Walldürn fort

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Walldürn Fort
(Alteburg)
limes ORL 39 ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Upper German Limes ,
Front Limes, route 7
Dating (occupancy) at the earliest around AD 159/160
until AD 259/260 at the latest
Type Numerus fort
unit exploratores Stu [ri] ?; Brittones gentiles ?, Officiales Brittonum et (?) Dediticiorum Alexandrianorum ?
size a) 0.7 ha?
b) 84.3 × 96.5 meters
(= 0.8 ha)
Construction a) wood-earth?
b) stone
State of preservation agricultural area;
the foundations of the fort bath have been partially reconstructed and preserved
place Walldürn
Geographical location 49 ° 34 '42.5 "  N , 9 ° 23' 12.3"  E
height 398  m above sea level NHN
Previous Small fort Haselburg (north)
Subsequently Small fort "An der Altheimer Straße" (south)

The Walldürn Fort (also known as Alteburg Fort ) was a Roman military camp on the so-called "Front Limes" of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Its remains are also considered an archaeological monument and are now located under an area used as a meadow southeast of the Baden-Württemberg city ​​of Walldürn in the Neckar-Odenwald district . In particular, the studies on a section of the fort's own camp village ( vicus ) excavated using modern methods , but also the excavations at the military bath , brought important findings to Limes research. In particular, the building inscription from the fort bath and the issues arising from it have preoccupied international science for generations.

location

The map shows the course of the Front Limes in the vicinity of Fort Walldürn.
Site plan of the fort at the time of research by the Reich Limes Commission

The northeast-oriented facility was built on a flat hill with a wide view of the country. The area is not furrowed in this section by deep gullies, as is the case a little further north and south. The Limes, coming almost dead straight from the northwest, bends significantly to the south around 300 meters east of the fort at the watchtower Wp 7/39, only to change direction to the south-east south of the Hohen Straße at Wp 7/46. From the Praetorial Front, the narrow side of the fortification facing the enemy, the soldiers looked almost exactly at the Limes bend in front of them, the Dekuman side , the rear side of the camp was only a few steps away from the Marsbach , which flows a little below to the northwest . The source of this stream, located a little southeast of the fort, was already in the Barbaricum .

Research history

The fort has been known under the name Alteburg since ancient times . In 1766, the Palatine court advisor, publicist and historian Andreas Lamey (1726–1802) published the inscription of an age of ordination for the god of war Mars and the goddess of victory Victoria , who came from this place. Since the stone, which has been repeatedly highlighted in scientific literature, was found on the Marsbach, the water was simply given the name of the god. Walldürn was also mentioned in 1768 and 1773 by the early Roman provincial researcher Christian Ernst Hanßelmann (1699–1776). The remarks made at the same time (1772) by the Electoral Mainz Benedictine priest and historian Joseph Fuchs (1732–1782) show that at that time the remains of the Limes and the fort were still visible above ground. As a result, smaller explorations took place in the early 19th century, followed by a cursory examination of the surrounding wall in 1881 and the discovery of a double trench in 1882. In April and October 1896 and 1897 there were quite extensive excavations at the fort and its bath under the direction of Wilhelm Conrady (1829–1903) and with funds from the Reich Limes Commission (RLK). It was not until 1972/1973 that scientists started the spade again in Walldürn. At that time the fort thermal bath was systematically examined again by the archaeologist Dietwulf Baatz and with funds from the State Monuments Office and then preserved for the public. In the same decade, the city of Walldürn, in cooperation with the State Monuments Office, bought the fort area, which could thus be saved for posterity and which was one of the first archaeological monuments in Baden-Württemberg to be given to the public. After the north-western area between bath and fort, which once belonged to the vicus, was also threatened with complete destruction by intensive agricultural use, a larger, continuous excavation took place in this area for the first time in 1982 and 1983, under the direction of archaeologist Egon Schallmayer and with funds of the State Monument Office Karlsruhe took place. With the exception of the bathing complex, nothing of the ancient buildings can be seen today.

