Miltenberg old town fort

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Miltenberg old town fort
limes ORL 38 ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Upper German Limes , route 6 ( Main line )
Dating (occupancy) around 159/160 AD
to the middle of the 3rd century AD
Type Cohort fort
unit a) Cohors I Sequanorum et Rauracorum equitata
b) Exploratores Triputienses (presumed)
size 170.25 x 160.10 m (= 2.72 ha)
Construction a) wood-earth
b) stone
State of preservation Fort area visible as a clear elevation, remnants of the military bath have been preserved
place Miltenberg
Geographical location 49 ° 42 '33 "  N , 9 ° 13' 48.2"  E Coordinates: 49 ° 42 '33 "  N , 9 ° 13' 48.2"  E hf
Previous ORL 37 Trennfurt Fort (north)
Subsequently ORL 38a Fort Miltenberg-Ost (south)
The location of the fort at the northern apex of the Front Limes

The Miltenberg-Altstadt fort was a Roman cohort fort of the principate , whose crew was responsible for security and surveillance tasks at the southern end of the Main Limes and at the northern beginning of the "Vorderen Limes", a section of the UNESCO World Heritage Site " Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes " (ORL), took over. The garrison located in the Roman province of Germania superior is now in the area of ​​the district town of Miltenberg in Bavaria .

location

The fort, which has remained largely undeveloped, is located in the "Altstat" corridor, today "In der Altstadt", around two kilometers northwest of today's medieval town center of Miltenberg and northwest of the Mud that exits into the Main and is also called Mudbach here. The floodplain of the Main, which flows from southeast to northwest at this point, borders close to the garrison's praetorial front, which faces the river . During antiquity, both the Mud and the Springbornbach, which now flows to the northeast, directly in front of the former northwestern fort defenses, formed swampy estuaries. The soldiers used the Springbornbach to supply their troops with water. Today, a railway line runs through the entire Retentura , the rear camp , in a north-westerly direction. The field name “In der Altstadt” refers to the medieval settlement “Wallhausen”, which later became desolate and which settled on the area of ​​the Roman fort, and its name apparently still refers to the ramparts of the former Roman garrison. To this day, the fort area can be recognized as a clear elevation. On the pretorial main front, the foundations of the ancient surrounding wall lie under the medieval wall that is still preserved today. The street known as Altstadtweg still enters the fort area at the exact point where the Porta principalis dextra , the south-east gate, once rose.

Research history

The Miltenberg councilor and chronicler Michael Josef Wirth (1775–1864) found two Roman altar fragments in the area of ​​the fort in 1827, the existence of which was still unknown at the time. The fragments in which the cohort Cohors Sequanorum et Rauracorum equitata is named have been lost. During excavations that Philipp Joseph Madler (1799-1884), Fürstlich Leiningenscher forester and historian, carried out in the area in the 1830s, further inscriptions were found that have also been lost. Madler finally recognized the site, which was then still in the open, as a Roman fort and published his findings in 1842. During the construction of the railway, the south-western part of the fort was cut through in 1875 and the fort bath was cut in 1878, with some of the finds being moved to Miltenberg in 1873 and responsible for the construction of the railway Production engineer Max Scherer († 1898), who also made a floor plan of the bath, were recovered. Further excavations were undertaken between 1878 and 1892 by the archeology pioneer Wilhelm Conrady (1829–1903), route commissioner of the Reich Limes Commission , who also analyzed Scherer's findings. The interior of the fort remained largely unexplored at the time, as a vineyard there with its vines made any further investigation impossible.

More recent investigations, financed by the German Research Foundation, were carried out under the direction of prehistorian Bernhard Beckmann (1925–2011) in individual excavation campaigns from 1970 to 1976. With the support of the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation , the archaeologist was able to carry out additional investigations both before and between the campaigns. In addition to the state office, the city of Miltenberg also carried out other smaller archaeological excavations in Miltenberg's old town and the surrounding area after the completion of this research project. These excavations also included the work of the prehistorian Ludwig Wamser , who worked in the old town fort from 1988 to 1990. Today information boards have been set up at the Porta principalis sinistra , at the location of the Porta principalis dextra and at the location of the baths. The foundations of the Roman garrison, attested in many areas under agricultural areas, are only modernly disturbed in the areas of the praetentura, the front camp. All other later changes resulted from the medieval overbuilding. The military bath, which was only a few meters southeast of the fort, has also been preserved in the area. A corresponding vicus has been proven, but is also not visible above ground.

