Hyundai KIA Kappa
| Hyundai / KIA | |
|---|---|
|
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| Kappa | |
| Manufacturer: | Hyundai / KIA |
| Production period: | 2008 – today |
| Design: | In-line three-cylinder / in- line four-cylinder |
| Engines: | 1.0 L (998 cm³) 1.2 L (1197 cm³) 1.25 L (1248 cm³) 1.4 L (1353 cm³) |
| Cylinder firing order: | 1-3-2 / 1-3-4-2 |
| Previous model: | epsilon |
| Successor: | none |
| Similar models: | gamma |
Kappa is a series of three- and four-cylinder gasoline engines from Hyundai / KIA with two overhead camshafts and 4 valves per cylinder. The engines are built in Hwaseong ( South Korea ) and Irrungattukatoi ( India ).
The Kappa series has been built since July 15, 2008 as a technically more complex addition to the Epsilon series ; this can be seen from the one and a half kilograms lower weight and larger displacement. With a dry weight of 82 kg, this is the lightest in the small car segment, according to the manufacturer . The three-cylinder that was added in 2011 is a little lighter at 71.4 kg. Development started in 2006 after the completion of the Gamma series and cost 421 million dollars.
The engine block and cylinder head are made of aluminum . All three engines have a uniform bore of 71.0 mm, the 1.2-liter variant is only intended for India.
As in the Gamma series, the engine control unit is supplied by Bosch. It has two 16-bit chips that work at 32 MHz.
The camshafts are driven by a maintenance-free timing chain , the ancillary units by a ribbed V-belt , which has to be replaced every 160,000 km and does not require a belt tensioner.
The valves are operated via roller rocker arms. One side pushes the valve down, the abutment on the other side sits on a hydrolifter that is flush with a built-in spring. This form of valve clearance compensation is maintenance-free, even an inspection is not included in the maintenance schedule. Wear would be communicated by a ticking sound.
Kappa
The Kappa series is a simplified variant of the Gamma series. In addition to the engine cover, the CVVT camshaft adjustment was removed from this first series. The engine clamping arm also covers the timing chain and thus saves a component, weight and costs.
Like the Gamma series, the Kappa series also received a crankshaft slightly offset from the plane of the cylinder axes. The pistons are constantly pressed against a cylinder wall by the rotary movement of the crankshaft. An offset in position allows them to slide downwards with less friction in the ignition phase. This reduces the friction in the engine and thus consumption, but also the vibrations. Toyota does a similar thing in the Prius . The pistons are also friction-reduced with a MoS 2 coating, and the chrome nitride coating on the piston rings works in exactly the same way. The latter previously appeared in Tau V8 .
The M12 ' Long Reach' spark plugs used create more space for water cooling on the cylinder thanks to their longer, narrow shaft. This reduces its temperature and with it the tendency of the mixture to knock . This also made it possible to enlarge the valves, which enables the air to flow in more quickly - a performance-enhancing effect at high speeds.
A ladder frame integrated into the engine block was inserted between the cylinder walls to reduce vibration. Due to the better thermal conductivity of aluminum, the operating temperature is reached more quickly and friction caused by unevenly expanded cylinders is avoided.
There are detailed ideas in the funnel-shaped valve spring, which in turn saves weight and, thanks to its less strong spring pressure, gives the camshaft energy when it opens. Right next to it, the roller rocker arm reduces the friction of the hydraulic valve clearance compensation , which in turn permanently reduces the valve clearance to zero and thus avoids ticking noises. In contrast to mechanical bucket tappets, however, more attention must be paid to the oil quality and level. If the Hydrolifter is partially filled with air, for example because the oil level is too low, it cannot compensate for the play and ticking noises occur. The combination of hydraulic lifters with roller finger followers is the lowest friction and most expensive form of valve actuation to manufacture. It is also the only one for which Hyundai / KIA no longer provides for inspections - it is maintenance-free.
According to the manufacturer, consumption is 5.2 liters, which can also be achieved with an economical driving style . With 20 percent more power, it consumes the same amount as a 1.1-L Epsilon engine.