Building history

Dating approach

Older researchers - including the ancient historian Géza Alföldy - speculated that the time for the establishment of the Front Limes was “around 155 AD”. Newer finds and methods could possibly frame this assumption more precisely and correct it. Dendrochronological investigations support the idea that the Front Limes was built with the Rhaetian Limes, from which the corresponding dates come, in a cross-provincial expansion measure shortly after the death of Emperor Antoninus Pius (January 161). The felling date of the winter 159/160 AD could be determined on the earliest dendrochronologically analyzable timber from the beneficiary consecration district of Fort Osterburken . However, under the temple there was a stone spring with a nymph and dedicatory inscription, which was stratigraphically undoubtedly older. Alföldy's research suggests that the construction of the spring catchment could have occurred during the governorship of Gaius Popilius Carus Pedo. According to the provincial Roman archaeologist Klaus Kortüm from the Baden-Württemberg State Office for Monument Preservation, further woods from Osterburken could be dated to the year 161 AD, which supports the considerations. The reassessment of the consecration stones of the centurion Veranius Saturninus , who still had the Numerusbad of Neckarburken rebuilt and enlarged by his unit, the Barracked Numerus Brittonum Elantiensium (unit of the Elzbrittons) in 158 AD , suggests a move around 160 AD . Chr. think. The centurion also left a consecration stone at his new garrison town of Osterburken - albeit without a date. In this context, emphasis should also be placed on the dendrochronologically examined wood samples from a well dug directly in the Murrhardt fort, which was built around 159 AD . There is also the oldest datable fragment of inscription from the “Vorderen Limes” from the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius from the Jagsthausen fort. Only new discoveries and analyzes will possibly make a final assessment of the events at that time possible.

It is possible that the garrison possessed - as has often been proven in the fort sites in the Limes region - a predecessor system from the early phase of the Front Limes, built using a wood-earth construction method . The remains of a ditch that was found under the younger stone defensive wall could serve as evidence for the older fort.

Enclosure

Floor plan and trenches at the time of the RLK

The 84.3 × 96.5 meters (= 0.8 hectare) large, rectangular fortifications followed the typical construction scheme for forts that was pronounced during the Principate's time , which could be adapted to the size of the facilities. The Alteburg had a gate on each of the four sides of the stone defensive wall, which was probably flanked by two gate towers. During the excavations in 1881, only one of these gate towers was identified on the east side of the Porta principalis dextra - the southeast gate - but the remaining towers that Conrady was looking for in April 1896 may have been overlooked. This question could only be answered by a new excavation at the fort that has not yet been completed. The 5.50 × 5.10 meter wide gate tower was examined again from October 1896. The cast masonry in the core was covered by roughly hewn outer walls. During the first excavation, a large number of powerful joist nails had been found on this gate, which apparently came from the wooden gate wings. A part of a threshold plate was also observed across the driveway, which had a groove for the gate leaves. As Conrady was able to find out after consulting the property owner, years ago he had dug up and removed a 4 × 4 meter base plate that was between the gate opening. As an obstacle to the approach, behind a 0.45 to 0.50 meter wide berm in front of the surrounding wall was a 11.25 meter wide double pointed ditch, which was 1.10 to 1.20 meters deep when the excavation in April 1896.

Interior development

Nothing has been known about the interior development either , apart from a few pits . During the excavations in the spring of 1896, a search was made in the center of the facility for the then undiscovered staff building ( Principia ) . Instead, there was only confused, “broken rubble interspersed with bricks, shards of vessels and stones” , or “a continuous layer of fire” which was “here and there interspersed with large remains of charred timberwork and bits of red-burnt clay or accompanied by a thin layer of such” . These remnants came from the wooden interior, the half-timbered walls of which were covered with clay. Some chunks of clay still showed traces of the specialist equipment used to close the compartments in front of the clay plaster. The mortarless stone corners, also observed by Conrady, which lay without foundations on a blackish ground, indicated the positions of the barracks. The roof covering will have consisted of burnt bricks due to the foundry tile (Tegula) .

