Fort Öhringen-Ost

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Fort Öhringen-Ost
Alternative name Rendelkastell,
Ostkastell
limes ORL B 42 ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Upper German Limes
Vorderer Limes, route 9
Dating (occupancy) around AD 159/160 to AD
259/260 at the latest
Type Cohort fort
unit Cohors I Helvetiorum  ?; Brittones Cal (...)?
size 155-157 x 141-144 m (= 2.20 ha); Buildable inner area: 2.16 ha
Construction a) stone and wood
b) stone
State of preservation completely modern overbuilt
place Öhringen
Geographical location 49 ° 11 '58.3 "  N , 9 ° 30' 48.1"  E
height 237  m above sea level NHN
Previous Mainhardt Castle (southeast)
Subsequently Fort Westernbach (northwest)
Backwards Kastell Öhringen-West (northwest)
The Vordere Limes with the older Neckar-Odenwald-Limes to the west

The Öhringen-Ost fort , which is also known under the names Ostkastell and Rendelkastell , was a Roman military camp of the principate , whose crew, a cohort , security and surveillance tasks on the Vorderen Limes, a section of the UNESCO World Heritage Site " Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes " took over. The ground monument , which has been known since the 18th century, was located in the Hohenlohe district of Baden-Württemberg in the area of ​​the large district town of Öhringen and was abandoned by the city after 1945 for the construction of a residential estate and was completely destroyed in the process.

location

The terrain on which the Romans later founded was at least partially populated as early as prehistoric times. Corresponding, empty pits could be examined in 1957 in several places. Only one pit found on the northern edge of the excavation of the southern fort gate contained a few tiny shards that could be assigned to the band ceramists with reservation .

The corridor "Unterer Orendelstein" or "Unterer Rendelstein", on which the cohort fort was built, is named after a Roman column shaft or milestone that has survived to this day and on which a crucifixion was carved in the Middle Ages. The fortification was only 230 meters behind the Limes, to which it was directed with its praetorial front. The terrain terrace that emerged over the northern edge of the Ohrntal , on which the fort was founded, is traversed by a scree horizon underground and slopes gently from north to south. During the excavations in 1957, it was found that the southern fort defenses are flush with the edge of this terrace. The terrain then breaks off with a steeper gradient towards the Ohrn. Today Haller Strasse, a thoroughfare that leads past the old town, passes directly past the former northeast corner of the fort.

The only slightly larger second fort of Öhringen, the West Fort, was located about 1.2 kilometers away on a terrace also located above the northern edge of the Ohrn. Both forts were built at roughly the same altitude. The west fort at around 239 meters above sea ​​level , the east fort at around 237 meters above sea level. The relatively mild climate and the very fertile landscape were ideal for a positive development of the civilian settlement without this having had a major impact on the emergence of the garrison location, which was initially judged purely from a military point of view.

Research history

Drafting of the thermal spa plan published by Hanßelmann in the Limeswerk - possibly the building remains that were not re-examined later belonged to the commandant's house

During the cultivation of the fields in May 1741, the head of a woman's statue, a fragment of an inscription that consisted of two mismatched parts and a fragment of a profiled sandstone block were found in a field. The archivist and court advisor Christian Ernst Hanßelmann (1699–1776), who lived in Öhringen and worked in field research for several years on the expansion of Rome in the Hohenlohe area that he dealt with, gave the site of discovery as “600. Step in front of the gates of the local city, next to the so-called “Rendelstein”. After Hanßelmann had discovered the western fort of Öhringen in 1766/1767, he succeeded in discovering the eastern fort not far from the Rendelstein in November 1768, where he addressed a hypocausted building that he had partially excavated in 1769 as a welding pool and two plans of the excavation attached to it Continuation of the evidence of how far the Romans' power, in which wars waged with various German peoples, also penetrated into what is now the East Franconian, particularly Hohenlohe Land, shown from those discovered in the years 1768, 1769 and 1770, and so far not yet known strange Roman monuments and other remnants. published. One engraving showed the building in an oblique view, another the floor plan. In order to make the location of his sweat bath on the Rendelstein traceable for future generations, he published the names of the various owners of the fields on which he had dug at the request of interested foreign citizens. The scholars agreed that there should be no difficulties in locating the excavation site in the event of a change of ownership, since the changes recorded in the tax rolls could be traced without difficulty.