Building history

The Miltenberg Old Town fort was also created when the border was moved to the east to the “Vorderen Limes” during the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius (138–161) and the archaeologically secured date to AD 159/160 . The long-planned change of garrison to the new forts was an organizational masterpiece, as it ultimately affected all military locations along the Neckar-Odenwald-Limes . A ship landing stage was probably built on the nearby Main for the transport of goods and building materials. In addition to the precise dendrochronological data and some important inscriptions for the general temporal location of the Front Limes , only sigillates from Rheinzabern, whose production began around 130–140 AD , can be used as terminus post quem in Miltenberg-Altstadt . The special strategic location, which the Romans gave this border area, emphasizes the simultaneous construction of two forts in the immediate vicinity and on the same bank of the Main. The old town fort , with its counterpart, the Miltenberg-Ost fort , is the southernmost military site on the so-called "Nassen Limes" and at the same time the northernmost fort of the "Vorderen Limes". The military and trade route from the Main valley to the Rhine and Neckar began at the old town fort.

Period 1

When it was founded around AD 159/160, a wood and earth construction was initially built. Miltenberg-Altstadt was founded around the same time as the Miltenberg-Ost fort , which was only around 2300 meters to the southeast.

After the first construction period for the gate towers and the flag sanctuary had already been proven in the 1970s, this knowledge could also be applied to the surrounding wall in 1988/1989. The wood-earth wall was uncovered about a meter behind the stone wall. The excavators discovered a foundation trench around two meters wide, which was deepened in the shape of a box almost a meter and ran parallel to the younger fence. On both sides of the longitudinal edges of the box floor, larger post pits were secured at regular intervals of 3.20 meters . Small trenches could be seen between these, in which upright wood was once set at small intervals. Everything together resulted in a wooden box construction of the rising defensive wall, which was filled with earth. The box was probably supported by a sloping turf wall on the inside and outside. The early camp had a very wide berm with probably only one pointed ditch, which with a smaller berm still existed after the stone fort was expanded. During the excavations, an enameled plate fibula with a cheek piece hinge came to light from the lowest layer of the founding phase, which Beckmann cautiously assigned to the middle of the first half of the 2nd century.

Period 2

Due to the lack of inscriptions, it is not possible to determine the time of the fortification in stone. However, parts of a building inscription have been preserved from the east fort. The inscription testifies that this stone fort was built during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211). His son and successor Caracalla is also mentioned . The information still available allows the text to be dated to AD 198 and 209, when the two ruled together. It is possible that the stone extension work on Miltenberg's old town falls into the same period. For the construction of the stone enclosing wall, it can be stated that the older wood-earth wall behind it was apparently laid down step by step as the new construction progressed and disappeared under the new earth dam, which was built inside the fort behind the stone wall. The garrison was never completely unprotected during the renovation. This type of reconstruction is also known from other fort sites.

Enclosure

The Miltenberg Old Town fort with the excavation results achieved by Max Scherer, the Reich Limes Commission and Bernhard Beckmann up to 1989

The fort was almost square in shape with rounded corners and measured 170.25 x 160.10 meters (= 2.72 hectares). The cladding of the two-shell masonry of the fence consisted of neatly machined blocks made of red sandstone. Its Praetorial Front was oriented to the northeast against the Main. According to Beckmann, the outer walls of the garrison had four gates and a total of 22 towers, eight of which were gate towers, four corner towers and eight demonstrable intermediate towers. Beckmann suspected two more intermediate towers in the area of ​​the Retentura on the northwest flank and the southeast flank . Outside, in front of the fence, two pointed trenches had been dug to prevent the approach, inside, behind the battlements, the Via sagularis , the Lagerringstrasse, ran around the entire fort area.

Interior development

The four main streets of the camp went from the gates to the central staff building ( principia ). The area within the walls was completely built on. The commandant's house and the double horreum (granary) with its massive substructure were made entirely of stone, while the team barracks, sheds and stables were half-timbered. The Principia had a total length of 59.50 meters and a width of 39.50 meters. With the exception of the 13.50-meter-wide vestibule, which adjoined the north-east in timber construction, all components were made of stone. The excavations could not clarify whether the fort also contained accommodations for the Cohors Sequanorum et Rauracorum equitata, as well as accommodations for the Exploratores Triputienses, also known from inscriptions .