Kappa II
Between October 2010 and the end of the year, the manufacturer added a three-cylinder engine and equipped the series with variable valve controls. That was the beginning of the Kappa 2 series. The debut of the 1.2-L variant for India was followed by the premiere of the other engines in Paris . They were launched in 2011, during which time they also reached Europe.
For the 1.2 L engine, the manufacturer's simplest variable valve control was used under a new name. According to its name, the VTVT system (otherwise CVVT) varies the opening time of the intake valves by rotating the camshaft. The "Variable Timing Valve Train" has thus affect the overlap of valve opening between inlet and outlet sides, but not on the valve and thus the opening period . It is therefore comparable to the single VANOS from BMW. In addition to better torque in the lower speed range, it primarily reduces nitrogen oxide levels by using the exhaust gas recirculating effect of a large overlap - exhaust gas that has already been emitted is sucked back into the combustion chamber. Because the VTVT is built in as standard, it is not always listed, but can be identified from the engine series. This is prominently mentioned in the target market of India.
The 1.25 L engine received a D-CVVT (Dual Continuously Variable Valve Timing) named camshaft adjustment for the intake and exhaust side. It increases the output from 77 to 86 hp and differs from the VTVT of the 1.2 L engine only in the additional variation on the exhaust side.
The 1.0 L three-cylinder was a new addition to this series and develops 69 hp. It is the most technically complex in the series. Apart from the D-CVVT this engine is provided with a variable intake manifold equipped (Variable Induction System). This takes into account the pulsation of the air in the intake manifold, which is caused by the opening and closing of the valves. If these negative and positive pressure impulses find a way into the cylinder that is adapted to their rhythm, a slight resonance charging effect occurs. A flap is used to switch between a short air path at low and high speeds and a longer air flow at medium speeds, which results in a consistently high torque. The automatic stop-start system Idle Stop & Go introduced in mid-2009 was also adapted for this engine . The development partner at ISG was Bosch, whose control units are already in use in several Hyundai / KIA engine series. In order to reduce consumption, the friction of other components has been reduced. For example, the contact surfaces of the valve rockers actuated by the camshaft were given a diamond-like carbon layer, the piston and piston ring coatings remained the same as on all Kappa engines (see here ). However, all of these measures hardly strengthen the engine above the level of its predecessor Epsilon iRDE 2 - but reduce CO 2 emissions to 99 g / km in the standard test cycle . Real consumption values are still pending.
A turbo version of the 1.0 L engine made its debut at the Seoul Motor Show 2011 with 110 hp and 137 Nm between 1500 and 4500 rpm. Their market launch in small and micro cars is planned for June 2012. Consumption data are still pending.
A turbo version of the 1.2 L engine with direct injection is planned for the third generation of the KIA Rio at the beginning of 2012 . With 130 PS and 190 Nm, it should emit 111 g / km CO 2 . This would correspond to 4.5 to 5 liters of petrol per 100 km.
Kappa II BiFuel and FFV
At the same time as the petrol variant, the 1.0 L engine also made its debut in a LPG ("BiFuel", "LPG") and ethanol ("FFV") variant.
The LPG version will also be offered as a diesel alternative in Europe. In addition to a 35-liter gas tank, these vehicles also have a 10-liter gas tank to enable them to drive into areas without LPG filling stations. However, since microcars are mostly used close to home, the availability of LPG on unknown long distances is of little importance. Changes in the engine are likely to include increased compression (around 12: 1 instead of 10.5: 1) and a consequent revision of the pistons and valves. A higher compression uses more fuel energy (here around 8%) and is also made possible by the LPG knock resistance . However, its energy density is 25% below that of gasoline, so that additional consumption remains. In the standard test cycle of the Kia Picanto it is even 38%.
The F lexi F uel V ehicle version is designed to use 85% ethanol in gasoline and is available in Brazil and Paraguay. Every Hyundai / KIA gasoline engine since 1992 has been suitable for the 10 percent ethanol content in European E10 fuel.
