Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kamal al-Din Hasan ibn Ali ibn Hasan al-Farisi or Abu Hasan Muhammad ibn Hasan ( Arabic كمال‌الدين بن على بن حسن الفارسی, DMG Kamāl ad-Dīn bin 'Alī bin Ḥasan al-Fārisī , born 1266 or 1267 in Persia , died on January 12, 1319 in Tabriz ), was a Persian optics and mathematics scientist who made significant contributions to optics and number theory . Al-Farisi was a pupil of the astronomer and mathematician Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236-1311) and polymath Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201-1274), where he acquired the knowledge that his most important one of the Mathematics and optics scientists of the Islamic-Arabic culture.

Number theory

In one of his most prominent mathematical textbooks, Aṣās al-Qawāʿīd fī uṣūl al-fāwāʾīd (Fundamental Principles of Confirmed Facts), he developed al-Khwarizmi's number theories from the 9th century, from whose name the term algorithm is derived, in a way like this further, which gave the specialists of the 13th century practically all of the knowledge of that time in this field. This book was important because it provided theoreticians, but also especially practitioners such as builders and architects, with a reference work that made it much easier to calculate their own projects. Al-Farisi gives an overview of how the disciplines of algebra , arithmetic , trigonometry , Euclidean numbers and geometry are interlinked and how they can be used mathematically. And so al-Farisi can be considered the founder of some new mathematical disciplines such as polynomial algebra, combinatorial and numerical analysis , knowledge of a new elementary number theory and the Diophantine analysis of rational numbers (indefinite analysis). One of the successors to al-Farisis is Jamschid Mas–ud al-Kaschi (1380–1429), who used al-Farisi's work as the basis for his own calculations.

In another mathematical textbook by al-Farisis with the title Tadhkira al-ahbab fi bayan al-tahabb (memorandum for those interested in the numbers of friends) he deals with the ideas of factorization and combinatorial methods. Basics of factoring integers to the power of prime numbers . It can be said that Euclid took the first step in proving the existence of the factorization of prime numbers and al-Farisi took the last, giving the fundamental theorem of arithmetic the scientific basis.

optics

The original Kitab Tanqih al-Manazir

Al-Farisi's research in the field of optics was inspired by Alhazen's (965-1040) book Kitāb al-Manāẓir ( Treasure of Optics ) in which he searched in vain for explanations on the refraction of light. His extraordinary talent for getting to the bottom of questions and problems ultimately led to his second major work: Tanqīḥ al-manāẓir li-dhawī al-abṣār wa-al-baṣāʼir (revision of the Book of Optics), in which for the first time satisfactory mathematical explanations of the phenomenon of the rainbow and gave explanations of the nature of the colors and thus completed Alhazen's research. To this end, al-Farisi built an experimental set-up that was designed in a similar way by Abu Sad al-Ala ibn Sahl (approx. 1000) and Ibn al-Haitam (approx. 1041). To do this, Farisi placed a large, transparent glass of water, which was to serve as a large model of a raindrop, in a closed box with a hole ( camera obscura ) through which he sent a light source in a controlled manner. With small changes in the position of the light source, reflections and refractions of the light on the background of the box could then be seen, with which he impressively demonstrated the nature of the colors of the rainbow. It should also be mentioned that Farisi's contemporary Dietrich von Freiberg came to the same results with a similar experiment, although the two did not know each other and never met. Farisi's experimental results were impressively confirmed centuries later by Descartes and Newton .

It is also worth mentioning that, long before Albert Einstein , Farisi suspected that the speed of light was limited.

external link

Works

  • Asas al-qawa'id fi usul al-fawa'id (Fundamental Principles of Established Facts)
  • Tadhkira al-ahbab fi bayan al-tahabb (memorandum for those interested in the numbers of friends )
  • Alhazen (965-1040) Kitāb al-Manāẓir (Treasure of Optics, Arabic كتاب المناظر)
  • Tanqih al-Manazir (Arabic: تنقيح المناظر); (Revision of the Book of Optics).
  • Al-Basa'ir fi 'ilm al-manazir ( text and teaching book on the science of optics).