The first scheduled investigations at the fort were carried out from 1892 to 1894 by the classical philologist Ernst von Herzog (1834–1911) on behalf of the Imperial Limes Commission. The first step was to determine the dimensions of the system. After a long break from research, it was only an emergency excavation that required further investigations. In anticipation of the complete overbuilding planned by the city of Öhringen over the fort area, which was still largely exposed, the provincial Roman archaeologist Hans Schönberger (1916–2005) had to dig the last possible rescue excavation from 9 September to 26 October 1957 under extreme time pressure due to the planned construction work the fort area. The investigations took place in cooperation with the State Office for Monument Preservation in Stuttgart and were financed by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The local excavation assistant was Wolfram Kleiss (* 1930), who later became the director of the Tehran branch of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) for many years . An extension of his search cuts within the fort, which was much too narrow for clear determinations and which would have been entirely in the interests of the public, was denied to him due to the deadlines set by the city for a private home development. Longitudinal sections rushed through the area with the excavator could no longer help. In the short time, Schönberger was only able to continue the research into the fence that Herzog had begun with important new findings. Therefore, the interior development and detailed history of this fort has remained unknown and can only be made accessible through similar sites on the Front Limes . In 2019, under the heading “Save what is still to be saved from the Roman legacy”, the deputy editor-in-chief of the Hohenloher Zeitung, Peter Hohl, stated in connection with the development of some of the last free areas of the western fort, which is expected to be completed by 2023, that “ the reputation of the Öhringer in monument protection circles ... is known to be not the best ".

Building history

The fort after the excavations of the Reich Limes Commission - the south gate and the corner towers were still unknown. North is on the left

See also: Dating Approach

One of the most important findings of Schönberger's excavations in 1957 was the evidence of the previously unknown south gate (Porta principalis dextra) . In addition, the archaeologist was able to prove that the facility had been in a previous construction phase. In addition, Schönberger was able to explore the southeast corner of the fort and cut cuts through the wall and moat between the south gate and the aforementioned corner of the fort. The inside 2.16 hectare buildable area of ​​the rectangular fort had a slightly shifted floor plan with an outer circumference of 155–157 × 141–144 meters (= 2.20 hectares). The facility has rounded corners (playing card shape) and four gates, which orientate themselves almost exactly according to the cardinal points. The Porta praetoria , the main gate of the fort on the east side, is the only one designed to be two-lane and oriented to the east, towards the Limes.

After his excavations, which he was able to carry out in both the east and west fort of Öhringen, Schönberger assumed that the east fort was probably the younger of the two camps due to a clearly lacking wood-earth construction period. In the other expansion stages, however, clear parallels were found.

Period 1

According to Schönberger, the place was occupied by military forces around 150 AD. According to recent research, however, this dating has to be abandoned. If the Rendel Fort was younger than the West Fort, it was not built until some time after 160 AD.

During this first phase of construction, the fort, unusually, already had a stone enclosure wall that was 0.70 to 0.90 meters wide. This had already been proven by von Herzog at several points on the northern front. At that time, however, their actual meaning and chronological assignment could not be recognized. Behind this wall, the Romans used the excavated material from the trenches in front of it to create a wall that was 4.30 meters wide at its base, which at its upper, narrower end served as a battlement behind the wall. There is evidence that the four gates were built in wood at that time. Schönberger identified six massive wooden posts on the Porta principalis dextra that were sunk at least 1.80 meters into the ground and flanked the gateway in two rows. This first construction phase also includes a double-pointed trench examined on the south side, the outer edge of which was significantly lower than that of the berm , which was due to the topographical gradient. In the investigated area in front of the south gate, this trench was suspended. Schönberger used the very similar findings from the Fendoch Fort , excavated in Scotland , to compare his findings from the first period . The Öhringen plant of the first construction period coincided in its expansion with that of the second expansion phase. There were no signs of violent destruction of the first fort. The pottery taken from the double trenches could be dated to the 2nd third of the 2nd century and in some cases even earlier. Some fragments produced long-term can still be classified towards the end of the 2nd century.

