Hyundai KIA Gamma
| Hyundai / KIA | |
|---|---|
|
|
| Gamma, Gamma LPI Hybrid, Gamma GDI |
|
| Manufacturer: | Hyundai / KIA |
| Production period: | 2006 – today |
| Design: | Inline four-cylinder |
| Engines: | 1.4 L (1396 cm³) 1.6 L (1591 cm³) |
| Cylinder firing order: | 1-3-4-2 |
| Previous model: | alpha |
| Successor: | none |
| Similar models: | Kappa |
The Gamma series is a four-cylinder petrol engine with a double overhead camshaft ( DOHC ) and four valves per cylinder. The engines are built in Shandong ( China ), Žilina ( Slovakia ), Hwaseong ( South Korea ) and Irrungattukatoi ( India ).
General
Since 2006 the Gamma series has replaced the first Alpha engine series developed in Korea in 1990 . It is a mechanically significantly revised version of the Alpha II, but the hardware of the Bosch engine control unit remained unchanged for the non-GDI version. The higher computational effort required for mixture preparation in direct injection engines makes a change for this engine appear likely.
In contrast to its predecessor, the engine block and cylinder head are both made of aluminum . Both engines now use a uniform bore of 77.0 mm and only vary the cylinder length from 74.9 (1.4 liters) to 85.4 (1.6 liters). The dry weight was reduced by 15 to 99.5 and 99.8 kilograms.
The inlet and outlet camshafts are connected to a timing chain that is driven by a second from the crankshaft . This means that the motors do not require the regular replacement of a toothed belt as in the predecessor . The ancillary units are driven by a serpentine belt . It is scheduled to be inspected every 15,000 km or 12 months, and only to be replaced when necessary.
The valves are actuated by mechanical bucket tappets without platelets on top (hence “ shimless mechanical bucket tappets”). Compared to the hydraulic bucket tappets in the predecessor, they reduce the resistance for the cam . Like these, they are maintenance-free, but cheaper and less dependent on good oil viscosity . Over the years, the surface of the tappet and cam is worn away, reducing the stroke of the valve into the cylinder chamber. This means that less air can flow in, whereupon the engine automatically reduces the amount of fuel and thus its performance. This is accompanied by an audible ticking noise, as the cam no longer rests constantly on the bucket tappet, but only reaches it once per revolution - the impact generates the ticking noise. This can disappear due to the expansion in the warm engine, but the valve clearance has become too large. The maintenance plan provides for its checking every 95,000 km, but maintenance only when necessary. With this, the removed material would be compensated for by a new, somewhat longer bucket tappet. The exchange can usually be combined with that of the spark plugs (every 40,000 km).
gamma
The offset crankshaft, which is now being used for the first time by Hyundai / KIA, is characteristic of the Gamma series. The pistons are constantly pressed against a cylinder wall by the rotary movement of the crankshaft. An offset of their position by one centimeter allows the pistons to slide downwards with less friction in the ignition phase. This reduction in friction not only reduces consumption but also vibrations. Toyota , for example, uses the same procedure in the Prius . The pistons are also friction- reduced with a MoS 2 coating.
Every Gamma engine has a CVVT named camshaft adjustment for the intake side. Since 2011, the outlet side has also been varied in the KIA Rio and Hyundai Elantra (dual CVVT), but the performance in the Rio remains the same.Both CVVT only have an influence on the overlap of the valve opening on the inlet and outlet side: the opening time is on the inlet side can be varied by 50 ° of a crankshaft revolution, the value is unknown for the exhaust side of the D-CVVT. Constant, however, the valve lift and the opening remains permanently . The CVVT is therefore comparable to the BMW single or double VANOS technology . In addition to better torque in the lower speed range, it primarily reduces nitrogen oxide levels by using the exhaust gas recirculation effect of a simultaneous valve opening - exhaust gas that has already been emitted is sucked back into the combustion chamber. The CVVT is not always listed due to its serial nature.
The M12 ' Long Reach' spark plugs used create more space for water cooling on the cylinder thanks to their longer, narrow shaft. This reduces its temperature and with it the tendency of the mixture to knock . This also made it possible to enlarge the valves, which enables the air to flow in more quickly - a performance-enhancing effect at high speeds. In the KIA Rio, the gamma engine also received measures to reduce friction, the scope of which was not detailed. You draw on the corresponding repertoire in the Gamma GDI (third paragraph) .