Web links

literature

  • AG Agargün and CR Fletcher, "al-Farisi and the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic", Historia Mathematica , 21 (1994), 162-173.
  • M. Naẓīf, al-Ḥasan b. al-Hayṯam , 2 vols., Cairo, 1942–43.
  • HG Topdemir, "Kamal al-Din Explanation of the Rainbow" , Humanity & Social Sciences Journal , 2 (2007), 75-85. ISSN  1818-4960 . IDOSI Publications, 2007.
  • Roshdi Rashed, The Development of Arabic Mathematics: Between Arithmetic and Algebra (London, 1994).
  • Roshdi Rashed, Entre arithmétique et algèbre: Recherches sur l'histoire des mathématiques arabes (Paris, 1984).
  • Roshdi Rashed, "Materials for the Study of the History of Amicable Numbers and Combinatorial Analysis (Arabic)", J. Hist. Arabic Sci. , 6 : 278-209 (1982).
  • Roshdi Rashed, "Nombres amiables, parties aliquotes et nombres figurés aux XIIIème et XIVème siècles", Archives for History of Exact Sciences , 28 (1983), 107-147.
  • Roshdi Rashed, "Le modèle de la sphere transparente et l'explication de l'arc-en-ciel: Ibn al-Haytham - al-Farisi", Revue d'histoire des sciences , 22 (1970), 109-140.
  • Moustafa Mawaldi, l 'Algèbre de Kamal al-Din al-Farisi, présentée par Moustafa Mawaldi sous la direction de Monsieur le Professeur Roshdi Rashed . 1989, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris.
  • Nader El-Bizri, ' Ibn al-Haytham et leproblemème de la couleur', Oriens-Occidens: Cahiers du center d'histoire des sciences et des philosophies arabes et médiévales, CNRS . 7 (2009), 201-226.
  • Nader El-Bizri, 'Grosseteste's Meteorological Optics: Explications of the Phenomenon of the Rainbow after Ibn al-Haytham ', in Robert Grosseteste and the Pursuit of Religious and Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages , eds. J. Cunningham and M. Hocknull (Dordrecht: Springer, 2016), 21–39
  • E. Wiedemann, "A drawing of the eye, Zentralblatt für Augenheilkunde , 34 (1910).
  • Tanqīḥ al-manāẓer, MS Istanbul, Topkapı Kütüphanesi, Ahmet III 3340 (copied at Nīšāpūr, 15 Šaʿbān 716/1316)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Saira Malik: Kamal al-Din Abu al-Hasan (or al-Hasan) al-Farisi. WaybackMachine, April 6, 2009, p. 2 , accessed on March 11, 2020 .
  2. ^ A b Library of the Madrasa Ali Shahid Mutahhari, Tehran: MS 554
  3. ↑ Tanqih al-Manazir, autograph manuscript, Adilnor Collection, Sweden.
  4. ↑ a b Mustafa Mawaldi: Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī , Lexicon of Eminent Natural Scientists, 2007, Volume 2; Elsevier GmbH, Munich; P. 286; ISBN 3-8274-1883-6
  5. ↑ Oliver Leaman: The biographical encyclopedia of Islamic philosophy . Bloomsbury Academic, London 2015, ISBN 9781472569455 , p. 188: "... of the Persian mathematician and astronomer, Kamal al-Din al-Farasi (d. 1320) ..."
  6. ↑ A Historical Survey of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic , English; PDF
  7. ↑ Roshdi Rashed: fundamental theorem of arithmetic discovered al-farisi. Google Books, accessed March 15, 2020 .
  8. ↑ Nader El-Bizri, 'Ibn al-Haytham et le problème de la couleur' Oriens-Occidens: Cahiers du center d'Histoire des Sciences et des philosophies arabes et médiévales, CNRS . Vol. 7 (2009), pp. 201-226; see also: Nader El-Bizri, Grosseteste's Meteorological Optics: Explications of the Phenomenon of the Rainbow after Ibn al-Haytham ', in Robert Grosseteste and the Pursuit of Religious and Scientific Knowledge in the Middle Ages , eds. J. Cunningham and M. Hocknull (Dordrecht: Springer, 2016), pp. 21-39
  9. ↑ Nader El-Bizri, "Ibn al-Haytham," in Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia , eds. Thomas F. Glick, Steven J. Livesey, and Faith Wallis (New York - London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 237-240.
  10. ↑ Nader El-Bizri, "Optics," in Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia , ed Josef W. Meri (New York - London: Routledge, 2005)., Vol II, pp.. 578-580
  11. ↑ Nader El-Bizri, "Al-Farisi, Kamal al-Din," in The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy , ed Oliver Leaman (London - New York: Continuum Thoemmes, 2006).. I, vol, pp. 131-135
  12. ↑ Nader El-Bizri, "Ibn al-Haytham, al-Hasan", in The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy , ed. Oliver Leaman (London - New York: Thoemmes Continuum, 2006), Vol. I, pp. 248-255.
  13. ↑ E. Wiedemann, “A drawing of the eye,” Zentralblatt für Augenheilkunde 34, 1910a
personal data
SURNAME Fārisī, Kamāl al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Kamal al-Din Hasan ibn Ali ibn Hasan al-Farisi; Persian: كمال‌الدين فارسی
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Persian, Muslim optics and math scientist
DATE OF BIRTH 1266/1267
PLACE OF BIRTH Iran
DATE OF DEATH January 12, 1319
Place of death Tabriz