Haselburg small fort

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Haselburg small fort
limes ORL - ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Upper German Limes ,
Front Limes, route 7
Dating (occupancy) at the earliest around AD 159/160 to AD
259/260.
Type Small fort
unit unknown centuria
size a) 48 m × 37 m
(= 0.15 ha)
b) 52.5 m × 43.5 m
(= 0.22 ha)
Construction a) wood-earth
b) stone
State of preservation agricultural area;
the east gate is preserved and visible
place Walldürn- Reinhardsachsen
Geographical location 49 ° 38 ′ 0 ″  N , 9 ° 19 ′ 49.1 ″  E
height 366  m above sea level NHN
Previous Fort Miltenberg-Ost (north)
Subsequently Walldürn Fort (south)

The small fort Haselburg is a Roman military camp on the so-called "Front Limes" of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes . Today it is located between the villages of Reinhardsachsen and Gerolzahn , two districts belonging to the city of Walldürn in the Neckar-Odenwald district , Baden-Württemberg . Nothing is visible of the system today. Besides the small fort Rötelsee, the Haselburg is the only complex of its kind on this Limes section that has been excavated using modern means. In particular, the three-phase expansion has provided very important insights into the history of the development of the Limes in southwest Germany.

location

The course of the Vorderen Limes in the vicinity of Fort Walldürn
Site plan of the fort at the time of the RLK
Floor plan and profile of the Conrady excavation

The fortification, positioned almost in the middle between the beginning of the “Vorderen Limes” at Fort Miltenberg-Ost and Fort Walldürn , was built on a flat, gently sloping ground wave to the east. This wave is part of a ridge that separates the western Hambrunn Valley from the eastern Kaltenbachtal on the Baden-Bavarian border and on which the Limes runs as an almost dead straight line from northwest to southeast, regardless of the topographical conditions of the terrain . Around 70 meters from the border fortifications, the crew had an excellent field of vision on the fort ramparts. Looking to the north, the next Limes watchtowers, almost at the same height, could be observed, and also in a southerly direction - there the bump occupied by the garrison initially falls into a narrow saddle - the next towers on the rising slope were under control. Looking east, with a view over the Limes, the mouth of the Kaltenbach in the narrow, deeply cut valley of the Storchsklinge was of particular interest. From there, according to the archaeologist Hans Ulrich Nuber (1940-2014) digging at the Haselburg fort, a path climbed through the border fortifications from the Barbaricum to the fort, which had to be monitored.

Research history

The surrounding wall of the small fort in the Haselburg corridor, which was apparently still in good condition until the 18th century, is said to have been demolished by Reinhardsachsen for the construction of the shell of the church, which was completed in 1726 and then for the construction of the road. The time the Reinhardsachsen Church was built around 1780, which is often mentioned in the literature, is incorrect. It may only relate to the road construction measures. Until the first scientific excavations were carried out, the fort was exposed to destruction by local residents. In 1880 the fort was examined for the first time, which was followed by a comprehensive excavation in 1892 under the direction of Wilhelm Conrady (1829–1903) and with funds from the Reich Limes Commission (RLK). According to the archaeologist Ernst Fabricius (1857-1942), who, among other things, did the editorial processing of this Limes stretch for the standard work The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roman Empire (ORL), Conrady left only insufficient documentation. Fabricius noted in the ORL report on Haselburg published in 1931 that while visiting the site he could still find loose stones, burnt clay and Roman shards in the field that lay above the storage area.

After the fortlet lying under the earth was threatened by the ongoing intensive agriculture in the 20th century heavily in its portfolio and continue to lay by the plow torn building remains and small finds on the field surface was carried out from August to October 1975 from Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Wuerttemberg commissioned , complete rediscovery of the fort area under the direction of Nuber. The damage the system had suffered since the time of Conrady became clear after this rediscovery of an area of ​​1,800 square meters. The excavation aroused so much positive interest from the local population that the section of land with the east gate of the small fort was acquired. A partial reconstruction and conservation of this gate took place in 1980 by means of a minor walling.

