Johanniterkommende Wiesenfeld

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Evangelical Church Wiesenfeld (formerly Johanniterkommende), west view

The former Johanniterkommende Wiesenfeld was in what is now the village of Wiesenfeld in the Waldeck-Frankenberg district . The coming one was on a former trunk road that led from Frankfurt am Main to Bremen . Today the Huguenot Street, a hiking route, runs through the place of the former commander. The Johanniterkommende was the first Johanniter branch in this room. It was first mentioned in a document in 1238. With the Reformation , the Coming was dissolved. Later it was passed on as a pledge and was severely run down. It also served as a winery for the landgraves. In 1721 Huguenot and Waldensian families came to the village of Wiesenfeld with the third wave of immigration. They settled there and, after taking over the dairy between Wiesenfeld and Todenhausen, founded what is now Wiesenfeld.

history

Start time

Werner I. von Wittgenstein founded the Johanniterkommende Wiesenfeld after his return from the Third Crusade (1197–1199). It was the only settlement of the Order of St. John from Jerusalem in the area of ​​what later became Electoral Hesse. Other comedians were among others in Nidda near the imperial city of Frankfurt am Main, Ober-Mossau , Mosbach and Niederweisel .

The first documentary mention comes from the year 1238. At this point in time either Werner I or his son Werner II , who turned to the religious service in Wiesenfeld in 1228, founded the commandery. The commandery was under the clerical authorities of the Diocese of Mainz and the secular control of the Landgrave of Hesse. The Johanniter built the commander in a convenient location. The place was on the trunk road between Frankfurt and Bremen, which went through Frankenberg. This gave the Commandery a connection to long-distance trade. Only six to eight friars lived and worked in the Johanniterkommende. They led a very poor and meager life, as they were financed primarily through alms.

In the 14th century the Johanniter looked after several religious houses: In 1303 the Johanniterkommende received the Bailiwick of Vöhl and in 1379 the parish church in Oberorke , just to name two. However, it is not certain whether these were donated or given, or whether these patronage rights really existed. Allegedly Count Widdekind renewed the Johanniterkommende in 1300, which was wrongly assumed to be the year of foundation.

A significant enrichment of the commandery was the adaptation to the county of Battenberg , because in 1392 the friars received the parish of Frankenberg from Landgrave Herrmann II . This was the most important donation for the Order of St. John in Wiesenfeld. The friars should live in the rectory in Frankenberg, while two or three brothers should stay in Wiesenfeld and hold mass. This union took place out of fear of the Landgrave, who feared that the Johanniterkommende would gain too much power if she received further donations. This meant that the monasteries in the county were under the spiritual guidance of Wiesenfeld, because Wiesenfeld had to draw up a plan for this. However, if there were disputes between the individual monasteries, the settlement of these was not subject to the spiritual jurisdiction of the Kommende Wiesenfeld; instead, the landgrave judged disputes.

church

The early Gothic church, which can still be seen in the village today, was built between 1260 and 1270, which an art-historical analysis has shown. It was built from sandstone. It is an aisle church as there is only one single nave choir. There is also a five-story tower. At first the tower did not have the typical roof shape of the area, but it was flat. Around 1900 the church tower got a pointed roof.

The church was already in service when the Elisabeth Church in Marburg was not yet built. Only the friars were allowed to stay in the single-nave choir. The lay brothers and sisters, on the other hand, had to stay in the entrance area and were allowed to attend the service there.

Indulgences

Until the 14th century, the brothers of the Johanniterkommende continued to lead a modest existence and were dependent on alms from Mainz. However, the knights were forbidden to trade. In 1399 the parish of Christenberg was incorporated. Thus, the coming received the right to worship saints. At the end of the 14th century, the Diocese of Mainz der Kommende gave permission to give indulgences, and the indulgence trade developed into a busy life, because, in addition to pilgrims, it now indirectly also attracted shopkeepers and traders to Wiesenfeld. This improved the financial situation of the Johanniterkommende so enormously that they were no longer dependent on alms from Mainz.