Period 1 of the Rendelkastell corresponds in the known details of construction period 2 of the western fort. There was initially a wood and earth store that was not found in the east fort. Then a stone wall was also built with a relatively narrow width of 0.70 to 0.90 meters. In addition, the west fort also had a double pointed moat during this phase.

Period 2

The fort in the 2nd expansion period after the last possible excavations in 1957. North is at the top

In a second construction phase, which Schönberger located in 1962 in the eighties or nineties of the 2nd century, a new surrounding wall made of "hypocritical stones" - as Hanßelmann had described - with a width of 1.50 meters was built 1.50 meters in front of the previous stone wall Meters. The old wall was obviously gradually demolished as the construction of the new wall progressed. In order to erect the new building wall, it had to be foundations on the older berm and in the ditch edge of the older double pointed ditch. In this way, this trench was filled in and a simple pointed trench that was no longer open in front of the south gate examined was created. The bottom of the trench pushed forward to the rubble strip below the slope terrace. The southern gate passage, which remained the same in terms of its dimensions, as well as the corner towers were now also built in stone. Von Herzog had not been able to detect any signs of corner towers in the expanded walls. Schönberger, on the other hand, was able to prove such a thing for the southeast corner. The small tower was built slightly out of the actual corner radius towards the Porta praetoria . Its builders had built it on the inside of the fort wall and it jumped 2.80 meters into the interior of the fort at its outer edge. Its width was measured at 4.20 meters. However, intermediate towers could not be detected at any point.

With the construction of the stone Porta principalis dextra , two flanking gate towers were created for the first time. For this purpose, the material of the earth dam from the 1st period had to be cleared from the sides of the gate passage in order to make space for the building ground for these towers. The only partially preserved division of the Torgasse as well as a preserved small ditch leading from the fort into the defensive ditch probably also belonged to the 2nd period. As a result of the excavations by the Reich Limes Commission, a cut on the north side made a pointed ditch known, which secured the fort as an obstacle in front. Schöneberger was also able to prove this pointed ditch through several probes on the south side.

Period 3 of the west fort, which probably dates to the second third of the 3rd century, also shows clear similarities. The stone enclosing wall from period 2 was removed and a new defensive wall was put in front of the old wall at a distance of 1.50 meters, the foundation being around 1.45 to 1.65 meters thick.

It is assumed that the building remains excavated by Hanßelmann inside the fort on its south side with hypocausted rooms belonged to the commandant's house (praetorium) . Hanßelmann stated its east-west-oriented total width as 24.21 meters and reported that he had not fully uncovered the north-south width of the building made of hewn sandstones, since the foundations there were apparently more or less broken out. He measured the wall thickness of the exposed outer walls in the east and west at around 0.78 meters. The praetorium was usually located next to the staff building (principia) . Since the city's new construction plans left no time to examine the interior of the fort, which remained largely unknown, in 1957, Hanßelmann's plans could no longer be checked. The Principia was also destroyed without any notice. At least in two narrow search cuts, Herzog was able to cut a hypocaust facility immediately west of the south gate and probably directly behind Lagerringstrasse (Via sagularis) , which may be related to Hanßelmann's bath. Like his predecessors, Schönberger had some cuts made through the fort, but these remained too narrow, as under von Herzog, to be able to make clear statements. The lack of time no longer allowed Schönberger's wish to expand the cuts.