Building history

Dating approach

Older researchers - including the ancient historian Géza Alföldy - speculated that the time for the establishment of the Front Limes was “around 155 AD”. Newer finds and methods could possibly frame this assumption more precisely and correct it. Dendrochronological investigations support the idea that the Front Limes was built with the Rhaetian Limes, from which the corresponding dates come, in a cross-provincial expansion measure shortly after the death of Emperor Antoninus Pius (January 161). The felling date of the winter 159/160 AD could be determined on the earliest dendrochronologically analyzable timber from the beneficiary consecration district of Fort Osterburken . However, under the temple there was a stone spring with a nymph and dedicatory inscription, which was stratigraphically undoubtedly older. Alföldy's research suggests that the construction of the spring catchment could have occurred during the governorship of Gaius Popilius Carus Pedo. According to the provincial Roman archaeologist Klaus Kortüm from the Baden-Württemberg State Office for Monument Preservation, further woods from Osterburken could be dated to the year 161 AD, which supports the considerations. The reassessment of the consecration stones of the centurion Veranius Saturninus , who still had the Numerusbad of Neckarburken rebuilt and enlarged by his unit, the Barracked Numerus Brittonum Elantiensium (unit of the Elzbrittons) in 158 AD , suggests a move around 160 AD . Chr. think. The centurion also left a consecration stone at his new garrison town of Osterburken - albeit without a date. In this context, emphasis should also be placed on the dendrochronologically examined wood samples from a well dug directly in the Murrhardt fort, which was built around 159 AD . There is also the oldest datable fragment of inscription from the “Vorderen Limes” from the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius from the Jagsthausen fort. Only new discoveries and analyzes will possibly make a final assessment of the events at that time possible.

The findings from Haselburg provided evidence that small forts - like most of the cohort forts in the Limes region - can have a multi-phase architectural history.

Wood and earth fort

The rectangular small fort, originally designed as a wood-earth facility, was built in the course of the early expansion of the military bases on the Vorderen Limes on an area of ​​41 × 37 meters (0.15 hectares). A palisade fence with rounded corners (playing card shape) served as a fence. The fort always had two entrances in all construction phases. In the east the main gate was in the Praetorial Front , which was oriented towards the Limes, and on the rear Dekuman side the western gate could be found. The left and right edges of the camp road connecting the two gates inside were each lined with an elongated, rectangular half-timbered building in swell beam technology to accommodate the teams. The internal division of these buildings followed the scheme that was standardized in the Principate's time . For each contubernium they had a front, larger lounge and a smaller rear bedroom. The larger head building to the east of the southern barrack was reserved for the commandant and, like the end wing of the northern barrack reserved for his deputy, had a sunk-in earth cellar. In the north-east corner of the fortification there was an 11.6 × 7.5 meter corridor house, also built in half-timbered construction, the central aisle of which opened up three almost equally large rooms on both sides. The house may have been used for storage purposes. A large rectangular pit that was dug in the center of the camp is said to have served as a cistern. The camp road was largely interrupted by this pit. Another cistern of the same size, which was built a little later, was also offset to the side at the west gate in front of the corner of the south barrack. A shaft discovered to the southwest could be one of the workshops that were located there. After only a short existence, the fortification burned down completely.

Shortly thereafter, a new building was built that kept the same interior layout, but its area was enlarged to 52.5 × 43.5 meters (= 0.22 hectares) to the east. The earth wall now serving as a defense could be measured in its width with three meters. The construction was supported on the outside by a wooden plank wall and on the inside of the camp - towards the 1.8 meter wide via sagularis (Lagerringstrasse) - a narrow row of posts prevented it from slipping. This system also had rounded corners. The entrances, which were built in the same alignment as the two previous gates on the narrow sides, were each supported by four large wooden posts that enabled a three-meter-wide passage, over which a wooden tower stood. As an obstacle to the approach, a continuous pointed ditch around 4.8 meters wide and 2.3 meters deep was drawn around the entire system. There must have been wooden crossings at the gates that bridged this moat.

Stone fort

The upper part of the illustration from the ORL shows, among other things, semicircular bezels from Lützelbach, similar to those found in Haselburg.

Towards the end of the 2nd century, the wooden planks of the defense were replaced by a 1.20 meter wide stone wall made of red and gray sandstone . For this purpose, the new defensive wall was placed directly in front of the earth ramp of the older facility. A new filling of the three-meter-wide dam supporting the battlement was therefore not necessary. This fortification also retained its rounded corners and the position of the two entrances, now also made of stone, which were each flanked by two gate walls. The slightly larger eastern main gate, of which there were only sparse remnants in some cases, was now 3.75 meters wide, the door cheeks - five to six layers of walls were still in situ from the left in 1892 - were 1.20 meters thick and cracked 3.10 meters back into the interior of the fortress. In addition to shards, nails and iron parts, Conrady found wedge-shaped stones of the archway as well as a semicircular, 0.41 meter long, 0.29 meter high and 0.09 meter thick lintel bezel on this gate . The piece, which was no longer available to the ORL and of which no drawing exists, had a semicircular inner rim from which seven lines ran radially to an outer semicircle. Conrady noticed that the Haselburg piece was smaller and less carefully worked than comparative pieces from the watchtowers of the older Odenwald line and the Lützelbach fort located there . The rear west gate was only 2.30 meters wide and bordered by 2.65 meters long and one meter thick cheek walls. As with most of the forts, sewage ditches were also led through the gates of this small fort. In front of the surrounding wall was a pointed ditch 4.80 meters wide and 2.30 meters deep. Since this ditch in front of the gates did not fail, it can only have been crossed by means of a wooden bridge.