Dissolution of the coming

Around 1500 the monastery culture slowly began to decline. The Hessian landgraves tried through reforms to use the monasteries as donors in order to be able to finance their military mobilization. In the Homberg Synod in 1526, the Landgraves of the Landgraviate of Hesse decided that the Land should belong to the Protestant faith. For this reason, they dissolved the monasteries and churches and confiscated the inventory. In 1529 Wiesenfeld signed the severance payment. The inventory that was found in Wiesenfeld was quite sparse and limited to the measuring utensils. The head of the monastery, Kaspar Leber von Harzfeld, became bailiff and the newcomer initially served as a winery for the landgraves. As a severance payment, Leber received a life pension of 25 guilders per year. In 1539 Kaspar Leber resigned from all his offices.

In the course of the Schmalkaldic War , Landgrave Philipp of Hesse was captured. Therefore, the Order of St. John from Germany tried, among other things, to regain the Kommende Wiesenfeld. The master of the order Georg Schilling von Cannstatt claimed that the Landgrave had called in the Kommende Wiesenfeld without authorization and that this was not legal. In 1551, the new owner Philipp von Dernbach (see Neu-Dernbach Castle ), Hessian monastery bailiff, was supposed to testify before the Imperial Court of Justice, but he was unable to do so. The trial remained in place until 1563. In the Thirty Years' War the order sued again and the Reich Chamber of Commerce resumed the process on the basis of the Edict of Restitution of 1629. Landgrave Georg II appealed because the monastery had been dissolved before the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 and had accepted the settlement.

Lease

In the same year the brothers Burkhard, Franz and Heinrich von Cramm received the former commodities as a pledge. They turned the religious house into a farm and renounced the church building from its actual function. The brothers managed the former Johanniterkommende down to the foundations. In 1546, Philipp von Dernbach took over the estate of the commander by buying it. In 1706 the then Landgrave bought it back and the new one served as a winery again. In 1710 the Landgraviate leased the former commander to Caspar Wiedemann, who reported on it as a badly run-down property in Wiesenfeld.

Settlement by the Huguenots and Waldensians

"Huguenot Hut" Wiesenfeld (Burgwald)

Before the turn of the 18th century, Huguenot and Waldensian families again immigrated to northern Hesse via Switzerland . With the third wave of immigration in 1721, new religious refugees came to Hessen-Kassel. Landgrave Carl von Hessen-Kassel allowed the religious refugees to settle in Hessen and assigned them to devastated villages. He was disappointed because it wasn't the financially strong skilled workers he had hoped for, but poor families. More and more families came, so the space in the villages assigned to them quickly diminished.

In 1710 Solms-Braunfels was able to take in a large number of families because the authorities relocated the refugees who were already there. Since there were too many families, it had to be decided by lottery which families were allowed to move on to Brandenburg . The families from Baubhausen and Greifentahl did not move to Brandenburg, but to Wiesenfeld. The Thalhausen desert near Rosenthal was initially intended for the refugees from Solms-Braunfels and Baden-Durlach, but this turned out to be uninhabitable. That is why the Landgrave chose Todenhausen and Wiesenfeld as new settlement sites for the Huguenot and Waldensian families.