The most recent inscription from Öhringen-Ost comes from the years 236 to 238, when Emperor Maximinus Thrax (235–238) ruled. The document is one of the objects recovered from the fort area in 1741: Hanßelmann wrote that the find was recovered roughly in the middle of the western fort wall on the outside. In the area where he suspected one of the castle gates and where Herzog uncovered the Porta decumana .

[Imp (erator) Caes (ar) C (aius) Iulius] Ver [us] Maximinus
[P (ius) F (elix) Aug (ustus) Germ (anicus) max (imus) Dac (icus) max (imus) po ] nt (ifex) max (imus) trib (unicia) pot (estate) III
[imp (erator)… co (n) s (ul)… p (ater) p (atriae)] pr [oc] o (n) s (ul) et
[C (aius) Iulius Verus] Maxi [mus no] b (ilissimus) Caes (ar)
[Germ (anicus) m] ax (imus) D [ac (icus) max (imus)]
[… ]

End of garrison and vicus

Ceramic and metal finds from the two forts in Öhringen (excavations 1892–1894)

The second construction period of the fort was obviously not ended by force either. In any case, none of the known signs, such as a flat layer of rubble and ash, could be observed. A small post pit surrounded by set stones was not quite in the middle of the alley of the south gate. Schönberger could imagine that this finding “stems from a barricade in the late period.” Even in the west fort, the excavators were unable to find any evidence of violent destruction. The coin series ended in 2004 in the years 244/249. What nevertheless points to violence in the west fort are, among other things, the clogging of the well in the Principia with the components of a nymphaeum that was connected to a water pipe opened in 187. This line route leading into the fort had to be repaired 241. The first major Alemanni incursion in 233/235, when the Upper German-Rhaetian Limes was overrun on a broad front, could have been responsible for the obviously severe damage to this water pipe, which was then "interrupted for a long time" - as the Roman inscription given for the re-inauguration in 241 handed down. In addition, a pit filled with ashes and rubble from the important camp village, the Vicus Aurelianus , which is known from inscriptions , could be related to this warlike event. With the inscriptions and remains of statues found in the pit, Strocka thought of the burial of cult objects after they had been exposed to the destruction by the Alemanni 233. The most recent inscriptions from there were only put up on December 13, 232 AD. The second Alemanni incursions in 242/243 are considered to be the next great warlike events. In the large northern garrison town of Osterburken , however, both the last datable inscription and the last known coin from the cohort bath can be assigned to the years of reign of the emperor Philip Arabs (244–249). The findings that have been made again and again for well over 100 years have also confirmed that the Osterburken fort was forcibly sunk by 259/260 at the latest. In the Jagsthausen fort , its commander Valerius Valerianus had an inscription consecrated in the small fort bath for the renovation of the thermal baths. As the chiselling of the emperor names of Philippus Arabs and his son mentioned above from the building inscription of the same bath shows, the thermal baths and fort still existed after 249. The inscription is therefore one of the latest inscriptions of military activity before the Limes fall. At least in some places of the Vorderen Limes , the sinking could only have taken place shortly before the final point 259/260. In the small fort Rötelsee there were still coins from the reign of Emperor Gallienus (253–260) and from the small fort Haselburg there is evidence of an Antoninian of Gallienus, which was minted in 259 at the earliest.

Post-Limestone coins are known above all from Jagsthausen and Öhringen. Perhaps they point to the continued existence of the Roman provincial population, whose life now took place on a more modest scale and without military protection.

Troop

As evidenced by brick stamps , the Cohors I Helvetiorum , which was still in the Heilbronn-Böckingen fort on the Neckar Limes in 148 AD, was the first auxiliary unit stationed in Öhringen. Since their stamps came to light both in Öhringen-West and in the Öhringen-Ost fort, their direct garrison location is unknown. Further troop units were added later, in particular three tangible numbers that are attested to on Öhringer inscriptions. In the Rendelkastell, the number of Brittones Cal (...) is known. In addition to the stamps of the Cohors I Helvetiorum from his excavation, already known by Hanßelmann, and the stamps recovered by Herzog, including a brick from a hypocaust pillar that bore the imprints of both units, those that came about during the construction work on the homes in 1959 are also of interest Days came.

