Hyundai KIA A

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hyundai / KIA
Hyundai KIA A
A.
Manufacturer: Hyundai / KIA
Production period: 2001-present
Design: Inline four-cylinder
Engines: 2.5 l (2497 cm³)
Cylinder firing order: 1-3-4-2
Previous model: none
Successor: Hyundai KIA R
Similar models: no

The A series is a four-cylinder diesel engine with direct injection , turbocharger and two overhead camshafts ( DOHC ) and four valves per cylinder. The engines are manufactured by Hyundai / KIA in Ulsan ( South Korea ).

The engine block is made of gray cast iron , its cylinder head is made of light metal . A double balancer shaft is integrated in the engine block ( details on this) . The engine control and injection system are supplied by Bosch. The engine has a dry weight of 263.3 kg in the 140 hp version, the 163/170 hp variants weigh 269 kg.

The idle speed 750 / min. Power is transmitted from the crankshaft via three timing chains . One of these runs to the camshaft , one to the oil pump and one to the balance shafts. The auxiliary units are driven by a V- belt. This is checked every 24,000 km and only replaced if necessary.

The type of valve actuation was not described, but it does include a hydraulic valve lifter . It is thus either like that of the D or that of the Delta series.

Many vehicles with A-engines have an auxiliary heater for the cooling water circuit for faster heating of the interior . The device can be recognized by a low whistling or humming sound after the engine has been switched off in cold weather. It is installed in the engine compartment and additionally heats the cooling water by burning diesel. As a result, the engine reaches operating temperature more quickly and the heating in the interior takes effect. The component is an essential part of an auxiliary heater , which could be retrofitted with it at low cost. In other diesels from the manufacturer, there is an electric auxiliary heater in the air flow of the internal ventilation. It would require a complete auxiliary heater kit, but it heats the indoor air much faster.

Although the manufacturer himself has not divided it into series, a revision of the series can be seen in addition to the original version, hereinafter referred to as series 2.

Notes on particles

Particles in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines (10-1000 nm) are smaller than others, for example caused by tire abrasion (15,000 nm). Like them, however, they consist of soot and hydrocarbons (e.g. PAH ). The exhaust gas nanoparticles obtain their presumed health relevance for humans due to their surface area and size. They can damage cell membranes (soot) or react with them (PAH). Due to their size ( nano refers to everything below 100 nm) they manage to overcome the upper airways and the lung wall and thus enter the bloodstream ( cf. ). Dose, exposure time, projectability of animal experiments on humans and accompanying circumstances such as smoking by study participants form the objectives of current research. In anticipation of this, the Euro 6 emission standard for 2014 limits the amount of particles for the first time (draft value: 6 × 10 11 pieces per km) and no longer just their mass. The mass is only influenced by the decisive nanoparticles by 20%, but with diesel the total mass is already reduced by 97% by closed particle filters. This shows that the accumulation of filtrate there also traps relevant quantities of nanoparticles well below the actual filter pore size of 1000 nm. With this reduction, the filter also minimizes the climate impact of the particles. The soot color turns the particles into heat absorbers. In this way, they directly heat the soot-polluted air and, after deposition, also areas of snow that they reach through air currents, for example from Europe to the Arctic.

Gasoline and diesel engines produce comparable quantities and sizes of particles during full load and cold start phases. In both phases, more fuel is injected than the oxygen can burn in the cylinder (“enriched mixture”). In cold start phases, this is done to warm up the catalytic converter, under full load to cool the engine. While gasoline engines only produce particles when they are in rich operation due to a lack of oxygen, they are produced in diesel engines even in lean operation and thus during all operating phases. Therefore, the total amount of particles in the gasoline engine is still at the low level of a diesel with a closed filter system.