The rapidly progressing destruction of the wall by the plow can be illustrated using the three existing excavation reports. As Conrady writes, during the first excavation in 1880, the masonry of the outer cladding on the east side was still four layers high and showed wide mortar joints that stood over a baseboard made of beveled masonry stones that protruded by 0.06 to 0.08 meters. Such a ledge-like projection could also be seen at some other fort sites, such as in Obernburg . In 1892 the wall was still between 0.20 and 0.30 meters below the topsoil. During the new excavation at the time, Conrady found only one or two layers on the east side and the subsequent corner rounding, which were a total of 0.10 to 0.20 meters high. When Nuber started the spade again in 1975, he could no longer detect any rising masonry. Only sparse remains of the interior of this younger fortification were preserved. The excavators speculate that these buildings were similar to those of the older fort.

Downfall

The eastern entrance to the small fort, partially reconstructed in 1980

In the later phase, during the troubled times of the Limes Falls , women also found protection behind the walls. Nuber found that at that time the moat was no longer maintained and apparently served as a garbage pit that was filled with ceramic shards, animal bones and other debris. During the excavation in 1975, irregularly laid stone bars were uncovered in front of the enclosure ditch of the small fort, some of which reached into the ditch and belonged to the latest fort period. In the south, one of these segments ran almost parallel to the ditch and intersected a pit in front of it with young finds. The purpose of these upstream bars, which were up to 2.2 meters wide, is unclear.

The youngest layer of the fort ditch concealed an Antoninian coin, an antoninian, under the collapse of the surrounding wall . With the exception of Haselburg, the youngest coins from the Vorderen Limes have only been discovered at the southern small fort at Rötelsee . They were created during the reign of Emperor Gallienus (253-260) and were minted in 259 at the earliest. In the course of the Limesfall, which resulted in the abandonment of the Agri decumates (Dekumatland) in 259/260 AD , the remaining Roman border fortifications on the Front Limes were evacuated by the troops if they had not already been violently destroyed. According to Nuber, the Haselburg seems to have belonged to those facilities that were given up as planned during this time.

Troop

As a garrison, due to the construction of the wood-earth fort, it can be assumed that there was a non-independent centurion with 60 to 80 men who had been dispatched here as a vexillation from the fort in Miltenberg or Walldürn. The pottery from Haselburg sometimes shows graffiti, which are apparently the names of soldiers. However, the name of a unit is missing.

Vicus and fort bath

According to the stray finds, the small vicus , the camp village, was located on the road coming out of the rear gate of the fort. The military bath is believed to be 180 meters southeast of the defensive wall above a spring.

Important finds

As the ORL reports, about 20 years before the excavations in 1892 an altar stone with depictions of a sacrificial jug and a sacrificial ladle was found in the field in front of the fort, the inscription of which had been destroyed until it was illegible. Extensive finds came out of the ground with the excavations of Nuber. This includes a hoard found in the fort from a bygone wooden box, which contained around 20 bronze and iron parts, including a shortened sword with the schematized, floating goddess of victory Victoria on its blade - immediately in front of the handle - as an inlaid decoration . The box also contained other weapons, tools, agricultural equipment, a yoke fitting, kitchen utensils, fittings, keys, nails and two bronze rings. Nuber also reports of 13 coins that were found directly inside the fort during his excavation, including the youngest one a denarius from the reign of Emperor Severus Alexander (222-235). A single stamp of the potter Martialis comes from the garrison , whose goods came from Chemery-Faulquemont in eastern Gaul or from one of its branches. Martialis is one of the earliest potters in Eastern Gaul that can be found in Upper Germany . Its production focus falls into the late 1st and early 2nd centuries. However, the Haselburg stamp, along with other stamps from Chémery, shows that the goods from this manufacturer were sold until the middle of the 2nd century. In addition to these sigillates, ceramics from Augusta Treverorum ( Trier ) or Rheinzabern (COSTA F, NIVALIS) and Sinzig (NASSO F) were also found . Where in the Lower Germanic province of Aachen-Schönforst and Sinzig centers for the production of terra sigillata decorated in relief, this was especially true for Rheinzabern in Upper Germany.