Lost property

Selected finds from the forts and the vicus are in the Weygang Museum in Öhringen , in the Museum Römerkeller Oberriexingen , in the Limes Museum in Aalen , in the Landesmuseum Württemberg in Stuttgart, in the Hällisch-Franconian Museum in Schwäbisch Hall , in the Heilbronn City Museums and in the Neuenstein Castle Museum .

Monument protection

The ground monuments in the Öhringen area are protected as registered cultural monuments within the meaning of the Monument Protection Act of the State of Baden-Württemberg (DSchG) . Research and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval. Incidental finds are to be reported to the monument authorities.

literature

  • Christian Ernst Hanßelmann: Continuation of the evidence of how far the Romans' power, in which wars waged with various German peoples, also penetrated into what is now the East Franconian, especially Hohenlohe Land, shown from those in the years 1768, 1769 and 1770 further discovered and hitherto unknown strange Roman monuments and other remains. Messerer, Schwäbisch Hall 1773.
  • Paul Friedrich von Stälin : Roman antiquities from Oehringen, discovered in 1861 . In: Württemberg year books for patriotic history, geography, statistics and topography. 1, 1860 (1862), pp. 272-276.
  • Ernst von Herzog in the series Der Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roman Empire (Eds. E. Fabricius, F. Hettner, O. von Sarwey): Department B, Volume 4, Fort No. 42 (1897).
  • Adolf Wolf: Öhringen. Roman finds and observations from 1910, 1912, 1913 . In: Find reports from Schwaben 18, 1910, pp. 59–62; Find reports from Schwaben 20, 1912, p. 43 f .; Find reports from Schwaben 21, 1913, pp. 64–66.
  • Hans Schönberger : Brief report on an excavation in the Rendel fort in Öhringen . In: Germania 36, 3/4, 1958, pp. 464-469.
  • Hans Schönberger: An excavation in the Rendel fort in Öhringen . In: Find reports from Swabia (New Series) 15, 1959, p. 54 ff.
  • Herbert Nesselhauf , Volker Michael Strocka : consecrated monuments from Ohringen . In: Find reports from Swabia N.F. 18, 1, 1967, pp. 112-131.
  • Willi Beck, Dieter Planck : The Limes in Southwest Germany . Theiss, Stuttgart 1987. ISBN 3-8062-0242-7 , pp. 67-68.
  • Robert Koch, Dieter Planck: Öhringen. Cohort fort and civil settlement. In: Philipp Filtzinger , Dieter Planck, Bernhard Cämmerer (eds.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . 3rd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1986. ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , p. 463 ff.
  • Eckart Olshausen : Epona relief with dedicatory inscription from Öhringen, Hohenlohekreis . In: Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg 1986, pp. 133-134.
  • Gabi Fellendorf-Börner and Eckart Olshausen: An Epona relief with dedicatory inscription from Öhringen, Hohenlohekreis . In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg 14, 1989, pp. 351–358.
  • Rüdiger Krause : New information on the Roman topography of Öhringen. Hohenlohe district . In: Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg 1990, pp. 139–141.
  • C. Sebastian Sommer : Öhringen. Fortresses and Vicus Aurelianus. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . Theiss, Stuttgart, 2005. ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 236 ff.
  • Sarah Roth, Andreas Thiel u. a .: Vicus Aurelianus - the Roman Öhringen (= Archaeological Information from Baden-Württemberg 74), Regional Council Stuttgart State Office for Monument Preservation, 2016, ISBN 394222724X .