The reason for the diesel soot is its twice as long-chain aromatics ( compare petrol ). They have a significantly higher boiling point (from 170 to 390 ° C instead of 25 to 210 ° C). At the same time, the combustion temperature of the diesel is 500 ° C below that of the gasoline engine. Gasoline therefore evaporates more completely than diesel. Its components, which boil earlier, evaporate first, which also keeps the remaining droplets of aromatics with higher boiling points at a lower temperature ( cf. ). The aromas that have not evaporated are cracked into their components during the auto-ignition phase due to the temperature . One of these is carbon , i.e. soot.

The particle composition differs due to the chemistry of both fuels. In the case of gasoline engines, PAH particles predominate, in diesel engines it is soot particles. The particles only become visible when they are stacked together. Visible particles are no longer respirable and are usually filtered out and broken down in the upper airway. Deposits take place in the exhaust and especially in the particle filter. The accumulation of the filtrate there also traps particles far below the actual filter pore size (1 µm). This reduces the number of particles to the level of a gasoline engine. The accumulation of particles in the exhaust becomes recognizable. If this is missing, a diesel has a closed filter system and a gasoline engine has only a few parts of cold start and full load phases.

Series 1

history

With a displacement of 2.5 L, the A-series was exactly in the middle between the D- (up to 2.2 L) and J-series (up to 2.9 L) when it was launched in 2000 as the Group's third diesel series for passenger cars. While the D series was developed together with VM Motori , the J series came from KIA. The A-series is the only one of the three that was completely developed by Hyundai. It is also, as the name suggests, the first one developed by Hyundai for diesel cars. At KIA, this was the “ J3 ” with a displacement of 2.9 L, which was released almost at the same time . Previously, only gasoline engines and large-volume commercial vehicle diesels were developed in Hyundai. The merger with KIA in 1999 is also the reason for the two series A and J, which were developed independently in the company, despite their closeness to cubic capacity. Without the merger, both series would probably have been more diversified. While only the 2.9 L engine from the J series is suitable for passenger car applications on the comfort side, the 2.5 L A diesel engine takes on this role in the Hyundai range. The previously existing 2.5 L diesel D4BH and D4BF from 1996 were based on the Mitsubishi 4D56 . However, due to their low output through indirect injection and noisy, high compression, they were only suitable for commercial vehicles.

To achieve the comfort level of car applications, the new A-Diesel took over the two balance shafts of its predecessors. They rotate in the opposite direction to the crankshaft and thus reduce noise, the cause of which would be energy losses in the single-digit PS range, which are also avoided. He supplements this with struts in the lower area of ​​the engine block, the complete encapsulation of the three timing chains, and a four-point engine suspension. The engine also has internally cooled pistons in order to meet the load requirements to be expected when used in off-road vehicles.

Three years after its debut, the engine received its first revision in 2004. The torque was increased from 314 to 343 Newton meters and a new intercooler was installed. This reduced consumption by ten percent according to the Euro standard. In addition, a two-mass flywheel has been added to the manual gearbox belonging to this engine , which reduces gear noise in low gears.

injection

Direct injection takes place via nozzles reaching into the cylinder from above. The nozzles are supplied by a fuel line for all cylinders ( common rail ) in which the diesel is present at 250 to 1360 bar. The latter figure shows that it is a first generation system (“CRS1”). As in the first passenger car diesel direct injection engine from 1989, the injection is divided into two stages, which improves the running smoothness, as the combustion process in the cylinder is drawn out. In addition, smaller amounts of fuel are better distributed in the cylinder, which leads to a more homogeneous mixture formation and thus less oxygen-rich, nitrogen oxide-producing and oxygen-poor, soot-producing nests. Later diesels increased the pressure and the partial injections in order to further improve the exhaust gas values.

Pollution reduction

This series has no soot filtering or nitrogen oxide reduction in the exhaust gas aftertreatment. This only consists of an oxidation catalytic converter, which replaces the three-way catalytic converter that is common there due to the high amount of oxygen in the exhaust gas compared to the gasoline engine. The effect of the oxidation catalytic converter and the non-electronic, up to 40 percent exhaust gas recirculation corresponds to that of the D series .