Troop

As Baatz found, the 0.8 hectare fort could only accommodate one military unit. From the inscription of the consecration stone from August 232 AD, which was recovered in the bath, at least two troop bodies can be read, whereby the scientist assumed that only the first named, the Exploratores Stu (...) ("Scout Unit Stu ..." ) may have been barracked here. Unfortunately, the full name of this troop was not preserved. According to Baatz, only NCOs of the second unit named in the inscription, the Dedicated Brittons , appear as Dedicants . He therefore suspected that this Britton troop could not have been in Walldürn, but possibly in one or split up in several of the surrounding small forts.

Vicus

The Alteburg camp village was examined in 1982/1983 on an area of ​​3,500 square meters between the fort and the thermal baths. As feared before the excavations began, many important findings had already fallen victim to the plow. In 1985, Schallmayer summarized the repeated field inspections on the area of ​​the camp village that had been carried out long before these excavations. At that time, statements about the expansion of the civil settlement were possible for the first time. It became clear that the settlement not only extended northwest, but also north, south and west of the fort. Based on the sigillates picked up , the end of Roman life could be fixed to the second third of the 3rd century AD.

As the excavations showed, stone and wood-paneled cellars, sewer ditches, post pits, wells and pits could still be identified. There were probably so-called strip houses along the street that came out of the Porta principalis sinistra , the north-west gate of the fort . These buildings, which are typical of many camp villages, had an oblong, rectangular floor plan and their front side faced the street. In Walldürn, the building structures excavated in 1982/1983, which were particularly marked by numerous individual finds such as eaves and foundation moats, were oriented north-south. In places, Schallmayer succeeded in proving the two-period nature of the settlement.

Fort bath

Excavation drawing of the thermal baths and finds from the building at the time of the RLK. The exact history of the building was partially not yet recognized with the methods of the time.

Phase 1

Construction phase 1, 2a (232 AD) and 2b of the bath
Copy of the building inscription at the location of the fort bath (2008)
Restored foundations of the bath

The Balineum (bath) of the row type, excavated in the autumn of 1896 and at the end of August 1897 and oriented precisely in a north-south direction, was professionally preserved after careful investigations by Baatz. The bricks used to build the first bathing facility came from the Legion brickworks near the Höchst Castle (Frankfurt am Main). This is illustrated by the brick stamps of the Legio XXII Primigenia pia fidelis . The stamps made it possible for Baatz to set the construction period to the middle of the 2nd century, when the Front Limes was built. The wooden vestibule in the south of the bath is indicated today by short wooden posts that are set up at the locations of the post pits found. At this point there was a large, almost square apodyterium (changing room; A) with access during the first construction phase . The massive masonry of the first bath that visitors now entered was very carefully executed. Here there was initially a rectangular frigidarium (cold bath; F) to which a small, rectangular annex was connected to the west, which gave space for a cold water basin ( Piscina ; P). The next room north of the frigidarium was the heated tepidarium (leaf bath; T). An almost square sudatorium (sweat bath; S) was built on the eastern outer wall between Kaltbad and Laubad . The tepidarium was connected to the caldarium (warm bath; C) to the north , which had a semicircular apse in the west with a warm bath tub. The building was completed with a small, rectangular basin in the north, which was also attached to the caldarium and which also belonged to the warm bath area. Both in the outside area north of this basin and in the eastern outer wall niche between the sweat bath and the large warm bath there was a prefurnium (boiler room; H). The first repairs to the Balineum had to be carried out around 185 AD . After that, it remained in use until after AD 200. This date can be deduced from the final coin struck in Rome in 199/200 , a denarius of the emperor Septimius Severus (193–211), which is considered the last evidence of the older bath. As Conrady already determined, the building probably perished in a fire.