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b c d Hans Schönberger : Brief report on an excavation in the Rendel fort in Öhringen . In: Germania 36, 3/4, 1958, pp. 464-469; here: p. 466.
  2. ^ A b c d e Willi Beck, Dieter Planck : The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1987. ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , pp. 67-68; here: p. 67.
  3. ^ Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg in connection with the Hohenlohekreis (ed.): The Hohenlohekreis. The municipalities. Vol. 2, Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2006, ISBN 3-7995-1367-1 , p. 188 ff.
  4. ↑ Claus-Michael Hüssen: The Roman settlement in the area around Heilbronn. Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1493-X , p. 57.
  5. ↑ a b C. Sebastian Sommer : Öhringen. Fortresses and Vicus Aurelianus. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . Theiss, Stuttgart, 2005. ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 236 ff .; here: p. 236.
  6. ↑ a b Horst Geiger: Attempt to reconstruct the Roman aqueduct of Öhringen with inscriptions . In: Gilbert Wiplinger (Ed.): Cura Aquarum in Ephesus Congress Report, Ephesus 2006. Babesch Supplementa 12, pp. 287–293; here: p. 292 (site plan).
  7. ↑ Dieter Planck : Neue Ausgrabungen am Limes (= Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany 12), 1975, p. 10.
  8. ↑ Fort Öhringen-West
  9. ↑ Horst Geiger: attempted reconstruction of the Roman aqueduct of Öhringen with inscriptions . In: Gilbert Wiplinger (Ed.): Cura Aquarum in Ephesus Congress Report, Ephesus 2006. Babesch Supplementa 12, pp. 287–293; here: p. 287.
  10. ↑ a b CIL 13, 06547 .
  11. ↑ Christian Ernst Hanßelmann: Continuation of the evidence of how far the Romans' power, in which wars waged with various German peoples, also penetrated into what is now the East Franconian, particularly Hohenlohe Land, shown from those in the years 1768, 1769 and 1770. strange Roman monuments and other remnants still further discovered and hitherto unknown. Messerer, Schwäbisch Hall 1774; P. 3.
  12. ^ Helmut Neumaier : Christian Ernst Hansselmann. on the beginnings of Limes research in southwest Germany (= material booklets on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg 18), Theiss, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8062-1079-9 , p. 21.
  13. ^ Hans Ulrich Nuber : Limes research in Baden-Württemberg . In: Monument Preservation in Baden-Württemberg 12, 1983, pp. 109–118; here: p. 111.
  14. ↑ a b Christian Ernst Hanßelmann: Continuation of the evidence of how far the Romans' power, in which wars waged with various German peoples, also penetrated into what is now the East Franconian, particularly Hohenlohe region, shown from those in the years 1768, 1769 and 1770. Strange Roman monuments and other remnants discovered even further and hitherto unknown. Messerer, Schwäbisch Hall 1774; P. 133.
  15. ↑ a b Christian Ernst Hanßelmann: Continuation of the evidence of how far the Romans' power, in which wars waged with various German peoples, also penetrated into what is now the East Franconian, particularly Hohenlohe region, shown from those in the years 1768, 1769 and 1770. Strange Roman monuments and other remnants discovered even further and hitherto unknown. Messerer, Schwäbisch Hall 1774; P. 136.
  16. ↑ Christian Ernst Hanßelmann: Continuation of the evidence of how far the Romans' power, in which wars waged with various German peoples, also penetrated into what is now the East Franconian, particularly Hohenlohe Land, shown from those in the years 1768, 1769 and 1770. strange Roman monuments and other remnants still further discovered and hitherto unknown. Messerer, Schwäbisch Hall 1774; I. Addenda.
  17. ↑ a b Philipp Filtzinger , Dieter Planck , Bernhard Cämmerer (ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . Theiss, Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-8062-0133-1 , p. 438.