Kappa III
- 1.0 MPi & T-GDi
G3LA engine - The 1.0L MPi engine from the Kappa family presented in 2011 is a three-cylinder gasoline engine with manifold injection. This engine was part of the Hyundai-Kia product strategy to develop small engines with high performance and maximum fuel efficiency. The 1.0L Kappa has an aluminum cylinder head with four valves per cylinder and double overhead camshafts. The valve train was the first in the 1.0 liter class to be equipped with a dual CVVT (Continuously Variable Valve Timing) system and is driven by a timing chain. A naturally aspirated engine with classic multi-point fuel injection and was built with two intake manifold options - constant length or variable length (Hyundai VIS).
G3LC engine - Introduced in 2015, the new turbo engine, like the naturally aspirated engine, is made entirely of aluminum, but the cylinder head has been significantly modified. The multi-point fuel injection was replaced by direct injection. The cylinder head has an integrated water-cooled exhaust manifold, which helps warm up the catalytic converter faster and reduces the thermal load and wear and tear on the turbocharger. The new engine is equipped with a single-scroll turbocharger and an electronically controlled wastegate, which improves the torque in the lower speed range and the throttle response. The G3LC motor also has a new split cooling concept. This means that the cooling system consists of two separate cooling channels for the cylinder head and engine block. Each of the channels has its own thermostat. The cylinder block is heated more to reduce friction and runs more efficiently. The cylinder head works at lower temperatures to optimize injection and combustion.
- 1.4 T-GDi
The 1.4 T-GDi is a 1.4-liter four-cylinder gasoline engine with a turbocharger and direct injection and has the code G4LD . This 1.4 turbo version of the Kappa engine family was presented in 2016 at the Auto Expo in the Hyundai i30 (PD) and is already available in a variety of vehicles: Hyundai Elantra, Hyundai Veloster, KIA Ceed, KIA Cerato etc. The 1.4T engine runs smoothly and Quiet, comparable to a V6 engine. However, it offers a comparatively low fuel consumption in relation to the power and the high torque it offers. The engine is made entirely of aluminum and is smaller and 14 kg lighter than the old 1.4L G4FA engine of the Gamma family. The engine has an open aluminum cylinder block, a 16-valve aluminum cylinder head with double overhead chain-driven camshaft, an exhaust manifold integrated into the head, a DUAL CVVT system (variable intake and exhaust valve control) and hydraulic cam followers. The intake manifold is made of plastic and has Hyundai's VIS (Variable Induction System). As with the G3LC three-cylinder, the cooling system of the Kappa 1.4L engine has two separate cooling channels with individual thermostats for the head and engine block. The head thermostat opens at a temperature of 88 ° C and thus suppresses a knocking combustion, since the head is better cooled. The second thermostat keeps the block at a slightly higher temperature of 105 ° C, which significantly reduces cylinder friction. The new fuel system works with a pressure of up to 200 bar and pumps the fuel directly into the cylinders with the help of six-hole injectors. The single-scroll turbocharger is equipped with an electrical wastegate control which enables the high torque of 242Nm for the small engine at only 1500rpm.