Phase 2a

In order to make the new building possible, all the walls of the older bath were demolished to below the walking horizon at that time . This successor was also solidly executed. A little later, however, the new red sandstone pillars of the hypocaust heating turned out to be the weak point - the previous building had proven pillars made of brick. While the now rectangular wooden changing room was reduced in size to the bare minimum, the stone bathroom itself had now been significantly expanded and enlarged. The basic room layout with the familiar sequence of frigidarium , tepidarium and caldarium was retained. There were significant changes to the smaller extensions. The piscina on the western wall of the cold bath had shrunk a bit and both the semicircular apse and the northern extension to the hot bath no longer existed. In contrast, to the east and west of the enlarged swimming pool, two small rectangular heatable tubs were added and on the east wall of the tepidarium there was another larger, rectangular and heatable room, while on the east wall the frigidarium - in line with the tepidarium extension - was attached almost the same size, non-heatable room that is said to have been used as a sweat bath. Due to the lack of heating facilities, this sudatorium can only have served its purpose to a limited extent. The building was inaugurated on August 13, 232. This date shows a sandstone altar, which was found in the changing room in 1897 and consecrated to the goddess of luck Fortuna , which cites the old age of the previous complex as the reason for the new building.

Phase 2b

The last construction phase is characterized by defects, emergency solutions and makeshift solutions. Those responsible obviously did not want to do without bathing comfort even in the crisis-ridden late period of the Limes. Almost all of the hypocaust pillars used for the new building were made of unsuitable red sandstone, which cracked and disintegrated due to the intense heat. This resulted in static damage in the caldarium near the boiler room, which made extensive and fundamental repairs necessary, which could no longer be done at the time. So those responsible decided to give up the caldarium with its extensions completely and to continue to use it as a boiler room for the remaining rooms. The as yet undamaged hypocaust pillars, which were not in the area of ​​the newly constructed lighting point, remained untouched. In the course of the renovation, the previous tepidarium was converted into a warm bath and the heated annex next to it took on the function of the tepidarium . As the investigations showed, the bathroom ultimately perished during a fire disaster. Numerous layers of fire, charred wood and nails with burned patina as well as melted and broken glass below the windows belonging to the tepidarium and caldarium testify to this .

The building inscription of the bath

Cast of the inscription in the Saalburg Museum. The original is in the Baden State Museum.

The building inscription from August 13, 232, found four meters before the sandstone threshold to the actual bathing area, which Conrady described as an "epoch-making find" , mentions the names of various military units, at least one of which could have been stationed here. The Latin text most frequently cited to this day was prepared by the ancient historian and epigraphist Hermann Dessau (1856–1931). In connection with the Constitutio Antoniniana issued by Emperor Caracalla (211–217) , however, the problem of correct reading and understanding of this text remains to this day, especially when delimiting the group of people named as dediticii . This inscription is one of the most discussed on the Upper German Limes.

Deae Fortuna [e]
sanctae balineu [m]
vetustate conlap-
sum expl (oratores) stu ...
et Brit (tones) gentiles,
officiales Bri (ttonum)
deditic (iorum) Alexan-
drianorum de
suo restituer (unt) cu-
ra (m) agente T (ito) Fl (avio) Ro-
mano | (centurione) leg (ionis) XXII P (rimigeniae) P (iae) F (idelis)
Id (ibus) Aug (ustis) Lupo et Maximo
co (n) s (ulibus)

Latin text resolution and translation according to the suggestions of the classical philologist Henry Thompson Rowell (1904–1974): The holy goddess Fortuna. The bath, which had fallen apart from old age, was rebuilt by the Stu scout unit ... and the voluntary British NCOs of the (Numerus) of the dedicated Brittons (with the honorary name) the Alexandrian ones from their own resources, under the direction of Titus Flavius ​​Romanus, Centurion the 22nd Legion of Primigenia, the pious and loyal, on the Ides of August when Lupus and Maximus were consuls.

Rowell criticized the reading proposed by Dessau, after which three troops are named in the inscription. He assumed only two units named in the inscription. Baatz and Schallmayer also found his reflections on the text most convincing. According to Rowell, the Brittones gentiles are to be regarded as Britton volunteers who have joined the Roman army and who, as non-commissioned officers, led their compatriots who had been subjected to Rome. The ancient historian Hartmut Wolff , who had obtained his doctorate in Constitutio Antoniniana , turned against this view . His draft translation was based on the assumption that one of the named units would have to start with the name Britl (...), Brit (...) l (...) or Brilt (...) . Baatz contradicted this, since such a troop name was completely unknown. Baatz diagnosed that the inscription had already been incorrectly made by a notoriously insecure craftsman , and added that the errors that can be seen today in antiquity were possibly filled in before the colored version and thus may not have been noticed by readers of the time.