Limes course between the small fort Haselburg and the fort Walldürn

Traces of the structures on the Front Limes between the Haselburg fort and the Walldürn fort
ORL Name / place Description / condition
KK Haselburg see above
Wp 7/23 "Singed Hedges"
Wp 7/23 with palisade
Opposite the small fort, on the other side of the Schweinsgraben, begins a well-preserved piece of the Limes, at the beginning of which the now no longer visible Wp 7/23 was discovered. In 1880 the tower was discovered by Conrady and described for the first time. Shortly before, the property owner had started demolishing the tower. Of the roughly square tower, which in 1880 still had the two lowest layers of the rising, well-mortared masonry, Fabricius found in 1899 only a 4.35 × 4.30 meter scrap foundation made of large, flat lime and sandstone blocks. Inside, no remains of an older, wooden previous building were observed. On the east side of the tower, at a distance of 1.9 meters, the remainder of a round, circumferential drainage ditch could still be found, which was 0.30 to 0.35 meters deep when it was found. The distance to the Limes Palisade was around 20 meters. By means of a search cut, the Limes palisade and the moat to the east of the tower could also be detected and measured. The trench that has been preserved was still almost six meters wide and 2.10 meters deep, the wooden palisade with its wedge stones and charred wood residues was 1.15 meters in front of this trench. Already in 1897 Conrady had examined the palisade moat in around 50 places from this point up to Wp 7/24 and recorded the same findings - wedge stones and charcoal.
Wp 7/24 " Fir forest "
Wp 7/24 with palisade
The then still large mound of rubble was examined by Conrady in 1880 and 1897. In 1880 a square 4.30 × 4.30 meter large stone tower with 0.80 to 0.90 meter thick walls, which were still six to eight layers high, was found. Two of these layers were designed as Opus spicatum (herringbone pattern). When the researcher dug again in the structure in 1897, stone robbers had obviously already been at work. Only three to four layers could be found. At that time, attention was focused on possible post pits of an older predecessor structure. But nothing could be found here either. The tower foundation stood directly on the natural ground, in its northern corner Conrady found a well-preserved lance tip. In 1899 the palisade moat northeast of the tower was checked at a distance of 17.60 meters - there was no trace of the moat - the ancient accompanying path lay between these two Limes buildings and was 12.50 meters away from the tower. Its edges were bordered with large kerbstones, the embroidery consisted of stones placed upright. Today, only scattered stone debris can be found here, which are located around a 0.9 meter high rubble hill.
Wp 7/25 " In the long birches "
Wp 7/25 with palisade
The stone tower site, which was recognizable at the time by the stone rubble lying around, was examined by Conrady in 1880. With the exception of the lowest stone layer on the northwest side, nothing of the rising masonry had survived. The rectangular scrap foundation could only be partially removed - with 4.95 × 4.80 × 4.60 ×? Meters - measure. During a follow-up investigation in 1897, post pits were searched for with negative results. Today there are no more reliable traces of the tower to be found on the site. In 1892 Conrady tried to prove the Limes trench at Wp 7/25, but came across the palisade trench at the presumed location. The palisade itself, which was erected around 18.50 meters in front of the tower, was not wedged with stones in this area, but was set between parallel wooden beams. Before Conrady could examine the wood more closely, the site was destroyed by strangers. During a follow-up investigation in 1899 it was found that Conrady had not been able to find the great Limes ditch because its existence could not be proven at this point.
Wp 7/26 " Amorbacher Weg " The tower site in the area of ​​today's Walldürner district of Neusaß has only been suspected since the days of the RLK. Destruction by construction work is conceivable.
Wp 7/27 " Pig hedge " Conrady found out about the existence of this site in January 1883 through the newspaper. The tower was found by the then mayor of Walldürn, local researcher Wilhelm Hildenbrand (1828-1919), who also carried out the excavation. At that time, the closed 4.60 × 4.60 meter large and 0.70 meter wide wall square with "three, partly herringbone-like arranged stone layers in a clay bond" was preserved . In 1924 the site could no longer be found. Today the area is used for agriculture.
Wp 7/28 " Mühläcker " The RLK already suspected the tower location.
Wp 7/29 " In the clover " The tower was discovered by Conrady in 1880 and at that time appeared in the area of ​​a field only as an inconspicuous hill on a flat knoll. His excavation revealed not only "Roman shards and mortar remains" that were no longer measurable. During a site inspection carried out in 1901 , Fabricius found a large fragment of a terra sigillata cup in the area of ​​the tower. In 1924 the square was still recognizable by the stones that had broken out from plowing and the dark discoloration of the ground. With renewed prospecting in 1970 and 2000 nothing could be noticed.
Wp 7/30 " On the big wood " The mayor of Walldürn found this tower too. However, nothing is known about an excavation that took place at that time. In 1901 Fabricius measured the "minor traces in the forest floor" . During archaeological inspections in 1970 and 2000, nothing could be found at the place.
Wp 7/31 " Stone House "
The stone tower remains from Wp 7/31

The then large rubble mound of Wp 7/31 was already known to the archaeologist Eduard Paulus (1837–1907) and was first examined by Conrady in 1879 and 1880. As the name of the Steinernes Haus forest district testifies, the knowledge of an old settlement was never completely lost. At that time the ruin was also known as the Hönehaus (from Hüne in terms of linguistic terms ) and from the legend of the giant maiden . The 0.75 to 0.85 meter wide walls of a rectangular building had been preserved above the regularly laid foundation of inclined stones. More in-depth investigations were not carried out at the time of the RLK. However, it was recognized that the actual watchtower had not yet been found.