In contrast to the Alpha II, a ladder frame integrated into the engine block was inserted between the cylinder walls to reduce vibration. The better thermal conductivity of aluminum also means that the operating temperature is reached more quickly and reduces friction due to unevenly expanded cylinders. The now stainless steel exhaust manifold keeps the exhaust temperature high to heat the catalytic converter faster.
In mid-2009, the manufacturer's first automatic stop-start system made its debut with Idle Stop & Go , applied simultaneously to a diesel and gasoline series. The choice fell on engine series with medium displacement, which are likely to drive city streets and the establishment of which ensures that many vehicle segments can be reached. On the petrol side, this is only possible with the Gamma series; on the diesel side, the same applies to the U2 series . The development partner at ISG was Bosch, whose control units are already in use in several of the Group's engine series.
Gamma LPI Hybrid
In 2009, a liquefied petroleum gas variant of the 1.6 L engine made its debut in the first Hyundai / KIA mild hybrids Kia Forte LPI Hybrid and Hyundai Elantra LPI HEV in South Korea. Due to the lower tendency of the LPG to knock, it was possible to increase the compression from 10.5 to 12.0: 1 and thus compensate for the approximately 25 percent lower energy density of the fuel by around eight percent ( cf. ). In addition, the contact pressure of the piston rings has been reduced due to the higher compression, and a lower spring pressure also relieves the valves. In addition to the MoS² coating on the pistons of the Gamma, the contact surfaces of the bucket tappets were covered with a diamond-like carbon layer. The engine works in the hybrid Atkinson cycle . This enables particularly low consumption, but only provides sufficient propulsion in the middle speed range. Therefore, a CVT transmission ensures a constant speed even during acceleration processes via its stepless transmission. The one from 0 to 100 km / h takes 12 seconds.
Since there is no direct mechanical connection between the accelerator pedal and the engine due to the mild hybrid system, this is now implemented electronically .
The hybrid drive works in parallel to the Gamma LPI, which is the hybrid form of the lowest complexity and thus minimizes weight and additional price. However, it contains two unique selling points. On the one hand, no other hybrid drive uses LPG as fuel and, on the other hand, a lithium-polymer accumulator is making its debut in these vehicles as an energy storage device for the electric motor. It is supplied by LG Chemical and thus, like all components of the hybrid system, by Korean manufacturers. Its higher energy density compared to lithium-ion batteries with lower production costs, higher mechanical and charging cycle robustness is advantageous . The manufacturer tested it for 300,000 test kilometers, including overcharging. It is cooled as needed by a fan, the electric motor only by the airstream. The latter has an efficiency of up to 95 percent. The consumption of the vehicles is given as 6.9 l LPG per 100 km. Converted to gasoline consumption, this would be 4.6 l for 100 km.
The engine was developed for $ 189 million over 43 months. For the time being, it will only be offered in South Korea, but at the start of the market an economic study for countries with “very good” LPG infrastructure, namely Australia and China, began .
Gamma GDI
In mid-2010, the 1.6-L version received direct injection (Gasoline Direct Injection) called GDI . This engine has been offered in the Hyundai ix35 and Kia Sportage SL since November 2010 . With conventional injection for gasoline engines, the injection valve is located in the intake manifold in front of the inlet valve. With direct injection , the fuel is injected directly into the cylinder. Hyundai used as most GDI competitors for homogeneous stoichiometric mixture formation and dispensed with an inhomogeneous stratified charge (stratified fuel charge). The latter is associated with system-related disadvantages, such as significantly increased fine dust values. Thanks to the more precise fuel supply directly in the cylinder, the compression rate could be increased from 10.5 to 11.5 to 1. It leads to a fuel saving of around five percent. The higher injection pressure of 150 bar (without GDI approx. 5 bar) also results in more homogeneous fuel atomization and thus cleaner combustion. It is accompanied by a system-typical ticking noise.
In addition to direct injection, several changes to reduce friction have been made. The contact surfaces of the bucket tappets are coated with a diamond-like carbon layer, supported by a chrome nitride coating on the piston rings. Water cooling between the cylinders minimizes the temperature differences between the upper and lower ends of the cylinders, which means that they expand more evenly and torsion that increases friction is reduced. The T5 die-casting process of the cylinder block supports this even expansion. The material of the valve seats is hardened.
In addition, the Gamma GDI has a variable intake manifold (Variable Intake System). Its control takes into account the pulsation of the air in the intake manifold, which is caused by the opening and closing of the valves. If these pressure impulses find a way into the cylinder that is adapted to their rhythm, a slight resonance charging effect arises. For this purpose, a suitable short air path opens at low and high speeds. At medium speeds, the longer air duct is used via a flap, which results in a consistently high torque.
