Karachay-Balkar language

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Karachay-Balkar

Spoken in

Russia
speaker 305,000 (2010)
Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in Karachay and Circassian Karachay-Cherkessia (Karachay)

Kabardino-Balkaria Kabardino-Balkaria (Balkarian)

Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

krc

ISO 639-3

krc

The Karachay-Balkar language (own name: Къарачай-малкъар тил Qaratschaj-malqar til ) is a western Turkish language of the Pontic-Caspian subgroup. The short name is Karachay-Balkar .

Karachay-Balkar is dialectically divided into two main dialect groups and five dialects, with the written language variants Karachay and Balkar being formed from the same dialect group. The linguistic differences between the two variants of the written language are minimal, so that the Turkic peoples of the Karachay and Balkans sometimes see them as a uniform language. Nevertheless, they are sometimes rated as individual languages ​​in the classification of the Turkic languages. (see also classification options)

Language names

From the 17th century until the 1920s, Karachay-Balkarian was (incorrectly) referred to as Tatar or, more differently, Mountain Tartar . The original names of the language at that time were Tuvh til or Tuvh tili , which can be translated as 'mountain language' ( Tuvh 'mountain' ; compare also Turkish Dağ ).

Major spread

Karachay-Balkar is now a written language of around 250,000 people. The main area of ​​distribution of the language is the present-day republics of Karachay-Cherkessia and Kabardino-Balkaria in southern Russia on the Georgian border northeast of the Black Sea . From 1944, the Karachay-Balkarian spokesmen had been deported to Central Asia ; In 1957 they were able to return to their old settlement areas under certain conditions.

In the last official census of the Soviet Union (1989) 151,000 or 98% of Karachay people gave their variant of the language, “Karachay”, as their mother tongue. Of the neighboring Balkars, 79,702 Balkars stated that they had “Balkar” as their mother tongue.

10,000 Karachays and an unknown number of Balkars now live in Turkey ( Eskişehir ) and 4,000 in the USA ( New Jersey ).

Classification

Karachay-Balkar is classified with under different. The Fischer Lexikon Sprachen (1987) lists this language as follows:

  • Turkic languages
  • western branch
  • Kipchak group
  • Kipchak-Oghuz group
  • Karachay
  • Balkar

In contrast, this language is classified in the Metzler Lexikon Sprache (1993) as follows:

  • Turkic languages
  • West Turkish (Kipchak)
  • Pontic Caspian (Kipchak-Oghusian)
  • Karachay
  • Balkar

The current classification is given in the article Turkic languages .

Alphabets

The Turkic-speaking peoples of the region used an Eastern Turkish idiom , Chagatai , as a written language in the Middle Ages , which was written with the Persian-Arabic alphabet. From the 17th and 18th centuries, the Chagatai was replaced by the "Tatar", which was also written with the Arabic alphabet. This "Tatar" was formed mainly from two Turkic languages, which at that time formed a kind of "lingua franca" in addition to Arabic in the Caucasus region : Kumyk and Azerbaijani . In addition, Persian also had a major influence on the language in the 17th and 18th centuries, as it was widespread as the "language of high poetry" in the Caucasus and its influence only with the Russian conquests of the 19th century in favor of Russian went out.

Karachay-Balkar only became an independent written language in 1924, when the Arabic alphabet was replaced by a " Latin alphabet " and an independent grammar and spelling based on the Azerbaijani model was introduced. (see also the following table.)

A a B в C c Ç ç D d E e F f G g
Ƣ ƣ I i J j K k Q q L l M m N n
N̡ n̡ O o Ө ө P p R r S s Ş ş T t
Ь ь U u V v Y y X x Z z Ƶ ƶ

Since 1936, after the introduction of compulsory Russian lessons prescribed by Moscow, Karachay-Balkar had to be written with a modified Cyrillic alphabet (see table below).

А а Б б В в Г г Гъ гъ Д д Дж дж Е е
Ё ё Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Къ къ Л л
М м Н н Нг нг О о П п Р р С с Т т
У у Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ ъ
Ы ы ь Э э Ю ю Я я

With the beginning of the collapse of the Soviet Union , pan-Turkish Karachay and Balkar circles demanded the reintroduction of the Arabic script from 1988 onwards. This was even approved at short notice by the regional authorities. But in 1989 the font was changed back to Cyrillic.

After a Turkic summit in Ankara in October 1990, the Karachay and Balkar people also called for the reintroduction of a Latin-based alphabet. They were able to justify the claim that their written language had its own roots in the Turkish Latin alphabets of the 1920s. Between 1991 and 1995 various Latin alphabets were used (unofficially), but these did not establish themselves in the region. So the Karachay and Balkars went back to the Cyrillic spelling.

A renewed Latinization of Karachay-Balkar has meanwhile been abandoned. Only militant circles of Karachay and Balkar people use the modern Turkish alphabet on their websites to propagate a new Pan-Turkism .