The emperor who ruled during the erection of the stone, Severus Alexander (222-235), had given one of the named units the honorary name of the Alexandrian . After the regent's death, this honorific name fell to the Damnatio memoriae and was carved on the altar stone. Dedications to Fortuna are found more frequently on the building inscriptions of the military baths, for example on the building inscription of the year 248 on the Vorderen Limes , which was found at Jagsthausen Fort in the small Balineum .

Downfall

The end of Roman life is documented by the most recent coin find from Walldürn: an Antoninian from the reign of Emperor Gallienus (253–260). Its exact location is unknown. The series of coins, which had remained fairly constant until then, was almost completely broken off after the mints from the reign of Emperor Severus Alexander. In the course of the Limesfall , which resulted in the abandonment of the Agri decumates (Dekumatland) in 259/260 AD , the remaining Roman border fortifications on the Front Limes were evacuated by the troops if they had not already been violently destroyed. It is possible that forts were deliberately burned down by the retreating units in order not to let them fall into the hands of the enemy. As Conrady was able to determine inside the weir system, Walldürn was definitely a victim of the flames.

Found good

Fort finds

During the excavations in 1896/1897, “minor bronze items and ironwork, brick remains, various shards of vessels, including good terrasigillata and mainly edge shapes” were found. Some of the pottery stamps could still be read. Next to it was a "limestone ballista" and the fragment of the fertility and horse goddess Epona, carved in sandstone .

Vicus finds

During Schallmayer's excavation in the vicus , two depot finds came to light, which were lost in the politically difficult period of the 3rd century AD. The unstable conditions at that time accompanied the process of the Limesfall until the final abandonment of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian imperial border in AD 259/260. In addition to two galvanized bronze bowls and four bronze vessels, a completely crushed, but almost complete bronze kettle and fragments of another bronze kettle came along the floor. Ten major and eleven minor repairs to a tinker were found on the bronze kettle, which was later fully restored. Close by was a second hoard with metal objects, which consisted of 13 iron tools and implements. At this point, the excavators were able to distinguish between two overlapping settlement horizons, each with a final layer of destruction. The older layer had three pits, the bottom of which were filled with fire rubble, but their simultaneous emergence is not certain. A space was created on the younger layer above, which, when it was destroyed, had a collapse horizon inside. The iron depot was found in the rubble of a pit in the middle of this room. It has not been clearly established whether the depot got into the pit before or with the fire rubble, but archaeologists believe that the room was still there when the items were hidden. Since the composition could be household inventory, residents here may have wanted to save their valuables. The bronze vessels of the second hoard were recovered from the fall of the wall of the room. Here the researchers assume that it was only deposited after the destruction, which was gathered by plundering Germanic metal seekers. Findings and vessels allow a date to the 3rd century AD. The attempt to connect the two horizons of destruction with the waves of attack of 233 and 259/260 lacked any scientific basis.

General reading findings

The reading finds from the areas of the fort and the vicus, which have been collected since the beginning of the 2010s, are dominated by the ceramic fragments, which date to the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. The Gos of these fragments comes from terra sigillata vessels such as bowls, mortars, plates and picture bowls. A total of five different potters could be identified from these readings up to 2016, which are also of interest for the chronology. These are the potters LAL (3rd quarter of 2nd century AD), Cobnertus I or III (160–180 AD), Cerialis III (165–200 AD; occasionally also in the 3rd century AD) Century AD), Julius II − Julianus I (3rd century AD) and Art des Janu [aris] (140–150 / 160 AD). The dating of an edge piece with barbotine decor between two strips of the Niederbieber 19 type is assigned to the 3rd century AD. The terra sigillata vessels, which were mostly burned secondarily, document the destruction of Walldürn by fire, which Conrady had already discovered.