It was not until October 1969 that the Walldürn State Forestry Office fully excavated the site and walled it up on three layers. In addition to the presumably one-story annex building, the rectangular stone tower foundation, which is almost 6 meters further south, was also determined. The structure with its roughly 0.80 meter wide walls had a size of 4.70 meters (NE and SW) × 4.50 meters (NW and SE) and was erected using clamshell technology. The trench of the tower was recorded with two cuts in such a way that it could not be clarified whether this trench was round or rectangular. At the two locations investigated, the trench was 1.80 and 2 meters wide and 2.5 and 3.2 meters away from the top of the trench to the tower wall. On the inside of the north-east wall of the adjoining building, a wall bracket that was obviously built in later could be found. The two flanks (NE and SW side) of the structure were 8.10 meters long, the narrow sides were measured at 6.50 (NW) and 6.80 (SE) meters. The V-shaped trench of the Limes palisade at a distance of around 17.50 meters (bottom of the trench) to the tower was determined by two search cuts. At this point it was still 0.70 meters wide. The type of wood used for the palisade could be identified with some certainty from the preserved charred woods. However, the samples were not suitable for age determination.

Wp 7/32 " Great Forest " In 1924 the tower was only recognizable by the old excavation slots. Even then, the apparently looted place was "completely destroyed and only recognizable by the remains of the scrap foundation , shards of vessels and a layer of coal." Today the foundation parts have been preserved and the eaves surrounding the tower have been dug up again.
Wp 7/33 " Lindig-North "
Wp 7/33 with Limes accompanying path and palisade

At the time of Conrady, the tower built on a flat hill dominating the area was still recognizable as a flat mound of rubble. At the time of the excavation, the tower had a size of 4.45 × 4.30 meters, its walls were 0.85 meters wide. During his excavation, the researcher found small traces of mortar and few fragments of ceramic shards. The tower was about 17 to 18 meters behind the Limes palisade. Based on the evidence, it is mentioned in the ORL that the palisade at the tower could have been interrupted.

During the conservation work carried out in October 1969, a number of ceramic fragments were left behind by the former tower crew. From this three cups, eight pots, two lids, a bowl, a bowl, five mortars, two plates, two jugs of different sizes and an amphora could be reconstructed. These finds came to the Badisches Landesmuseum. In the autumn of 1971, the State Forestry Office Walldürn deployed an artillery measuring team from the Bundeswehr to use search trenches between Wp 7/33 and Wp 7/35 to detect walls, trenches and palisades. In addition, the soldiers should check the presumed location of Wp 7/34. During this work, around 10 to 20 meters north of Wp 7/33, a Roman work place with cracks and three profiled fragments of red sandstone was found. Obviously stones had been cut to make the tower. Two of the stones still had small remains of indecipherable inscriptions. It is possible that they were brought here as spoils in order to be walled up secondarily. The overall extent of the square remained unknown. The palisade with charred wood we were looking for was shown to be very well preserved in several cuts in 1971. As the RLK had already determined in Wp 7/25, the Limes palisade in this area was not wedged with stones, but rather set between parallel wooden beams. The Romans laid these beams horizontally along the palisade, three on top of each other. The tower was built on three layers in 1969; the surrounding ditch dug.

Wp 7/34 " Pigeon trail "
The profile of the border installations between Wp 7/33 and Wp 7/35
The watchtower was already suspected in this area by the RLK. However, the numerous search cuts carried out by the artillery survey team in 1971 and applied to this tower site were unsuccessful.
Wp 7/35 " Lindig-South "
Wp 7/35 with palisade
At the end of the 19th century there was still a large mound of rubble from the tower. Conrady only exposed the west side of the tower. From the 0.80 meter wide wall, three layers of clay were still preserved. The other sides of the tower had obviously broken away. The researcher was also able to detect a drainage trench around the tower. When looking for the palisade and ditch in 1885, Conrady could only find traces of the palisade. A follow-up examination in 1901 showed that the ground was only 4.30 meters behind the palisade. From July 1 to September 1968, the State Forestry Office and the City of Walldürn had Wp 7/35 completely exposed and then preserved. A number of reading findings came to light:
  • Dishes, cooking supplies, food storage containers: shards of a terra sigillata mug Drag. 31/37 , a varnish beaker with grout, a cup made of gray clay, six pots, three graters, two double-handled jugs;
  • Tools: an iron hammer, a flat headed iron nail;
  • Coins: a denarius minted in Rome during the reign of Emperor Vespasian (69–79) .

These finds came to the Badisches Landesmuseum. The tower that is visible today was bricked up on two or three layers in the course of conservation and the surrounding trench was dug.