Data
| series | Engine code | Displacement (cm³) | Bore × stroke (mm) | Power (PS) at (1 / min) | Torque (Nm) at (1 / min) | cylinder | compression | Charging | injection |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kappa 1 | -? - | 1197 | 71 x 75.6 | 75 at 5200 | 112 at 4000 | 4th | 10.5: 1 | - | MFI |
| Kappa | G4LA | 1248 | 71 x 78.8 | 77/78 2 at 6000 | 116/119 2 at 4000 | 4th | 10.5: 1 | - | MFI |
| Kappa 2 | G3LA | 998 | 71 × 84 | 69 at 6200 | 95 at 3500 | 3 | 10.5: 1 | - | MFI + VIS |
| Kappa 2 BiFuel 3 | B3LA | 998 | 71 × 84 | 82 at 6400 | 94 at 3400 | 3 | -? - | - | MFI + VIS |
| Kappa 2 FFV 4 | -? - | 998 | 71 × 84 | 80 at 6200 | 100 at 4500 | 3 | -? - | - | MFI + VIS |
| Kappa 2 | -? - | 1197 | 71 x 75.6 | 80 at 6000 | 112 at 4000 | 4th | 10.5: 1 | - | MFI |
| Kappa 2 | G4LA | 1248 | 71 x 78.8 | 86 at 6000 | 121 at 4000 | 4th | 10.5: 1 | - | MFI |
| Kappa 3 | G3LA | 998 | 71 × 84 | 66/5800 | 95/3500 | 3 | 10.5: 1 | - | MPI |
| Kappa 3 | G3LC | 998 | 71 × 84 | 100/4500
120/6000 |
172 / 1500-4000
172/1700 |
3 | 10: 1 | turbo | T-GDI + VIS |
| Kappa 3 | G4LD | 1353 | 71.6 × 84 | 142/6000 | 242 / 1500-3700 | 4th | 10: 1 | turbo | T-GDI + VIS |
commitment
The 1.20 L engine replaces the 1.25 L in India, so both can be found in Hyundai models. KIA does not have an Indian office.
Hyundai i10
- i10 PA
- G3LA (69 PS): 2011 – today (worldwide only in Switzerland, Great Britain, Italy and Hungary)
- 1.20 L (75 hp): 2008-2010 (India)
- 1.20 L (80 hp): 2010-present (India)
- G4LA (77/78 hp): 2008-2011 (Europe)
- G4LA (86 hp): 2011-today (Europe)
Hyundai i20
- i20 PB
- G4LA (77/78 hp): 2008–2012 (Europe)
- G4LA (86 hp): 2012-today (Europe)
- 1.20 L (80 hp): 2010-present (India)
- i20 GB
- 1.20 L G4LA (75 hp): 2014-present (Europe)
- 1.25 L G4LA (84 hp): 2014-present (Europe)
Hyundai i30
- i30 PD since 2016
- 1.0 TGDI G3LC (120ps)
- 1.4 TDGI G4LD (140ps)
KIA Picanto
- Picanto TA
- G3LA, G4LA: 2011 – today
- Kappa 2 BiFuel and FFV: from autumn 2011
KIA Rio
- Rio UB
- G4LA: 2011-today (Europe)
KIA Ceed
- Ceed CD
- 1.0 T-GDI G3LC (100ps): 2019-present
- 1.0 T-GDI G3LC (120ps): 2018-present
- 1.4 T-GDI G4LD (140ps): 2018-present
Individual evidence
- ↑ Engine construction in Chennai ( Memento of the original from July 31, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Motor construction in Hwaseong ( Memento of the original from December 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 145 kB)
- ↑ a b c d e summary of the Kappa
- ↑ Kiaro 1/2011, page 16: Weight of the Kappa 2 1.0 ( Memento of the original from August 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Kappa motor control ( Memento of the original from February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 4.2 MB)
- ↑ Hyundai i20 Operating Instructions, p. 268
- ↑ a b Ticking or clicking noise due to loose valve adjustment plate: Sporadic clicking of an XM TCT. In: YouTube . March 12, 2010, accessed April 30, 2019 .
- ↑ Explanation of the offset crankshaft
- ↑ Types of valve clearance compensation with their advantages ( Memento of the original from July 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Real consumption as specified by the manufacturer
- ↑ First episode of the Kappa 2 series ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Kappa 2 1.20 VTVT ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Explanation of the similar Hyundai CVVT technology including images
- ↑ Mention of the engine series in the model name
- ↑ Kappa 2 1.25 D-CVVT
- ↑ Gas exchange # four-stroke reciprocating engine
- ↑ a b Kappa 2 1.0 details
- ↑ Kappa 2 1.0 consumption in the standard test cycle (PDF; 14 kB)
- ↑ Kappa 2 1.0 Turbo
- ↑ Kappa 2 1.2 Turbo GDI ( Memento of the original from May 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Kappa 2 FFV sales area ( Memento of the original from October 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 3.8 MB)
- ↑ E10 compatibility Hyundai / KIA ( Memento of the original from May 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.2 MB)
- ↑ engine code