The CVVT control of the intake camshaft has been expanded to include one for the output side and is thus similar to BMW's double VANOS technology. The system now named D (ual) -CVVT is powered by a newly developed quieter and more durable steel chain and contributes to improved performance.
Data
| series | Engine code | Displacement (cm³) | Stroke × bore (mm) | Power in kW (PS) at 1 / min | Torque (Nm) at (1 / min) | cylinder | compression | Charging | injection |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gamma | G4FA | 1396 | 74.9 x 77.0 | 66/75/80 (90/101/109) 1 on 6200 | 137 at 5000 | 4th | 10.5 | - | MFI |
| gamma | G4FC | 1591 | 85.4 x 77.0 | 90/93/97 (122/126/132) 2 for 6200/6200/6300 | 154/154/158 on 4200/4200/4850 | 4th | 10.5 | - | MFI |
| Gamma LPI | L4FC | 1591 | 85.4 x 77.0 | 85 (115) at 6000 + 15 electric |
148 at 4500 + 125 electric |
4th | 12.0 | - | MFI |
| Gamma GDI | G4FD | 1591 | 85.4 x 77.0 | 100/103 (136/140) 3 at 6300 | 165/167 3 at 4850 | 4th | 11.0 |
VIS (2 way) |
GDI |
commitment
The gamma motors installed worldwide for each model are listed; not all configurations are offered in every country.
- Accent RB
- G4FA, G4FC, G4FD: 2011 – today
- Elantra HD
- G4FC: 2007-today
- L4FC: 2009 – today
- Elantra UD (from Ulsan) / MD (from Montgomery, Alabama)
- G4FC: 2011-today (Europe, Middle East)
- G4FD: 2010-today (South Korea)
- i20 PB
- G4FA, G4FC: 2008 – today
- ix20 JC
- G4FA, G4FC: 2010 – today
- i30 FD (from Korea) / FDH (from Czech Republic)
- G4FA, G4FC: 2007 – today
- i30 GD
- G4FD 2011-present
- Veloster FS
- G4FD: 2011 – today
- cee'd ed
- G4FA, G4FC: 2006 – today
- cee'd JD
- G4FA, G4FD 2012-present
- Cerato LD
- G4FC: 2006-2009
- Forte TD
- G4FC: 2008-today
- L4FC: 2009 – today
- G4FD: 2010 – today
- Rio UB
- G4FA: 2011-today (Europe)
- G4FD: 2011-present (North America)
- Soul AM
- G4FC: 2008-2011 (Europe)
- G4FD: 2011 – today
- Sportage SL
- G4FD: 2010-present (Europe)
- Venga YN
- G4FA, G4FC: 2009 – today
Individual evidence
- ↑ Engine construction in Shangdong
- ↑ Motor construction in Zilina ( Memento of the original from April 11, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Motor construction in Hwaesong ( Memento of the original from December 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 142 kB)
- ↑ Engine construction in Chennai ( Memento of the original from July 31, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Launch of the Alpha motor series
- ↑ Details on the engine control unit
- ↑ engine catalog (PDF; 7.5 MB)
- ↑ Serpentine belts of the Gamma series
- ↑ Hyundai i30 Manual, Chapter 7, p. 9 Maintenance interval drive belt.
- ↑ Hyundai i20 Manual, Chapter 7, p. 9 Maintenance interval drive belt
- ↑ Type of valve actuation . ( Memento of the original from February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 4 MB)
- ↑ Manufacturer of the bucket tappets (PDF; 9.7 MB)
- ↑ youtube.com - Sound of worn bucket tappets
- ↑ Sound of a worn bucket tappet
- ↑ Hyundai i30 Operating Instructions p. 160.
- ↑ Gamma series offset crankshaft . ( Memento of the original from February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 4 MB)
- ↑ a b Dual-CVVT in the KIA Rio ( Memento of the original from November 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Dual CVVT in the Hyundai Elantra
- ↑ Explanation of the Hyundai CVVT technology including images
- ↑ Further innovations in the Gamma series ( Memento of the original from February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 4 MB)
- ↑ a b c Gamma LPI data
- ↑ Hyundai GDI uses a homogeneous mixing ratio
- ↑ Fine dust values for gasoline engines ...
- ↑ ... increased by direct injection
- ↑ cf. Video from 4:00
- ↑ a b Further modifications to the Gamma GDI ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Coatings in the Gamma GDI
- ↑ a b water cooling, die casting process and presentation of the Gamma GDI
- ↑ Gas exchange # four-stroke reciprocating engine
- ↑ engine codes