Wp 7/36 " Red picture " The tower site is only suspected and has probably been destroyed.
Wp 7/37 " Old brick house "
Wp 7/37 with palisade
The tower site was discovered by Conrady in 1885. The square tower foundation, located at the highest point of a flat hill, had a size of 4.40 × 4.40 meters and a wall thickness of 0.75 meters. The roughly 0.20 meter high foundation consisted of mostly two-layer pieces of limestone and sandstone chunks that were usually upright or at an angle. No finds came to light. Around 18 meters in front of the tower, both Conrady and a later excavation by Fabricius discovered the palisade and the large Limes moat. In this trench there were chunks of burnt clay and shards of vessels. Today nothing is visible at this point.
Wp 7/38 " Core " The tower site has only been suspected since the days of the RLK.
Wp 7/39 " Long landmark "
The Wp 7/39 in question at the kink of the Limes palisade
The RLK already suspected the tower location. The palisade with the moat, proven by Conrady, bend clearly here. At that time a Roman ledge brick was discovered in the ditch.
ORL 39 Walldürn

Monument protection

The small fort Haselburg and the aforementioned ground monuments have been part of the UNESCO World Heritage as a section of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes since 2005 . In addition, the facilities are cultural monuments according to the Monument Protection Act of the State of Baden-Württemberg (DSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval, and accidental finds are reported to the monument authorities.

See also

literature

  • Wilhelm Conrady : Miltenberg [Limes route from the Bavarian-Baden border near Reichartshausen to ach Neusass] . In: Limesblatt. Communications from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission 5 (September 12, 1893). Sp. 145-158.
  • Ernst Fabricius : The Upper German Limes from Miltenberg am Main to Haghof near Welzheim. In: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner , Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roman Empire . Department A, Volume 4. Lines 7 to 9, Petters, Heidelberg / Berlin / Leipzig 1931, pp. 70–73.
  • Hans Ulrich Nuber : Excavations in the small Roman fort Haselburg (Walldürn-Reinhardsachsen, Neckar-Odenwald district). In: Preservation of monuments in Baden-Württemberg, 5th year (1976), issue 2, pp. 64–67 ( PDF 946 KB )
  • Hans Ulrich Nuber: The Roman fort Haselburg. In: Freiburg University Gazette . 65, 1979, pp. 63-71.
  • Hans Ulrich Nuber: The small fort "Haselburg" near Walldürn-Reinhardsachsen, Neckar-Odenwald district. In: Cultural monuments in Baden-Württemberg . Little guides, sheet 47 (1979)
  • Willi Beck and Dieter Planck : The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-8062-0242-7 ; P. 43; Fig. 18, p. 32.
  • Hans Ulrich Nuber: Haselburg-Walldürn-Reinhardsachsen MOS, Centurienkastell Haselburg. In: The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. 3rd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, p. 606 ff.
  • Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . 4th edition, Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7861-2347-0 , pp. 234-235.
  • Britta Rabold, Egon Schallmayer , Andreas Thiel : The Limes . Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1461-1 , p. 74.
  • Karl Christian Heinrich Fleer: The Haselburg Castle. Gem. Reinhardsachsen, Neckar-Odenwald district . (=  Material booklets for archeology in Baden-Württemberg 92), Theiss, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-8062-2548-8