Although the engine complies with the Euro 3 emissions standard , it is assigned to Group III due to the permissible weight of the vehicles it drives. The taxes are therefore similar to those of a Euro 2 vehicle.

A particle filter retrofit in this series can lead to a green fine dust sticker. Information on the respective vehicle can be found on the websites of the TÜV and Dekra associations, as well as Hyundai with a list. Hyundai / KIA offers suitable open filters. A manufacturer-related dossier from the Federal Environment Agency shows the function and efficiency of these open filter systems. A closed system would have made it necessary to completely re-tune the engine management in order to control the complex regeneration of such a particulate filter.

The Korean Chonnam National University carried out a study with this engine in 2005, in which three fuel variations were tested to reduce pollutants. In addition to a standard diesel fuel, the same 15% bioethanol was mixed in and, thirdly, a cetane improver was mixed with the bioethanol to make the diesel easier to self-ignite. The latter mixture reduced the number of nanoparticles by around 35%, as a higher cetane number means fewer long-chain hydrocarbons. Short-chain components burn more completely (see box with information about particles at the beginning of the article). Fuels refined in this way, however, cost more to produce and are usually offered as a premium brand at petrol stations.

turbocharger

All engines in the range have a turbocharger . This conveys more oxygen into the cylinder space than would normally flow in, which means that the engine can add more fuel. This increases the performance to that of a larger displacement, whereby the delivery rate can be provided by means of the motor control even at low speeds. As a result, and due to the smaller displacement, friction losses are reduced, which means that consumption is below that of a turbocharged, larger engine. A Garrett GT 1752S is used in this first series . This has a turbine diameter of 17 mm on the exhaust side and 52 mm on the intake side.

Series 2

Injection and pollutant reduction

Nitrogen oxide and particle mass limit values ​​of the Euro standards for diesel. This series reaches Euro 4, but is taxed according to Euro 3 due to weight.

The second series started in March 2006 and has a second generation injection system ("CRS2"), in whose common rail the fuel is now available at 300 to 1600 bar. The number of injections per ignition process has also been increased, the system allows a division into up to eight, but the number used has not been published. The same system was set for five individual injections in the D-series . The newly added post-injections serve to partially burn off the soot particles that have arisen. The advantages of the subdivision increase as the number of injections per ignition process increases.

The exhaust gas recirculation now works electronically and therefore more precisely than in the previous series.

The new features mean that the engine complies with the Euro 4 standard, even without the open particle filter that is only offered as an option or can be retrofitted at a later date . Like the previous series, this is also assigned to group III within this standard due to the permissible weight of the vehicles it drives. The taxation is thus similar to a Euro 3 vehicle. A Euro 5 variant followed in 2011 with a standard particulate filter and significantly reduced compression to improve running smoothness.

turbocharger

In this series, the manufacturer switched to a turbocharger with variable geometry. Its function corresponds to that of the R series .

A BorgWarner BV43 is used. With this, the South Korean joint venture between BorgWarner and the supplier Korea Flange Company began production of this turbocharger in March 2005. Later products of this "SeohanWarner Turbo Systems" are the turbochargers of the J and S engine series. The production site is Pyongtaek. The BV43 belongs to the manufacturer's third generation of variable turbochargers and was first used in the Mercedes-Benz A200 CDI in 2005. The first generation was used in 2003 in the three-cylinder diesel engine of the Audi A2 .

The mean real fuel consumption of this series is 10.7 l / 100 km for off-road vehicles and 9.2 for high-rise vehicles; with economical driving it is reduced to 7.9 and 8.8 l.

Problems

For Sorentos, which were produced until the summer of 2004, a recall took place in November 2004. In this case, the pulley of the alternator was replaced. The V-belt for all ancillary units, including the alternator, runs over this. Their pulley was faulty and could possibly damage the belt. If this were defective, the ancillary units would no longer be driven. In addition to the alternator, this includes the servo pumps for steering and braking assistance, as well as the water pump for engine cooling.