The Landgrave's settlement decree followed on September 29th. The residents who already lived there were not satisfied with it. The Huguenots lived very modestly and got land that was bad to work with. In 1736 the suggestion came up from the towns of Todenhausen and Wiesenfeld that the villagers could jointly use the dairy farm, which is located between Wiesenfeld and Todenhausen, but this was not done at first. In 1750, the Huguenot families were finally awarded the dairy farm and they started all over again. In 1755 they founded the village of Wiesenfeld in its current location. In 1763 the Huguenots were given permission and money to renovate the church building, as it was still in decline. Today's Wiesenfeld was founded on the dairy farm and the former monastery grounds.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Bruno Jakob: Die Johanniter-Kommende Wiesenfeld, in: Meine Heimat. A yearbook of historical news and important events in the Frankenber district . 5th year, Frankenberg 1937.
  2. ↑ Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg holdings Urk. 43 17, Regest according to HADIS.
  3. ↑ Olaf Schirmeister: The Johanniter branches in Breuna, Hiddensee and Warburg through the Kommende Wiesenfeld . In: Journal of the Association for Hessian History and Regional Studies, Vol. 93, 1988 (pp. 49–54), p. 49.
  4. ↑ Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg, holdings Urk. 43 22, Regest according to HADIS.
  5. ^ Karl-Hermann Völker (Ed.): Wiesenfeld. Johanniterkommende, Huguenot and Waldensian colony, Industriehof. A village story for the 750th anniversary celebration in 1988 . Burgwald-Wiesenfeld 1988, p. 21.
  6. ↑ Bruno Jakob: The Johanniter-Kommende Wiesenfeld. In: My home. A yearbook of historical news and significant events in the Frankenberg district . 5th year, Frankenberg 1937.
  7. ^ Karl-Hermann Völker (Ed.): Wiesenfeld. Johanniterkommende, Huguenot and Waldensian colony, Industriehof. A village story for the 750th anniversary celebration in 1988 . Burgwald-Wiesenfeld 1988, p. 18.
  8. ↑ Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg holdings Urk. 43 23, Regest according to HADIS.
  9. ↑ Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg, holdings Urk. 43 28, Regest according to HADIS.
  10. ^ Karl-Hermann Völker (Ed.): Wiesenfeld. Johanniterkommende, Huguenot and Waldensian colony, Industriehof. A village story for the 750th anniversary celebration in 1988 . Burgwald-Wiesenfeld 1988, p. 20.
  11. ↑ Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg, holdings Urk. 43 102, Regest according to HADIS.
  12. ^ Karl-Hermann Völker (Ed.): Wiesenfeld. Johanniterkommende, Huguenot and Waldensian colony, Industriehof. A village story for the 750th anniversary celebration in 1988 . Burgwald-Wiesenfeld 1988, p. 24.
  13. ↑ Walter G. Rödel: The Grand Priory Germany of the Order of St. John in the transition from the Middle Ages to the Reformation . Cologne 1972, pp. 286-288.
  14. ↑ Jochen Desel: Accepted in Christian love. On the trail of the Huguenots and Waldensians in northern Hesse . Hofgeismar 1995, p. 1.
  15. ^ Franz-Anton Kadell: The Huguenots in Hessen-Kassel, in: Sources and research on Hessian history . Vol. 40, Darmstadt and Kassel 1980, p. 283.
  16. ^ Franz-Anton Kadell: The Huguenots in Hessen-Kassel, in: Sources and research on Hessian history . Vol. 40, Darmstadt and Kassel 1980.
  17. ↑ Walter G. Rödel: The Grand Priory Germany of the Order of St. John in the transition from the Middle Ages to the Reformation . Cologne 1972, p. 286f.

Directory of sources and literature

(Unprinted) sources

  • Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg holdings document 43 17. Regest according to HADIS
  • Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg holdings document 43 22. Regest according to HADIS
  • Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg holdings document 43 23. Regest according to HADIS
  • Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg holdings document 43 28. Regest according to HADIS
  • Hessisches Staatsarchiv Marburg Holdings Urk. 43 102. Regest according to HADIS

literature

  • Jochen Desel: Accepted in Christian love. On the trail of the Huguenots and Waldensians in northern Hesse . Hofgeismar 1995.
  • Bruno Jakob: The Johanniter-Kommende Wiesenfeld, in: My home. A yearbook of historical news and important events in the Frankenber district . 5th year, Frankenberg 1937.
  • Franz-Anton Kadell : The Huguenots in Hessen-Kassel, in: Sources and research on Hessian history . Vol. 40, Darmstadt and Kassel 1980.
  • Ludwig Lotzenius: History of the Hessian offices Battenberg and weather. Arranged by Matthias Seim. Battenberg history association in conjunction with the Wetter history association, Battenberg 2013.
  • Walter G. Rödel: The Grand Priory Germany of the Order of St. John in the transition from the Middle Ages to the Reformation . Cologne 1972.
  • Olaf Schirmeister: The Johanniter branches in Breuna, Hiddensee and Warburg and their support from the Kommende Wiesenfeld . In: Journal of the Association for Hessian History and Regional Studies, Vol. 93, 1988 (pp. 49–54).
  • Karl-Hermann Völker (Ed.): Wiesenfeld. Johanniterkommende, Huguenot and Waldensian colony, Industriehof. A village story for the 750th anniversary celebration in 1988 . Burgwald-Wiesenfeld 1988.

Web links

Coordinates: 51 ° 0 ′ 18.3 "  N , 8 ° 45 ′ 2.1"  E