Fort bath

The stone bathroom belonged to the well-known series bathroom type. The only area of ​​the bath was the lining area, the apodyterium , built in half-timbered construction on the northeast side. The system was cut in 1878 around 50 meters southeast of the Porta principalis dextra during the construction of the railway embankment in 1878 and exposed for the first time by Scherer. Today's old town path, which leads past this gate at the Bad, roughly follows the course of the ancient street route.

Post-Roman use

There is archaeological evidence of the continued use of the fort by Germanic settlers until around AD 400 . In the High Middle Ages , the area of ​​the fort was repopulated, but the documented place Waleshusen (Wallhausen) was deserted again in the 13th century. In the meantime, however, the Mildenburg was built around 1200 , which is considered the nucleus of today's city of Miltenberg. The name of the corridor in the old town , south of the Fürstlich-Lohenstein-Park, is reminiscent of Waleshusen . In the place of the former right fort gate, the Porta principalis dextra , there are now the foundation walls of a bell tower that belonged to a chapel in the medieval town.

Church above the fort bath

The church of Waleshusen, first mentioned before 1240, dates back to archaeological research by Wamser in the 11th / 12th. Century and was built on parts of the Roman fort bath. Its ruins were leveled and partially filled in using Roman spoils. In particular, the remains of the approximately 12 × 8 meter caldarium , in which a lintel with Christian symbols was found during excavations in the 19th century, now belonged to the church. Other medieval walls attached to the new building. As the research showed, the tepidarium to the northeast was also rebuilt in the Middle Ages. The Roman consecration stone for the god Santius, discussed in more detail below, may have been reworked into the altar stone of this early church. On the back of the workpiece, two Romanesque column reliefs were incorporated, which carry simple cube capitals and have a blind niche on both sides. Presumably the church belonged to a Salian - Staufer tower castle , which was built in the northeast corner of the then still standing Roman fort walls. After Waleshusen's abandonment and the demolition of the church above the thermal baths, this stone was used for the third time as a cover for a cellar niche.

Conversion of the interior of the fort

The old fort defense must have been demolished before 1229/1231. A new wall was erected exactly on its foundation walls and a town-like settlement with living quarters in front of this wall was built in the former fort interior. In 1229 Wallhausen was mentioned as a civitas , in 1231 as an oppidum . With Wallhausen, another medieval church was built in the center on the site of the former Principia . However, it no longer made any reference to the ancient building structures.

Troop

The main troop was the Cohors I Sequanorum et Rauracorum equitata , a roughly 500-man partially mounted border guard division . It is not known whether the Numerus exploratorum Triputiensium , a reconnaissance department that was also documented for Miltenberg , was located in the old town fort and how many soldiers belonged to it.

After a cathedral fire, a Roman consecration altar was discovered in Frankfurt am Main in the 19th century , which had been reworked as a spoiler . Historical invoices can prove that Miltenberg supplied the city of Frankfurt with stone material from the 15th century. Ancient buildings are sometimes considered to be inexpensive quarries up to the present day. The origin of the altar from Miltenberg can be clearly proven by naming the troops stationed here.

[Pro s] al [ute]
[Imp (eratoris) C] ae [s (aris) M (arci) Aur (eli)]
[Co] mmod [i Aug (usti)]
[co] h (ors) I Seq (uanorum) et R [aur (icorum)]
[c] uram ag [duck]
[S] extilio P […]
[…] o | (centurione) leg (ionis) XXII [P (rimigeniae) p (iae) f (idelis)]
[I] mp (eratore) Commod (o) V [I co (n) s (ule)]

Translation: “For the salvation of the emperor Marcus Aurelius Commodus Augustus, the 1st cohort Sequanorum and Rauricorum under the leadership of Sextilius P (…), centurion of the Legio XXII Primigenia Pia Fidelis. When the Emperor Commodus was consul for the 5th (6th or 7th) time. "

Since the number in front of the consulate of Commodus is no longer completely preserved, the inscription can only be dated relatively precisely. The year of origin is conceivable for AD 186, 190 or 192.