In 1961, employees of the Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Research Institute, UB Aliev, A. Yu Boziev and A. Kh. Sottayev, put together a new version of the Karachay-Balkarian alphabet. On May 20, 1961, this project was approved by the authorities of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria and on June 21 by the authorities of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region. The new version of the font contained all letters of the Russian alphabet and the characters Ғ ғ, Җ җ, Қ қ, Ң ң, Ө ө, Ў ў, Ү ү .

However, this version of the alphabet was canceled as early as 1964, and the Karachay-Balkar script took on its current appearance.

In August 2012, the Orthographic Commission for the Association of the Karachay-Balkar Written Language decided to replace the digraphs дж, къ, нг, гъ with җ, қ, ң, ғ, and also to introduce the letter ў in the alphabet to make a short semivowel denote [ў]. A little later, it was decided to add the letters ө and the letter ү , and to return to the Reformed alphabet from 1961. However, these decisions were never implemented.

Allocation table for the various alphabets

Arabic
(1920-1924) 		Latin
(1924–1938) 		Latin
(1994, the project) 		Cyrillic
(1961–1964) 		Cyrillic
(1937–1961, since 1964)
ا A a A a А а А а
ب B в B b Б б Б б
و V v V v В в В в
گ G g G g Г г Г г
غ Ƣ ƣ Ğ ğ Ғ ғ Гъ гъ
د D d D d Д д Д д
ە E e E e Е е Е е
ۆ Ө ө Ö ö, yo yo Ө ө, Ё ё Ё ё
ژ Ƶ ƶ J j Ж ж Ж ж
ج Ç ç C c Җ җ Дж дж (Ж ж)
ز Z z Z z З з З з
ي I i İ i И и И и
ي J j Y y Й й Й й
ك, ک K k K k К к К к
ق Q q Q q Қ қ Къ къ
ل L l L l Л л Л л
م M m M m М м М м
ن N n N n Н н Н н
ڭ, ݣ Ꞑ ꞑ Ng ng Ң ң Нг нг (Нъ нъ)
وٓ O o O o О о О о
پ P p P p П п П п
ر R r R r Р р Р р
س S s S s С с С с
ت T t T t Т т Т т
و U u U u У у У у
و W w W w Ў ў У у (Ў ў, У́ у́)
ف F f F f Ф ф Ф ф
خ X x X x Х х Х х
ح H h H h Һ һ -
- S̷ s̷ Ts ts Ц ц Ц ц
چ C c Ç ç Ч ч Ч ч
ش Ş ş Ş ş Ш ш Ш ш
- - Ş ş Щ щ Щ щ
- - ' ъ ъ
ىٕ Latin capital letter I with bowl.svg Latin small letter I with bowl.svg I ı Ы ы Ы ы
- - ' ь ь
ئە, اە E e E e Э э Э э
ۉ Y y Ü ü, Yu yu Ү ү, Ю ю Ю ю
- - Ya ya Я я Я я

Dialects and literary language

Karachay-Balkar has five dialects:

  1. the Karachay dialect, spread only on the upper Kuban until the 19th century , then spread through settlements in larger parts of Karachay-Cherkessia and the dialect of practically all Karachay people ,
  2. the Baksan dialect on the upper Baksan in the southwest of Kabardino-Balkaria ,
  3. the Tschegem dialect further east on the upper Tschegem ,
  4. the Chulam-Besengi dialect, named after two historical tribal associations, both east of the aforementioned dialect on the upper Tscherek-Chulamski ,
  5. the Malqar dialect or Balkarian dialect on the upper Tscherek-Balkarski in the southeast of Kabardino-Balkaria. Until the 20th century self-designation were described as "Balkars" Malqar and referred to the members of this tribe, only then under the same nationality of the Balkars , the historic tribes of Urusbi (at Baksan), the Tschegem which Chulam and Besengi involved with .

According to the regular phonetic sound shifts of the pronunciation of the affricates ch and j , they are classified in Turkology into two dialect groups and five dialects.

The main dialect groups differ in the pronunciation of the first sound as ch (Cyrillic spelling: ч, IPA : tʃ) or as z (Cyrill .: ц, IPA: ts) in the Ch dialects or Ch Okay dialects ( Russian ч окающий ) and the Z dialects or Z oka dialects ( Russian ц окающий ). For example, the Karachay-Balkarian word for hair is pronounced in the Choka dialects "Tschotsch" (чоч), while Zokaisch is pronounced "zoz" (цоц). Choca dialects are Karachay, Baksan and Tschegem, Zoca dialects are Chulam-Besengi and Malqar.