Web links

Commons : Kleinkastell Haselburg  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b c Willi Beck, Dieter Planck: The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-8062-0242-7 , p. 42.
  2. ↑ Hans-Ulrich Nuber: The Roman fort Haselburg. In: Freiburg University Gazette . 65, 1979, pp. 63 ff., Here: p. 69.
  3. ^ Britta Rabold, Egon Schallmayer , Andreas Thiel : Der Limes . Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1461-1 , p. 74.
  4. ^ Ernst Fabricius in: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreich. Department A, Volume 4. Lines 7 to 9, Verlag von Otto Petters, Heidelberg / Berlin / Leipzig 1931, p. 15.
  5. ↑ a b c Ernst Fabricius: The Upper German Limes from Miltenberg am Main to Haghof near Welzheim. In: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roman Empire . Department A, Volume 4. Lines 7 to 9, Petters, Heidelberg / Berlin / Leipzig 1931, pp. 70–73, here: p. 70.
  6. ↑ Hans Ulrich Nuber: Excavations in the small Roman fort Haselburg (Walldürn-Reinhardsachsen, Neckar-Odenwald district). In: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg 5th year (1976), issue 2, pp. 64–67; here: p. 65.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f Hans Ulrich Nuber: Excavations in the small Roman fort Haselburg (Walldürn-Reinhardsachsen, Neckar-Odenwald district). In: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg 5th year (1976), issue 2, pp. 64–67; here: p. 67.
  8. ^ Dieter Planck: Archeology in Württemberg. Results and perspectives of archaeological research from the Paleolithic to modern times. Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0542-6 , p. 267.
  9. ^ Bernhard Albert Greiner: The contribution of the dendrodata from Rainau book to the Limesdatierung. In: Limes XX. Estudios sobre la fontera Romana. Ediciones Polifemo, Madrid 2009, ISBN 978-84-96813-25-0 , p. 1289.
  10. ↑ Claus-Michael Hüssen: The Roman settlement in the area around Heilbronn. Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1493-X , p. 145.
  11. ↑ AE 1996, 1166 .
  12. ^ Klaus Kortüm: Osterburken. Roman border post between Neckar Valley and Taubergrund. In: Preservation of monuments in Baden-Württemberg. 35, 1/2006, p. 41.
  13. ^ Klaus Kortüm: Osterburken. Roman border post between Neckar Valley and Taubergrund. In: Preservation of monuments in Baden-Württemberg. 35, 1/2006, p. 44.
  14. ^ AE 1986, 523 .
  15. ↑ CIL 13, 11766 .
  16. ↑ Bernd Becker: Felling dates of Roman construction timbers based on a 2350 year old South German oak tree ring chronology . In find reports from Baden Württemberg . Volume 6, Theiss, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-8062-1252-X , p. 386.
  17. ↑ CIL 13, 6561 .
  18. ↑ a b c d e Hans Ulrich Nuber Centurial Fort Haselburg. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , p. 360 ff .; here: p. 361.
  19. ↑ a b c d e f Willi Beck, Dieter Planck: The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-8062-0242-7 , pp. 42-43; here: p. 43.
  20. ^ Ernst Fabricius: The Upper German Limes from Miltenberg am Main to Haghof near Welzheim. In: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roman Empire . Department A, Volume 4. Lines 7 to 9, Petters, Heidelberg / Berlin / Leipzig 1931, pp. 70–73; here: p. 71.
  21. ^ Wilhelm Conrady: Miltenberg [Limes route from the Bavarian-Baden border near Reichartshausen to ach Neusass] . In: Limesblatt. Communications from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission 5 (September 12, 1893). Sp. 145-158; here: col. 146.
  22. ↑ a b Hans Ulrich Nuber in: Hans Ulrich Nuber, Karl Schmid, Heiko Steuer, Thomas Zotz (eds.): Archeology and history of the first millennium in southwest Germany . Thorbecke, Ostfildern 1990, ISBN 978-3-7995-7352-8 , p. 60.
  23. ↑ Markus Scholz : Ceramics and history of the Kapersburg fort - an inventory. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch 52/53, 2002/2003, von Zabern, Mainz 2003, pp. 9–282; here: pp. 95/98.
  24. ^ Egon Schallmayer: The Limes. Story of a border . Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3406480187 , p. 65.
  25. ↑ CIL 13, 6595 .
  26. ↑ Marcin Biborski: Roman swords with decoration in the form of figurative representations and symbolic signs . In: Claus von Carnap-Bornheim (ed.): Contributions to Roman and barbaric armament in the first four centuries after Christianity . Marburg Colloquium 1994, special volume 8, Lublin and Marburg 1994. ISBN 3818501769 , pp. 109-135; here: p. 123 ff.
  27. ↑ Sabine Weinrich-Kemkes: Two metal depots from the Roman vicus of Walldürn, Neckar-Odenwald district. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg . 18, Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg, 1993, pp. 253-324, here: p. 298.
  28. ^ Ulrich Fischer: Excavations in the Roman vicus of Nida-Heddernheim 1961–1962 . Habelt, Bonn 1998, ISBN 3774928444 , p. 357.
  29. ↑ Susanne Biegert, Johannes Lauber, Klaus Kortüm : potter's stamp on smooth sigillata from the front / western Limes. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg 20 (1995), pp. 547-666; here: p. 554.