Archaeobotanical results

Crops

During his excavations in the camp village, Schallmayer had ten archaeobotanical samples taken, which the archaeobotanist Hans-Peter Stika from the University of Hohenheim examined. Most of the samples showed clay with broken brick, weakly tiled rammed earth and very small amounts of added charcoal pieces. Subfossil seeds and fruits could only be determined from three of these samples. During the examination of these three soil samples, which came south of well 3 from the damp foundation area of ​​a cellar and from the bottom of a drainage ditch near the Marsbachaue that drained this cellar, among other things, almost pure seed samples were found to contain the fruit remains of thousands and thousands of garden logs (Artiplex hortensis) , one Cultivated plant imported by the Romans . The mass discovery was extraordinary, as the garden marsh is normally used as a leaf vegetable and its seeds in the quantity and purity found are normally used exclusively for seed production. Apart from a few exceptions, almost 100% of the crop and useful plant remains of the samples consisted of the garden log. In addition to being used as a vegetable, the plant was also used for medicinal purposes and could be used to color it blue. It is therefore assumed that seeds were stored or relocated in the cellar for sowing or direct use. In the sample from the ditch, there were also few residues of spelled wheat litter , cereal grains that were no longer definable, and fragments of hazelnut shell . A wood-paneled cellar adjacent to the sampled cellar still contained several amphorae in situ . The examination of the contents showed with a high probability wheat components.

Wild plants

Only a very small part of the verifiable plant remains consisted of wild plants. Of these, in turn, 99% were field weeds, in which the bindweed knotweed (Bilderdykia convolvulus) , followed by the white goose foot (Chenopodium album) , predominated. The evidence of summer Adonis beauty (Adonis aestivalis) , a rare, poisonous plant that prefers calcareous soils, was interesting. Overall, the identifiable plants partially indicate nutrient-rich, baked soils. In Walldürn, grassland could only be occupied by small remnants.

Lost property

Important parts of the excavations from 1972/73 can be viewed in the Roman section of the Walldürn City and Pilgrimage Museum. Other finds came to the Badisches Landesmuseum in Karlsruhe.

Monument protection

The Walldürn fort, its vicus , the fort bath and the aforementioned ground monuments have been part of the UNESCO World Heritage as a section of the Upper German-Rhaetian Limes since 2005 . In addition, the facilities are cultural monuments according to the Monument Protection Act of the State of Baden-Württemberg (DSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval, and accidental finds are reported to the monument authorities.

See also

literature

  • Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . 4th edition, Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7861-2347-0 , p. 234 f.
  • Dietwulf Baatz: The bathing building of the Limes Fort Walldürn (Odenwaldkreis) . In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch 35 (1978), pp. 61-107.
  • Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman thermal baths at the Limes fort Walldürn, Odenwaldkreis. In: Preservation of monuments in Baden-Württemberg 3, 2/1974 . Pp. 25-30.
  • Willi Beck and Dieter Planck : The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-8062-0242-7 , pp. 45-48.
  • Rolf-Heiner Behrends: Investigations at the Roman fort bath of Osterburken, Odenwaldkreis. In: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg 3, 2/1974 , pp. 31–34.
  • Bernhard Cämmerer: Walldürn. Numerus fort and bath building . In: Philipp Filtzinger , Dieter Planck and Bernhard Cämmerer (eds.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. 3rd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , p. 604 ff.
  • Wilhelm Conrady: The Alteburg Fort near Walldürn. In: The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreiches (Ed .: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner , Oscar von Sarwey ): Department B, Volume 4. Verlag von Otto Petters, Heidelberg, Berlin and Leipzig 1937, pp. 70–73.
  • Robin Dürr: Find out. Walldürn . In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg (2016), pp. 818–819.
  • Britta Rabold: Walldürn. Numerus fort, civil settlement and bath. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg . Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , pp. 358-360.
  • Britta Rabold, Egon Schallmayer , Andreas Thiel : The Limes . Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1461-1 , pp. 75-76.
  • Egon Schallmayer: The Roman fort town of Walldürn. In: Peter Assion (Ed.): 1200 years Walldürn. Heimat und Museumsverein Walldürn 1995, pp. 17–84.
  • Egon Schallmayer: New finds from the Roman fort and camp village area of ​​Walldürn, Neckar-Odenwald district. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg 10 (1985), pp. 197-252.
  • Egon Schallmayer: Excavations in the camp village of the Walldürn numerus fort, Neckar-Odenwald district. In: Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart 1983, pp. 167-171.
  • Egon Schallmayer: Roman excavations in Neckarburken, Osterburken and Walldürn , In: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg - Nachrichtenblatt der Landesdenkmalpflege , Vol. 12, No. 3 (1983) , pp. 133-142 (PDF file, 1.99 MB)
  • Sabine Weinrich-Kemkes: Two metal depots from the Roman vicus of Walldürn, Neckar-Odenwald district. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg 18 (1993), pp. 253-324.