The five-mentioned dialects are in the pronunciation of dsh as dsh (Cyrillic дж. IPA : dʒ) as dsh ' (dsh with the following voting paragraph , kyrill дж.', IPA: dʒʔ), as voiced sch rare (in German, as the first sound in French "journal", kyrill. ж, IPA: ʒ) and as a voiced s (in German often at the beginning of the word, kyrill. з, IPA: z) further classified in: dsch okaisch ( Russian дж окающий ), dsch ' Okay ( Russian дж' окающий ), Sch Okay ( Russian ж окающий ) and s Okay ( Russian з окающий ). For example, the word for “way” is pronounced Djokaish dschol (джол), Dj'okaish dsch'ol (дж'ол), Schokaisch schol (жол) and Socaish sol (зол). According to this widespread classification, the Karachay dialect is also known as the Chokaish-Djoka dialect, the Baksan dialect as the Chokaish-Dj'oka dialect, the Tschegem dialect as the Chokaish-Schoka dialect, the Chulam-Besengi dialect as the Zokaish-mixed Schoka dialect or Soca dialect and the Malqar dialect referred to as Zokaish-Soca dialect.

The literary language of Karachay-Balkar was developed in the 1920s on the basis of the Choka dialects Karachay-Baksan-Tschegem, which differ slightly from one another and are still standardized to the extent that the written languages ​​of the Karachay nationalities (based on the Karachay dialect ) and Balkars (based on the Baksan and Tschegem dialect) only differ in a few phonetic and stylistic details (in addition to the differences in the pronunciation of dsch mentioned, for example, the Karachay k is often used as g in the Balkar variant of the standard language spoken and written), but are mutually completely understandable and are therefore considered a uniform high-level pluricentric language .

On the other hand, there are further phonetic differences between the main dialects, the Tsch dialects / Choka dialects and Z dialects / Zoka dialects, which did not become the basis of the literary language. For example, Chokaisch b > Zokaisch f and the Chokaisch “harte” q (Kyrill. Къ)> Zokaisch the “hard” ch (Kyrill. Хъ, IPA : ⁠χ), z. B. chokaisch chebgen (чебген)> zokaisch zefchen (цефхен) (= German: "clothing") and chok. chybtschiq (чыбчикъ)> zok. zyfzych (цыфцыхъ) (= German: "sparrow"). In addition to the phonetic sound shifts, the Zoka dialects Malqar and Chulam-Besengi also have vocabulary differences , including more loanwords from the neighboring Ossetian and some grammatical differences.

See also

literature

Web links

Wikipedia in Karachay-Balkar

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Приложение 6: Население Российской Федерации по владению языками ( Russian , XLS) Федеральная службананая служба.
  2. ↑ Helmut Glück (Ed.): Metzler Lexikon Sprach. Pp. 81 and 292.
  3. ^ Heinz F. Wendt: Fischer Lexicon Languages. P. 329.
  4. ^ Helmut Glück: Metzler Lexikon Sprachen. P. 657.
  5. ↑ Қарачай-малқар тилни орфографиясы . Нальчик 1961, p. 4 (25 pp., Elbrusoid.org [PDF; 473 kB ; accessed on September 3, 2019]).
  6. ↑ Къарачай-малкъар тилни орфографиясы . Ставрополь китаб издательство, Ставрополь 1964, p. 4 (35 p., Elbrusoid.org [PDF; 491 kB ; accessed on September 3, 2019]).
  7. ↑ Решение Орфографической комиссии по унификации карачаево-балкарского письменного языка
  8. ↑ Решение Орфографической комиссии от 14 ноября 2012 г.
  9. ↑ Акбаев Ш. Х .: "Фонетика диалектов карачаево-балкарского языка." Черкесск, 1963. (Sch. Ch. Akbajew: Phonetics of the dialects of the Karachay-Balkar language ; pg. 593; Cherkess ) AK Appoyev: Introduction to the Karachay-Balkar language in the online Russian-Karachay- Balkar dictionary. (Russian).
  10. ↑ This classification is also used by the "Great Russian Encyclopedia."
  11. ↑ Аппаев А. М .: ". Диалекты балкарского языка в их отношении к балкарскому литературному языку " Нальчик, 1960. (AM Appajew: . The dialects of the Balkar language in its relationship with the Balkar literary language ) (Russian) Nalchik 1960; AK Appoyev: Introduction to the Karachay-Balkar language in the online Russian-Karachay- Balkar dictionary. (Russian).
  12. ↑ Акбаев Ш. Х: "Фонетика диалектов карачаево-балкарского языка." Черкесск, 1963. (Sch. Ch. Akbajew: Phonetics of the dialects of the Karachay-Balkar language , p . 503. Cherkess . )
  13. ↑ Акбаев Ш. Х .: "Фонетика диалектов карачаево-балкарского языка." Черкесск, 1963. (Sch. Ch. Akbajew: Phonetics of the dialects of the Karachay-Balkar language , p . 59, 1963. Cherkess . )
  14. ↑ Алиев У. Б. "Синтаксис карачаево-балкарского языка." М. 1973 (UB Aliyev: Syntax of the Karachay-Balkar language (Russian), Moscow 1970.)