In the case of the A-engines with 140 hp, individual drivers suddenly shut down the engine. The vehicles could only be started again after a waiting period; the error code 1185 or 1188 is then often stored. In some cases, the injectors also fail. Neither of these is a manufacturing problem, but rather a consequence of failure to change intervals for the fuel filter (every 30,000 km) or poor fuel quality with the filter clogging more quickly. If small foreign particles are released from the filter, they damage the injectors from the high pressure prevailing there. As a result, the injectors are leaking or failing, the former usually causing a noticeable diesel odor in the interior or a significant increase in fuel consumption. A misfiring injector can be recognized by an uneven engine running and a loss of power. When diesel is stored in tanks outside of petrol stations, bacteria can also colonize, which forms deposits on the injectors. To remedy this, the manufacturer recommends not only replacing the filters but also updated control software.

Occasionally, a defective brake light switch is the reason for the engines to go out. This is located in the footwell behind the brake pedal. It reports to the control unit that the brake pedal has been pressed, so that the control unit overrides simultaneous accelerator commands in order to avoid unintentional acceleration (if both pedals are accidentally pressed at the same time). In the event of a defect, the switch can signal that the brake pedal is always depressed, whereupon the diesel supply is switched off. This affects KIA Sorento that were manufactured between September 20th and October 25th, 2006. The switches installed here were replaced by means of a recall campaign. As with all components, however, the defect can occasionally occur in other years of construction. In all cases a clear error code (brake light switch defective) is stored.

In the KIA Sorento with 170 HP, which were produced up to February 2008, the fastening screws of the injectors were partially not tightened according to the manufacturer's specifications. The screws were replaced in a recall campaign.

New control software is available for the A-motor with 170 HP, which reduces the maximum speed of the turbocharger in order to avoid thermal peak loads. The performance does not decrease. The original software allowed too high speeds, which favor a turbocharger failure. The resulting material particles can cause consequential damage in the injection system.

Data

series Engine code Displacement (cm³) Stroke × bore (mm) Power at (1 / min) Torque at (1 / min) cylinder compression Charging injection Particle filter Nitrogen oxide filter
1 D4CB 2497 91 × ​​96 140/140/140 1 at 3800 314/314/343 at 2000 / 1500-3000 / 1850 4th 18.0 / 17.6 / 17.6 turbo CRDI
1360 bar		 - -
2 D4CB 2497 91 × ​​96 110/116/
136 2 at 3800		 343/343 on 1750-2250 /
392 on 2000-2500		 4th 16.4 /
17.6		 VGT Turbo 4 CRDI
1600 bar		 Series / optional -

-

2 D4CB-L 3 2497 91 × ​​96 163 at 3800 392 at 2000 4th 17.6 VGT Turbo 4 CRDI
1600 bar		 optional -
2 D4CB 2497 91 × ​​96 170 at 3800 392 at 2000-2500 4th 17.7 VGT Turbo 4 CRDI
1600 bar		 optional -

Trivia: The engines made by Austin Motors , also known as the A series, were manufactured from 1950 to 2001 and can be found in the Austin Mini , for example .

1 Variant up to 2004 for KIA Sorento / Hyundai H-1 / from 2004 for both
2Euro 5 / Euro 4 certified basic variants. The former replaced the latter and is combined with a 6-speed gearbox.
3L: L ow-power version otherwise likewise named one, so here 163 instead of 170 hp. The abbreviation is not always listed.
4th V ariable Geometry Turbocharger, VGT. The wind flow into the turbine is varied via guide vanes , not the geometry of the turbine wheel itself. The German translation of variable turbine geometry is therefore misleading.

commitment

The A-motors installed worldwide for each model are listed; not all configurations are offered in every country.