Border guard commanders of the Cohors I Sequanorum et Rauracorum and the Numerus Exploratorum Seiopensium

There is evidence of troop leaders stationed in Miltenberg

Surname rank Time position comment
Claudius Iustinus Centurio legionis of Legio XXII Primigenia, Praepositus numeri around AD 159/160? Became known through at least two brick stamps. One came from the bath of the old town fort, a second from an outbuilding of the Wp 7/6.
Titus Valerius Caratinus Centurion approx. 159 / 160–250 made a vow to the genius of the Numerus Seiopensium
Sextilius P (...) Centurio legionis of Legio XXII Primigenia 186, 190 or 192 consecrated an inscription with the Cohors I Sequanorum et Rauracorum for Commodus
Mansuetinius Se (...) Centurio cohortis 191 in 191 he dedicated a statuette to Mercurius Cimbrianus on the Greinberg
Caius Valerius Titus Centurio legionis 193-211 Coming from the tribe Quirina, an area around Reate, today's Italian Rieti in Latium , he was Cornicularius consularis former orderly officer of a commander-in-chief. Before his assignment in Miltenberg, he was named as commander in Öhringen between 175 and 177.
... (name no longer legible) Centurio legionis, Praepositus numeri 212 in the year 212 he set a consecration stone for Mercurius Cimbrianus on the Greinberg
Gaius Sempronius Martialis Praefectus cohortis at 230-235 was stationed during the governorship of Sextus Catius Clementinus Priscillianus in the province of Germania superior in Miltenberg; left three preserved dedicatory inscriptions there
... (name no longer legible) Praepositus numeri ? the knight settled in retirement in his native Italy

A fragmented dedication was also received from a lower-ranking Hundred Leader. It was recycled as spoil in the outer area of ​​the medieval Wallhausen. This altar is particularly interesting due to the naming of the otherwise unknown local deity Santius.

Victoria columns

One of the important finds from this fort site is a sandstone column that has been preserved 2.32 meters high, has a diameter of 0.50 meters and contains a dedication to the goddess Victoria . By naming the Roman governor Sextus Catius Clementinus Priscillianus it is possible to date it to the years 231–234 AD. Parts of these columns, once made in at least two versions, were discovered over a long period of time in two different places in front of the fort. The base and a fragment with remains of the inscription that belonged to the filling of the fort bath in front of the Porta principalis dextra , when the medieval church was built in its place, was found as early as 1875 . The piece with the remains of the inscriptions is lost today, but in 1975, immediately in front of the west tower of the Porta principalis dextra , collapsed in the Spitzgraben, the majority of the second, in this case very well-preserved column emerged from the ground. This bears the same inscription as the one on the missing piece - only that the inscription on the column shaft discovered in 1975 has been completely preserved.

In h (onorem) d (omus) d (ivinae)
Victoriae
perpetuae sacrum
sub cur (a) Sexti Cati
Clementini
co (n) s (ularis) pr (ovinciae) G (ermaniae) s (uperioris)
C (aius) Semproni-
us Martialis
praef (ectus)

Translation: “In honor of the divine imperial house. Consecrated to the ever-acting goddess of victory under the supervision of Sextus Catius Clementinus, governor of the province of Upper Germany, Caius Sempronius Martialis, commander. "

As the ancient historian Oliver Stoll emphasized, this dedication was made sub cura by the Sextus Catius Clementinus, i.e. by the governor himself. It can be assumed that one of the monuments was erected directly at the western entrance to the fort and thus clearly visible for an important reason. The first great Alemanni invasion can be assigned to 233 AD, when the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes was overrun on a broad front. It is not known where the second pillar was erected.

Temple district on the Greinberg

Drawing of the Toutonenstein after Wilhelm Conrady, 1878

To the south-east of the fort, the Roman road route ran south along the Limes around the Greinberg. Up there, on the 500 meter high ridge between the Miltenberg-Ost numerus fort and the Miltenberg-Altstadt cohort fort, the Romans built two verifiable temples within prehistoric ramparts . A large and important sanctuary for the veneration of Mercurius Cimbrianus and Mercurius Avernoricus (Avernus) has been secured since 1845 . On the north-western steep slope there was a second temple, discovered in 1881, as a simple rectangular building. The inscriptions discovered there during the excavations at that time also testify to donations to Mercury. The name of the troops stationed in Miltenberg-Ost, a reconnaissance unit of around 120 men, called the Numerus Exploratorum Seiopensium and subordinate to the commander of the old town fort , could be determined from several inscriptions. One of these documents comes from the great Mercury sanctuary and dates to the year 212 AD.

South of the more important Merkur temple, Conrady was the first to describe the Toutonen stone discovered there in 1878, which is over five meters high .

Lost property

Numerous finds from the forts and the camp village are in the Museum Stadt Miltenberg .