  30. ↑ Susanne Biegert, Johannes Lauber, Klaus Kortüm : potter's stamp on smooth sigillata from the front / western Limes. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg 20 (1995), pp. 547-666; here: p. 656.
  31. ↑ a b Susanne Biegert, Johannes Lauber, Klaus Kortüm : Pottery stamp on smooth sigillata from the front / western Limes. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg 20 (1995), pp. 547-666; here: p. 661.
  32. ↑ ORL = numbering of the Limes structures according to the publication of the Reich Limes Commission on the O bergermanisch- R ätischen- L imes
  33. ↑ KK = unnumbered K linseed K astell
  34. ↑ Wp = W oh p east, watch tower. The number before the slash denotes the Limes section, the number after the slash denotes the respective watchtower.
  35. ^ Willi Beck and Dieter Planck : The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0242-7 , p. 44.
  36. ↑ Wp 7/23, stone tower, at 49 ° 37 '52.53 "  N , 9 ° 20' 4.98"  O .
  37. ^ Ernst Fabricius in: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreich . Department A, Volume 4. Lines 7 to 9, Petters, Heidelberg / Berlin / Leipzig 1931, pp. 14-15.
  38. ^ A b Ernst Fabricius: The Upper German Limes from Miltenberg am Main to Haghof near Welzheim. In: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roman Empire . Section A, Volume 4. Lines 7 to 9, Otto Petters, Heidelberg / Berlin / Leipzig 1931, p. 73.
  39. ↑ Wp 7/24, stone tower, at 49 ° 37 '38.65 "  N , 9 ° 20' 24"  O .
  40. ↑ a b Jürgen Obmann (Ed.): Limesentwicklungsplan Baden-Württemberg. Protection, development and research of the world heritage. State Office for Monument Preservation in the Stuttgart Regional Council, Esslingen 2007, p. 67.
  41. ↑ Wp 7/25, stone tower, at 49 ° 37 '28.06 "  N , 9 ° 20' 38.12"  O .
  42. ↑ a b c d Ernst Fabricius in: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreich . Section A, Volume 4. Lines 7 to 9, Petters, Heidelberg / Berlin / Leipzig 1931, p. 74.
  43. ↑ Wp 7/26 suspected at 49 ° 37 '18.45 "  N , 9 ° 20' 51.34"  O .
  44. ↑ a b c d e f Jürgen Obmann (Ed.): Limesentwicklungsplan Baden-Württemberg. Protection, development and research of the world heritage. State Office for Monument Preservation in the Stuttgart Regional Council, Esslingen 2007, p. 68.
  45. ↑ Wp 7/25, stone tower, at 49 ° 37 '8.34 "  N , 9 ° 21' 4.65"  O .
  46. ↑ Wp 7/28 suspected at 49 ° 36 '54.67 "  N , 9 ° 21' 21.69"  O .
  47. ↑ Wp 7/29, stone tower, at 49 ° 36 '46.98 "  N , 9 ° 21' 29.78"  O .
  48. ↑ a b c d Ernst Fabricius in: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreich . Section A, Volume 4. Lines 7 to 9, Petters, Heidelberg / Berlin / Leipzig 1931, p. 75.
  49. ↑ Wp 7/30 at 49 ° 36 '35.14 "  N , 9 ° 21' 44.77"  O .
  50. ↑ Wp 7/31, stone tower, at 49 ° 36 '20.86 "  N , 9 ° 21' 59.25"  O .
  51. ^ Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreich . Section A, Volume 4. Lines 7 to 9, Petters, Heidelberg / Berlin / Leipzig 1931, p. 46.
  52. ↑ a b Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3786117012 , p. 223.
  53. ↑ Wp 7/31, outhouses, at 49 ° 36 '20.44 "  N , 9 ° 21' 59.48"  O .
  54. ^ Find reports from Baden-Württemberg 5 (1980), p. 256.
  55. ↑ Wp 7/32, stone tower, at 49 ° 36 '7.55 "  N , 9 ° 22' 13.82"  O .
  56. ↑ Wp 7/33, stone tower, at 49 ° 35 '55.98 "  N , 9 ° 22' 25.73"  O .
  57. ^ A b Ernst Fabricius in: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreich . Section A, Volume 4. Lines 7 to 9, Petters, Heidelberg / Berlin / Leipzig 1931, p. 76.
  58. ↑ Fridolin Reutti in: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg 5 (1980), p. 254.
  59. ↑ a b c Peter Florian Mauser, H. Müller, (Fridolin Reutti) in: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg 5/1980. Stuttgart 1980. p. 254.
  60. ↑ Thomas Becker: A fragment of the inscription from the watchtower 1/8 near Rheinbrohl. To the "inscription equipment" of the watchtowers on the Upper German-Raetian Limes. In: Andreas Thiel (ed.): New research on the Limes , Volume 3, Theiss, Stuttgart 2008. ISBN 978-3-8062-2251-7 . Pp. 43-57; here: p. 48.
  61. ↑ Wp 7/34 suspected at 49 ° 35 '48.04 "  N , 9 ° 22' 34.78"  O .
  62. ↑ Wp 7/35, stone tower, at 49 ° 35 '35.83 "  N , 9 ° 22' 47.75"  O .
  63. ↑ Fridolin Reutti in: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg 5 (1980), p. 254.
  64. ↑ a b c d e Jürgen Obmann (Ed.): Limesentwicklungsplan Baden-Württemberg. Protection, development and research of the world heritage. State Office for Monument Preservation in the Stuttgart Regional Council, Esslingen 2007, p. 69.
  65. ↑ Wp 7/36 suspected at 49 ° 35 '25.7 "  N , 9 ° 22' 59"  O .
  66. ↑ Wp 7/37, stone tower, at 49 ° 35 '15.16 "  N , 9 ° 23' 10.11"  O .
  67. ^ A b Ernst Fabricius in: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreich . Section A, Volume 4. Lines 7 to 9, Petters, Heidelberg / Berlin / Leipzig 1931, p. 77.
  68. ↑ Wp 7/38 suspected at 49 ° 34 '52.43 "  N , 9 ° 23' 34.3"  O .
  69. ↑ Wp 7/39 suspected at 49 ° 35 '55.98 "  N , 9 ° 22' 25.73"  O .
  70. ↑ Kastell Wallduern at 49 ° 34 '42.5 "  N , 9 ° 23' 12.25"  O .