Hyundai H-1

  • H-1
    • D4CB (140 hp): 2002-2006
  • H-1 TQ
    • D4CB (110 hp): 2010
    • D4CB (116 hp): 2011-present
    • D4CB (136 hp): 2008-2009
    • D4CB-L (163 hp): 2008-present
    • D4CB (170 hp): 2007-present

KIA Sorento

  • Sorento JC
    • D4CB (140 PS): 2002–2008 (from 2006 only outside of Europe, as only fulfilling Euro 3)
    • D4CB-L (163 hp): 2006-2008
    • D4CB (170 hp): 2006-2008

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Construction of the engine
  2. ↑ Production in Ulsan (South Korea) ( Memento of the original from May 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.motor-talk.de
  3. ↑ Materials and characteristics of the A series ( Memento of the original from July 17, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kia-weber.de
  4. ↑ Arrangement of the balance shafts (PDF; 7.9 MB)
  5. ↑ D-series injection system ( Memento of the original from July 28, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rexbo.de
  6. ↑ Weight of the A diesel engine (PDF; 7.9 MB)
  7. ↑ Data of the A diesel engine (PDF; 1.3 MB)
  8. ↑ KIA Sorento Manual Chapter 7, p. 4
  9. ↑ Element of the valve actuation S V6 ( Memento of the original from July 17, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kia-weber.de
  10. ↑ Picture of the cooling water heater
  11. ↑ Cooling water auxiliary heater in the KIA Sorento (A-Series 1) ( Memento of the original from January 6, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.motor-talk.de
  12. ↑ Cooling water auxiliary heater in the KIA Sorento (A series 2)
  13. ↑ Cooling water auxiliary heater in the Hyundai H-1
  14. ↑ Passability of exhaust gas nanoparticles ( Memento of the original dated February 8, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.medizinauskunft.de
  15. ↑ P. 51ff: Research overview on exhaust fine dust November 2007  ( page can no longer be accessed , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / vkm-thd.tugraz.at  
  16. ↑ Number of particles limited from Euro 6 ( memento of the original from February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.autokon.de
  17. ↑ Particle distribution according to size and mass  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.ostluft.ch  
  18. ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: p. 16: 97% reduction in the total number of particles through a closed filter@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.empa.ch
  19. ↑ Reduction of nanoparticles by 95% through a closed filter  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.aerztekammer.at  
  20. ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: p. 17 Reduction of nanoparticles by closed filter by 99.5%@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.empa.ch
  21. ↑ Campaign of several environmental associations for the diesel particulate filter for climate reasons ( Memento of the original from December 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.russfrei-fuers-klima.de
  22. ↑ Same particle quantities and sizes in diesel and gasoline engines at full load and cold start phases ( Memento from July 8, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  23. ↑ P. 49 Same particle sizes in diesel and gasoline engines at full load and cold start phases  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / vkm-thd.tugraz.at  
  24. ↑ Particles in the petrol engine when starting from cold
  25. ↑ Particles in the gasoline engine at full load
  26. ↑ a b page no longer available , search in web archives: p. 16/17: Same particle quantities, masses and thus also sizes in diesel and gasoline engines during driving cycle # Artemis cycle | real driving conditions@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.empa.ch
  27. ↑ Temperatures in the engine
  28. ↑ p. 48 Components of the particles  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / vkm-thd.tugraz.at  
  29. ↑ Hyundai D4BH
  30. ↑ Hyundai D4BF
  31. ↑ Construction similarity of both to the Mitsubishi 4D56
  32. ↑ Differences between Mitsubishi 4D56 and Hyundai D4BF
  33. ↑ Description of the D4BH and D4BF
  34. ↑ Details of the A diesel engine
  35. ↑ Revision of the A diesel engine 2004 ( memento of the original dated November 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.fahrberichte.de
  36. ↑ Injection pressure in the A-Diesel Series 1 ( memento of the original from March 2, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 35 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.entrepostovh.pt
  37. ↑ a b p. 18 Generations of Common Rail Diesel Injection Pressures ( Memento of the original from December 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bosch-kraftfahrzeugtechnik.de
