2005 by the Office for Building Regulations, Surveying and Geoinformation of the State Capital Kiel, as of February 2017 ( kiel.de ).
Coordinates: 54 ° 18 ′ 3.1 ″ N , 10 ° 7 ′ 23.8 ″ E