  18. ↑ Hans Schönberger : Brief report on an excavation in the Rendel fort in Öhringen . In: Germania 36, 3/4, 1958, pp. 464-469; here: p. 464.
  19. ↑ Hohenloher Krankenhaus gGmbH - New Hospital in Öhringen - Allocation of planning and construction services in the partnering model Reference number of the announcement: 2020/381 ; ausschreiben-deutschland.de; accessed on April 30, 2020
  20. ↑ Peter Hohl: To save from the Roman inheritance what can still be saved . Stimme.de, January 18, 2019.
  21. ^ A b c d Gustav Müller , Hans Schönberger: Investigations at the fort Butzbach . (= Limes research 2) Mann, Berlin, 1962, p. 117.
  22. ^ Hans Schönberger : The Römerkastell Öhringen West (Bürgkastell). In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 53, 1972 (1973) pp. 233-296.
  23. ^ A b c d e Gustav Müller , Hans Schönberger: Investigations at the fort Butzbach . (= Limes research 2) Mann, Berlin, 1962, p. 118.
  24. ^ Klaus Kortüm: Osterburken. Roman border post between Neckar Valley and Taubergrund. In: Preservation of monuments in Baden-Württemberg. 35, 1/2006, p. 44.
  25. ^ Bernhard Albert Greiner: The contribution of the dendrodata from Rainau book to the Limesdatierung. In: Limes XX. Estudios sobre la frontera Romana. Ediciones Polifemo, Madrid 2009, ISBN 978-84-96813-25-0 , p. 1289.
  26. ↑ Bernd Becker: Felling dates of Roman construction timbers based on a 2350 year old South German oak tree ring chronology . In find reports from Baden Württemberg . Volume 6, Theiss, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-8062-1252-X , p. 386.
  27. ^ Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 82 u. Fig. 84.
  28. ^ A b Gustav Müller , Hans Schönberger: Investigations at Fort Butzbach . (= Limes research 2) Mann, Berlin, 1962, p. 119.
  29. ↑ Hans Schönberger : Brief report on an excavation in the Rendel fort in Öhringen . In: Germania 36, 3/4, 1958, pp. 464-467; here: p. 467.
  30. ↑ a b c d e Hans Schönberger : Brief report on an excavation in the Rendel fort in Öhringen . In: Germania 36, 3/4, 1958, pp. 464-469; here: p. 468.
  31. ↑ Hans Schönberger : Brief report on an excavation in the Rendel fort in Öhringen . In: Germania 36, 3/4, 1958, pp. 464-469; here: p. 469.
  32. ^ A b Hans Schönberger : The Roman fort Öhringen-West (Bürgkastell) . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 53, 1972/1973, pp. 233–296; here: p. 241.
  33. ^ Willi Beck, Dieter Planck : The Limes in Southwest Germany . Theiss, Stuttgart 1980. ISBN 3-8062-0242-7 , pp. 65-66; here: p. 65.
  34. ^ A b Claudia Theune : Teutons and Romanes in the Alamannia . de Gruyter, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-11-017866-4 , p. 404.
  35. ↑ Hans Schönberger : The Roman fort Öhringen-West (Bürgkastell) . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 53, 1972/1973, pp. 233–296; here: p. 239.
  36. ↑ a b "Within the in the above §. XIV. Described larger fort, on the same midday side, the foundation walls of an already standing handsome Roman Laconici , or sweat bath, can be found. ”In: Christian Ernst Hanßelmann: Continuation of the evidence of how far the Romans power, in which with wars waged by various German peoples, including what is now the East Franconian, especially Hohenlohe Land, shown from those strange Roman monuments and other remnants that were discovered in the years 1768, 1769 and 1770, and which were not yet known. Messerer, Schwäbisch Hall 1774; P. 138.
  37. ↑ Öhringer measurements around 1800. In: Jürgen Hermann Rauser: Waldenburger Heimatbuch. From the local history of Waldenburg and Obersteinbach / Sailach . (= Heimatbücherei Hohenlohekreis 4), Künzelsau, Sigloch, 1980, p. 14.