  38. ↑ First passenger car diesel direct injection engine (distributor pump instead of common rail) with two individual injections
  39. ↑ Pilot and main injection in the A-Diesel series 1
  40. ↑ Oxidation catalytic converter of the A-series series 1
  41. ↑ Mechanical exhaust gas recirculation of the A-series Series 1 ( Memento of the original from February 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.asiamotoren.de
  42. ↑ Part of the exhaust gas recirculation of the A-series series 1 ( Memento of the original from March 2, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 35 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.entrepostovh.pt
  43. ↑ Classification and taxation of the A-series series 1
  44. ↑ Levels of vehicle tax with key numbers (this series has no. 51)
  45. ↑ Database for fine dust stickers and retrofitting options. TÜV and Dekra , accessed on April 29, 2019 .
  46. ↑ Vehicle list. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original
  47. ↑ Hyundai filter upgrade program ( Memento of the original from March 8, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.autogazette.de
  48. ↑ KIA filter upgrade program
  49. ↑ Partial reports of the research project "Metrological investigation of open particle reduction systems". Federal Environment Agency , December 6, 2007, archived from the original on March 6, 2010 .
  50. ↑ Study on exhaust emissions of the A-series series 1 ( Memento of the original from July 17, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 213 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.eri.ucr.edu
  51. ↑ A-Diesel Series 1 Turbo Hyundai H-1
  52. ↑ A-Diesel Series 1 Turbo Hyundai H-1 / KIA Sorento p.16 / 17  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.btnturbo.com  
  53. ↑ Meaning of the manufacturer's designation ( Memento of the original from June 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.turbobygarrett.com
  54. ↑ Minimum and maximum pressure of the Bosch CP3 high pressure pump ...
  55. ↑ ... in the KIA Sorento and Hyundai H-1 ( Memento of the original from September 26, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / greenlife.en.ec21.com
  56. ↑ Number of possible individual injections of the Bosch CRS2-16 ( Memento of the original from December 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bosch-kraftfahrzeugtechnik.de
  57. ↑ Electronic exhaust gas recirculation of the A-series series 2
  58. ↑ Particulate filter of the A-series series 2 subject to surcharge
  59. ↑ Classification and taxation of the A series series 2 at KIA
  60. ↑ Levels of vehicle tax with key numbers (this series has no. 69)
  61. ↑ Vehicle tax code numbers and fine dust stickers for all Hyundai vehicles  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 49 kB)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.hyundai.de  
  62. ↑ BV43 turbocharger in the Hyundai Starex
  63. ↑ Cooperation on turbocharger development
  64. ↑ P. 10: Production site of the BV turbocharger for Hyundai / KIA ( Memento of the original from January 24, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.turbodriven.com
  65. ↑ BV43 turbocharger in the Kia Sorento and details of production ( Memento of the original from September 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 242 kB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.sae.org
  66. ↑ First use of the BV43 turbocharger ( Memento of the original from January 24, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www2.turbodriven.com
  67. ↑ Real consumption KIA Sorento
  68. ↑ Real consumption Hyundai H-1
  69. ↑ Recall campaign Sorento Diesel 2002 to 2005 ( Memento of the original from August 31, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.auto-motor-und-sport.de
  70. ↑ Sorento manual, Chapter 4, p. 44: Motor cooling is driven by V-belts
  71. ↑ The engine goes out - the manufacturer explains the cause and the driver confirms it
  72. ↑ Study on the effects of contaminated fuel ( memento of the original dated February 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / aa.bosch.de
  73. ↑ Possible bacterial deposits when storing diesel
  74. ↑ Poor diesel quality outside of Europe - user perspective
  75. ↑ Poor diesel quality outside of Europe - study (PDF; 796 kB)
  76. ↑ Update of the ECM software for A-Diesel 140 PS
  77. ^ KIA Sorento recall campaign in September and October 2006
  78. ↑ Description of the brake light switch problem in a different year of construction
  79. ↑ Recall campaign KIA Sorento 170 PS until February 2008 ( Memento of the original from September 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.autoservicepraxis.de
  80. ↑ Update of the ECM software for A-Diesel 170 PS  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.wohnwagen-forum.de