Monument protection

The Miltenberg-Altstadt fort is under the inventory number D-6-6221-0051 "Fort of the Roman Empire and medieval urban desert" Waleshusen "with fortifications" a ground monument according to the Bavarian Monument Protection Act (BayDSchG). Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval, and accidental finds are reported to the monument authorities.

literature

  • Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube. 4th edition. Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7861-2347-0 , p. 215 ff.
  • Kurt Böhner : The transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages in the area of ​​the Roman Main-Limes . In: Guide to prehistoric and early historical monuments 8 - Miltenberg, Amorbach, Obernburg, Aschaffenburg, Seligenstadt . Mainz 1967, p. 61 ff
  • Bernhard Beckmann : Recent excavations in the Miltenberg-Altstadt fort (ORL. B III No. 38) . In: Studies on the military borders of Rome. 2. Lectures of the 10th International Limes Congress in the Germania Inferior (= Bonner Jahrbücher. Supplements 38), Cologne (inter alia) 1977, pp. 83–86.
  • Bernhard Beckmann: Recent excavations in the Roman Limes fort Miltenberg-Altstadt and in medieval Walehusen. A preliminary report . In: Annual report of the Bavarian monument preservation 17/18, 1976/1977, pp. 62-131.
  • Wilhelm Otto Keller, Jürgen Leuner (editor): 750 years of the city of Miltenberg, 1237-1987. Contributions to the history, economy and culture of a Franconian town , Stadt Miltenberg, Miltenberg 1987. Therein:
  • Bernhard Beckmann: The Romans in Miltenberg , pp. 35–74.
  • Bernhard Beckmann: Walehusen-Wallhausen, a medieval city on Roman ruins , pp. 75-100.
  • Bernhard Beckmann: To the oldest Roman Limes fort in Miltenberg old town, Miltenberg district, Lower Franconia . In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1989, pp. 129–132.
  • Bernhard Beckmann: To the oldest Roman Limes fort in Miltenberg . In: Archeology in Germany 3, 1990, p. 36 f.
  • Bernhard Beckmann: Newer investigations into the Roman Limes fort Miltenberg-Altstadt (= material booklets on Bavarian prehistory. Find inventories and excavation findings 85), Lassleben, Kallmünz 2004.
  • Wilhelm Conrady , Friedrich Leonhard : The fort old town near Miltenberg . In: The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreiches , Section B, Vol. 3, No. 38, 1910.
  • Bernhard Oswald : The Limes Fort Miltenberg-Altstadt in the course of the Upper Germanic Limes. Construction period 2: the stone fort after the excavations in 1970 - 1976 , Plexus, Miltenberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-937996-18-9 .
  • Dieter Planck , Willi Beck : The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , pp. 38-40.
  • Britta Rabold , Egon Schallmayer , Andreas Thiel : The Limes. The German Limes Road from the Rhine to the Danube . Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1461-1 , p. 71 f.
  • Hans Schönberger : The Roman troop camps of the early and middle imperial period between the North Sea and Inn . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 66, 1985. P. 479.
  • Sebastian Sommer : Fort vicus and fort . In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg 13, 1988, pp. 457-707, here: pp. 676 f.
  • Ludwig Wamser : In the ruins of the Roman fort Miltenberg-Altstadt. Franconian base, Staufer tower castle, Palatine-Wittelsbach oppidum, late medieval manor house . In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1989, p. 160.
  • Ludwig Wamser: Fortified systems from the early to late Middle Ages in the ruins of the Roman fort Miltenberg-Altstadt . In: Horst Wolfgang Böhme (Hrsg.): Castles of the Salierzeit. Part 2: In the southern landscapes of the empire (= monographs of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum 25/26), Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1991, ISBN 3799541349 , pp. 235–244.
  • Ludwig Wamser: A ruin becomes a city: the “Altstat” fort in Roman times and the Middle Ages; Miltenberg old town . In: Ludwig Wamser , Bernd Steidl (Hrsg.): Limes World Heritage. Roms Grenz am Main , (= exhibition catalog of the Archaeological State Collection Munich 36), Logo, Obernburg am Main 2008, ISBN 978-3-939462-06-4 , pp. 236-251.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ^ A b Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 82 u. Fig. 39.