Web links

Commons : Römerbad (Walldürn)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ^ Willi Beck, Dieter Planck : The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-8062-0242-7 , pp. 45-48, here: p. 45.
  2. ^ Dietwulf Baatz, Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann, Bernhard Beckmann: The Romans in Hessen . Theiss, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-8062-0267-2 , p. 435.
  3. ↑ CIL 13, 6593 .
  4. ↑ Sabine Weinrich-Kemkes: Two metal depots from the Roman vicus of Walldürn, Neckar-Odenwald district. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg 18 (1993), pp. 253-324, here: p. 253.
  5. ↑ a b c d Dieter Planck: New research on the Upper German and Raetian Limes. In: Rise and Fall of the Roman World . Part 2. Principate . Volume 5.1, de Gruyter, Berlin 1976, pp. 440–454, here: p. 424.
  6. ^ Wilhelm Conrady: Walldürn. (Fort Alteburg.). In: Limesblatt: Notices from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission. No. 24 (September 30, 1897). Pp. 649-558; here: p. 649.
  7. ^ Wilhelm Conrady: Walldürn. (Fort Alteburg.). In: Limesblatt: Notices from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission. No. 24 (September 30, 1897). Pp. 649-558; here: p. 653.
  8. ↑ a b c d Willi Beck, Dieter Planck: The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-8062-0242-7 , pp. 45-48, here: p. 46.
  9. ↑ a b c Sabine Weinrich-Kemkes: Two metal depots from the Roman vicus of Walldürn, Neckar-Odenwald district. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg 18 (1993), pp. 253-324; here: p. 255.
  10. ^ Dieter Planck: Archeology in Württemberg. Results and perspectives of archaeological research from the Paleolithic to modern times. Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0542-6 , p. 267.
  11. ^ Bernhard Albert Greiner: The contribution of the dendrodata from Rainau book to the Limesdatierung. In: Limes XX. Estudios sobre la fontera Romana. Ediciones Polifemo, Madrid 2009, ISBN 978-84-96813-25-0 , p. 1289.
  12. ↑ Claus-Michael Hüssen: The Roman settlement in the area around Heilbronn. Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1493-X , p. 145.
  13. ↑ AE 1996, 1166 .
  14. ^ Klaus Kortüm: Osterburken. Roman border post between Neckar Valley and Taubergrund. In: Preservation of monuments in Baden-Württemberg. 35, 1/2006, p. 41.
  15. ^ Klaus Kortüm: Osterburken. Roman border post between Neckar Valley and Taubergrund. In: Preservation of monuments in Baden-Württemberg. 35, 1/2006, p. 44.
  16. ^ AE 1986, 523 .
  17. ↑ CIL 13, 11766 .
  18. ↑ Bernd Becker: Felling dates of Roman construction timbers based on a 2350 year old South German oak tree ring chronology . In find reports from Baden Württemberg . Volume 6, Theiss, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-8062-1252-X , p. 386.
  19. ↑ CIL 13, 6561 .
  20. ↑ Jürgen Obmann (Ed.): Limesentwicklungsplan Baden-Württemberg. Protection, development and research of the world heritage. State Office for Monument Preservation in the Stuttgart Regional Council, Esslingen 2007, p. 67.
  21. ^ Willi Beck and Dieter Planck : The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-8062-0242-7 , pp. 45-48; here: p. 46.
  22. ^ Wilhelm Conrady: Walldürn. (Fort Alteburg.). In: Limesblatt: Notices from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission. No. 24 (September 30, 1897), pp. 649 ff .; here: p. 651.
  23. ^ A b c Wilhelm Conrady: Walldürn. (Fort Alteburg.). In: Limesblatt: Notices from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission. No. 24 (September 30, 1897), pp. 649 ff .; here: pp. 667–668.
  24. ↑ a b c CIL 13, 6592 .
  25. ↑ a b c Dietwulf Baatz: The bathing building of the Limes Fort Walldürn (Odenwaldkreis). In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch 35, de Gruyter, Berlin 1978, pp. 61–107; here: p. 95.