  38. ↑ Christian Ernst Hanßelmann: Continuation of the evidence of how far the Romans' power, in which wars waged with various German peoples, also penetrated into what is now the East Franconian, particularly Hohenlohe Land, shown from those in the years 1768, 1769 and 1770. strange Roman monuments and other remnants still further discovered and hitherto unknown. Messerer, Schwäbisch Hall 1774; P. 137.
  39. ↑ Jochen Haas: The environmental crisis of the 3rd century AD in the northwest of the Roman Empire. Interdisciplinary studies on one aspect of the general imperial crisis in the area of ​​the two Germaniae as well as the Belgica and the Raetia. (= Geographica Historica 22), Steiner, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-515-08880-6 . P. 178.
  40. ↑ CIL 13, 11757 .
  41. ↑ Horst Geiger: attempted reconstruction of the Roman aqueduct of Öhringen with inscriptions . In: Gilbert Wiplinger (Ed.): Cura Aquarum in Ephesus Congress Report, Ephesus 2006. Babesch Supplementa 12, pp. 287–293; here: p. 291.
  42. ↑ Volker Michael Strocka : consecrated monuments from Öhringen . In: Find reports from Swabia N.F. 18, 1, 1967, pp. 112-131; here: p. 130.
  43. ^ Philipp Filtzinger : Limes Museum Aalen. Society for the Promotion of the Württemberg State Museum Stuttgart, Stuttgart 1991. p. 186.
  44. ↑ CIL 13, 6566 .
  45. ^ Philipp Filtzinger , Dieter Planck, Bernhard Cämmerer: The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , p. 446.
  46. ^ Klaus Kortüm: Osterburken. Roman border post between Neckar Valley and Taubergrund. In: Preservation of monuments in Baden-Württemberg. 35, 1/2006, p. 44.
  47. ^ Britta Rabold, Egon Schallmayer, Andreas Thiel: Der Limes. The German Limes Road from the Rhine to the Danube. Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1461-1 , p. 79.
  48. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube. Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1701-2 , p. 229.
  49. ^ Karl Wilhelmi: Seventh Annual Report to the Members of the Sinsheim Society for Research into the Patriotic Monuments of Prehistoric Times. Sinsheim 1840, pp. 81-82, 85.
  50. ^ Karl Schumacher: Osterburken. (Building inscription from the fort.) In: Limesblatt: Notices from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission. No. 24 (September 30, 1897), pp. 667 ff .; here: p. 667.
  51. ↑ CIL 13, 6552 .
  52. ^ Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 60 (with ill.).
  53. ↑ Kurt Böhner : Guide to prehistoric and early historical monuments. Volume 24. Öhringen - Jagsthausen - Künzelsau - Langenburg. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1982, pp. 21/153.
  54. ^ Egon Schallmayer: The Limes. Story of a border. C. H. Beck Verlag, Munich 2006, ISBN 3406480187 , p. 65.
  55. ↑ Claus-Michael Hüssen: Roman times . In: Heilbronn and the middle Neckarland between Marbach and Gundelsheim (= guide to archaeological monuments in Germany 22), Theiss, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-8062-0870-0 . P. 52 ff .; here: p. 63.
  56. ^ A b Britta Rabold, Egon Schallmayer, Andreas Thiel: Der Limes. The German Limes Road from the Rhine to the Danube. Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1461-1 , p. 85.
  57. ↑ Hans Schönberger : The Roman fort Öhringen-West (Bürgkastell) . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 53, 1972/1973, pp. 233–296; here: p. 292.
  58. ↑ Christian Ernst Hanßelmann: Continuation of the evidence of how far the Romans' power, in which wars waged with various German peoples, also penetrated into what is now the East Franconian, particularly Hohenlohe Land, shown from those in the years 1768, 1769 and 1770. strange Roman monuments and other remnants still further discovered and hitherto unknown. Messerer, Schwäbisch Hall 1774; P. 134.
  59. ^ A b c d Gustav Müller , Hans Schönberger: Investigations at the fort Butzbach . (= Limes research 2) Mann, Berlin, 1962, p. 121, footnote 279.
  60. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube. Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1701-2 , p. 237.