Ivan Abramowitsch Salkind

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Iwan Abramowitsch Salkind ( Russian Иван Абрамович Залкинд ; born May 1, 1885 in Saint Petersburg , Russia , † November 27, 1928 in Leningrad, Soviet Union ) was a Russian biologist and Soviet diplomat . As secretary and deputy to the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, from late 1917 to early 1918 he was in fact Deputy Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union .

biography

Under Leon Trotsky , Salkind became the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs. After Trotsky's fall, Salkind also fell victim to the Stalinist purges.

Salkind grew up on Vasilyevsky Island in Petersburg. In 1903 he finished the city high school and became a member of the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP). He did illegal party work in Nizhny Novgorod , Odessa , Baku and other cities of the Russian Empire and participated in the 1905 Russian Revolution . The Tsarist secret police Okhrana he was also known as Ivan Artamonov (Иван Артамонов) and was arrested several times. Before being arrested again, he fled to England, Algeria, Spain and France in 1908. He learned four languages ​​and received a PhD in biology from the Sorbonne in Paris .

After the fall of the tsarist regime in the February Revolution of 1917 , Salkind returned to Petersburg, which had since been renamed Petrograd . Together with Leon Trotsky he took part in the October Revolution . The ministers of the Provisional Government , including Foreign Minister Mikhail Tereshchenko , were arrested in the Winter Palace , and Trotsky became the new People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs . Salkind was posted to the State Department as Trotsky's Plenipotentiary Secretary. There he called on Vice Foreign Minister Anatoly Neratov to submit to the Council of People's Commissars and to surrender the secret diplomatic contracts from the archives of the Tsarist Foreign Ministry, which Neratov refused. Trotsky himself could not change his mind either. Instead, Neratov fled with some of the secret documents and was then dismissed as Deputy Foreign Minister in November 1917; Salkind took over his office. Salkind became the first deputy to the People's Commissar and director of the foreign policy department for the western countries. Eventually Neratov surrendered, the secret documents were confiscated, and together with Trotsky's second secretary, Nikolai Markin , Salkind organized the decoding and publication of the secret documents.

In January 1918, Salkind was held responsible for a deterioration in relations with the USA and was transferred to Zurich as the Soviet Consul General until he was expelled from the Swiss Federal Council (together with the Soviet ambassador Jan Bersin ) in November 1918 for propaganda and espionage activities. Meanwhile, Trotsky had resigned as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs in March 1918 because of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty and instead built up the Red Army as People's Commissar for War . As a result, Salkind also lost its influence, until 1922 he worked again in the communist party organization of Nizhny Novgorod, which had emerged from the SDLPR . In the meantime, in 1920 Neratov, who had sided with the opposing “ whites ” in the Russian civil war , had taken over the Russian consulate in Istanbul. Istanbul was occupied by the Entente , which supported the whites in the Russian Civil War and the opponents of the Kemalist national Turks in the Turkish Liberation War . Instead, Soviet Russia sent Salkind to Kemalist Turkey as consul general in 1922 , and after the Entente withdrew and Neratov's flight, Salkind also took over his office at the Istanbul consulate. In 1923, however, he was transferred to the Soviet consulate in Liepāja ( Latvia ), then to the consulate in Genoa in 1924 and to the consulate in Milan in 1925 . From 1927 he worked again in the Soviet Foreign Ministry; After Trotsky's overthrow in 1927, however, Salkind was also expelled from the party as part of the Stalinist purges , whereupon he shot himself.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland 1848-1975: Salkind, Iwan
  2. ↑ a b Ирошников Михаил Павлович, Чубарьян Александр Оганович: Тайное становится явным
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Архив Александра Н. Яковлева - Альманах "Россия. ХХ век" - Биографический словарь: Залкинд, Иван Абрамович
  4. ↑ Михайловский, Георгий Николаевич: Записки. Из истории российского внешнеполитического ведомства, 1914–1920 гг. Книга 1. Начало саботажа
  5. ^ A b c John Reed : Ten days that shook the world , pages 111 and 235. MEHRING Verlag GmbH, Essen 2011
  6. ↑ Михайловский, Георгий Николаевич: Записки. Из истории российского внешнеполитического ведомства, 1914–1920 гг. Книга 1. Троцкий в министерстве
  7. ↑ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation : Троцкий, Лев Давидович
  8. ↑ a b c Wladimir P. Potjomkin (Ed.): History of Diplomacy , Volume 2 (Die Diplomatie der Neuzeit, 1872-1919), Pages 359-363. SWA-Verlag, Berlin 1948.
  9. ^ Socialist Classics 2.0: Leon Trotsky, 19171126, Order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  10. ↑ Alexander I. Solzhenitsyn : Two Hundred Years Together - The Jews in the Soviet Union , Volume 2, page 86. Herbig, Munich 2003
  11. ↑ David W. McFadden: Alternative Paths - Soviets and Americans, 1917-1920 , p. 107. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1993
  12. ↑ Ludmila Thomas , Viktor Knoll: Between Tradition and Revolution - Determinants and Structures of Soviet Foreign Policy 1917-1941 , pages 229-232. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2000
  13. ↑ Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland 1848-1975: Le Ministre de Suisse à Berlin, Ph. Mercier, au Chef du Département politique, F. Calonder of February 6, 1918
  14. ↑ Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland 1848-1975: Rapport du Conseil fédéral sur les mesures à prendre contre l'agitation bolchevique. dated November 6, 1918
  15. ↑ Архив Александра Н. Яковлева - Альманах "Россия. ХХ век" - Биографический словарь: Нератов, Анатолий Анатольевич
personal data
SURNAME Salkind, Ivan Abramowitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Artamonov, Ivan; Залкинд, Иван Абрамович (Russian spelling)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION soviet diplomat
DATE OF BIRTH 1885
PLACE OF BIRTH St. Petersburg
DATE OF DEATH 1928
Place of death Leningrad