  26. ↑ a b Hans-Peter Stika: Roman times cultural and useful plant remains from Baden-Württemberg. In: Annual Books of the Society for Natural History in Württemberg 151, Society for Natural History in Württemberg, 1995, p. 93.
  27. ^ A b Wilhelm Conrady: Walldürn. (Bath building and inscription.) . In: Limesblatt: Notices from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission. No. 24 (September 30, 1897), pp. 658ff .; here: p. 658.
  28. ↑ a b Willi Beck, Dieter Planck: The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd Edition. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-8062-0242-7 , pp. 45-48, here: p. 47.
  29. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: The bathing building of the Limes fort Walldürn (Odenwaldkreis). In: Saalburg yearbook . 35, Verlag Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1978, pp. 61-107, here: p. 88.
  30. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: The bathing building of the Limes fort Walldürn (Odenwaldkreis). In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch 35, de Gruyter, Berlin 1978, pp. 61–107; here: p. 94.
  31. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube . Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1701-2 , p. 224.
  32. ↑ Sabine Weinrich-Kemkes: Two metal depots from the Roman vicus of Walldürn, Neckar-Odenwald district. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg. 18, Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg, 1993, pp. 253–324, here: p. 254, footnote 9.
  33. ^ Peter Tasler:  Dediticii. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 5, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1984, ISBN 3-11-009635-8 , pp. 292-293.
  34. ^ Peter Tasler:  Dediticii. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (RGA). 2nd Edition. Volume 5, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1984, ISBN 3-11-009635-8 , p. 293.
  35. ↑ CIL 13, 6552 .
  36. ↑ Markus Scholz : Ceramics and history of the Kapersburg fort - an inventory. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch 52/53, 2002/2003, von Zabern, Mainz 2006, ISBN 3-8053-3636-5 , pp. 9–282. here: p. 114.
  37. ^ Egon Schallmayer: New finds from the Roman fort and camp village area of ​​Walldürn, Neckar-Odenwald district. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg. 10, 1985, pp. 197-252, here: p. 203.
  38. ^ Karl Schumacher: Walldürn. (Fort Alteburg.). In: Limesblatt: Notices from the route commissioners to the Reichslimeskommission. No. 24 (September 30, 1897), pp. 649 ff .; here: p. 658.
  39. ↑ Sabine Weinrich-Kemkes: Two metal depots from the Roman vicus of Walldürn, Neckar-Odenwald district. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg. 18, Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg, 1993, pp. 253-324, here: p. 305.
  40. ↑ Robin Dürr: Fundschau. Walldürn . In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg (2016), pp. 818–819; here: p. 819.
  41. ↑ Hans-Peter Stika: Roman times cultural and useful plant remains from Baden-Württemberg. In: Annuals of the Society for Natural History in Württemberg 151, Society for Natural History in Württemberg, 1995. p. 399.
  42. ^ A b c Hans-Peter Stika: Roman period plant remains from Baden-Württemberg. Contributions to agriculture, food and the environment in the Roman provinces of Upper Germany and Raetia. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8062-1285-6 , p. 94.
  43. ↑ Hans-Peter Stika: Roman times cultural and useful plant remains from Baden-Württemberg. In: Annual books of the Society for Natural History in Württemberg. 151, Society for Natural History in Württemberg, 1995, p. 95.
  44. ↑ Hans-Peter Stika: Roman times cultural and useful plant remains from Baden-Württemberg. In: Annual Books of the Society for Natural History in Württemberg 151, Society for Natural History in Württemberg, 1995, p. 417.