  2. ↑ Karl Bosl (Ed.): Handbook of the historical sites of Germany 7 (= Kröner's pocket edition 277) Verlag Kröner, Stuttgart 1965, p. 448.
  3. ↑ Beckmann: The Romans in Miltenberg . In: 750 years of the city of Miltenberg , p. 37 f.
  4. ↑ Bernhard Beckmann: Newer studies on the Roman Limes fort Miltenberg-Altstadt. Material booklets on Bavarian prehistory. Row A. Volume 85 , Kallmünz / Opf. 2004, p. 15; see also information board at the fort site , (as of 2015)
  5. ↑ a b Beckmann: The Romans in Miltenberg . In: 750 Years of the City of Miltenberg , p. 39
  6. ↑ III. Staff news . In: Journal of the Bavarian Architects and Engineers Association , 5, 1873, issue 1–6, p. 56.
  7. ^ A b Walter Barthel : The exploration of the Upper German-Raetian Limes in the years 1908-1912. In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 6, 1910/1911 (1913), pp. 114–181, here: p. 153.
  8. ↑ a b Bernhard Beckmann: To the oldest Roman Limes fort in Miltenberg-Altstadt, Miltenberg district, Lower Franconia . In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1989, pp. 129–132; here: p. 129.
  9. ↑ Bernhard Beckmann: Newer studies on the Roman Limes fort Miltenberg-Altstadt. Material booklets on Bavarian prehistory. Row A. Volume 85 , Kallmünz / Opf. 2004, p. 17.
  10. ^ Bernhard Beckmann: The Romans in Miltenberg . In: 750 years of the city of Miltenberg . Ed .: City of Miltenberg. Miltenberg 1987. pp. 35-75, here pp. 40 ff
  11. ↑ Hans Schönberger : The Roman fort Öhringen-West (Bürgkastell) . In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 53, 1972/1973, pp. 233–296; here: p. 291.
  12. ↑ Claus-Michael Hüssen: The Roman settlement in the area around Heilbronn. Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1493-X , p. 145.
  13. ^ Bernhard Albert Greiner: The contribution of the dendrodata from Rainau book to the Limesdatierung. In: Limes XX. Estudios sobre la frontera Romana. Ediciones Polifemo, Madrid 2009, ISBN 978-84-96813-25-0 , p. 1289.
  14. ↑ Bernd Becker: Felling dates of Roman construction timbers based on a 2350 year old South German oak tree ring chronology . In find reports from Baden Württemberg . Volume 6, Theiss, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-8062-1252-X , p. 386.
  15. ^ Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 82 u. Fig. 84.
  16. ↑ Beckmann: The Romans in Miltenberg . In: 750 Jahre Stadt Miltenberg , pp. 43–46
  17. ^ Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany . 2nd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 82 u. Fig. 40.
  18. ↑ a b Bernhard Beckmann: The Romans in Miltenberg . In: Wilhelm Otto Keller, J. Leuner (editor): 750 years of the city of Miltenberg, 1237–1987. Contributions to the history, economy and culture of a Franconian town, Stadt Miltenberg, Miltenberg 1987, p. 36.
  19. ^ Bernhard Beckmann: To the oldest Roman Limes fort in Miltenberg old town, Miltenberg district, Lower Franconia . In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1989, pp. 129–132; here: pp. 130–132.
  20. ↑ AE 1982, 00717 .
  21. ^ Bernhard Beckmann: The Romans in Miltenberg . In: Wilhelm Otto Keller, J. Leuner (editor): 750 years of the city of Miltenberg, 1237–1987. Contributions to the history, economy and culture of a Franconian city, Stadt Miltenberg, Miltenberg 1987, p. 47.
  22. ↑ a b Beckmann: The Romans in Miltenberg . In: 750 Jahre Stadt Miltenberg , p. 40; and
    Bernhard Beckmann: Recent studies on the Roman Limes fort Miltenberg-Altstadt. Material booklets on Bavarian prehistory. Row A. Volume 85 , Kallmünz / Opf. 2004, Appendix 1, Plan b
  23. ↑ Beckmann: The Romans in Miltenberg . In: 750 years of the city of Miltenberg , p. 41, and
    Bernhard Beckmann: Recent studies on the Roman Limes fort Miltenberg old town. Material booklets on Bavarian prehistory. Row A. Volume 85 , Kallmünz / Opf. 2004, pp. 26 - 47
  24. ^ Greinberg temples to museums on the Main Limes ; accessed on April 10, 2018
  25. ↑ a b CIL 13, 06607 .
  26. ↑ a b Stefan Eismann : No. 44 Church in the fort bath of the fort old town . In: Stefan Eismann: Early churches on Roman foundations. Studies on their manifestations in southwest Germany, southern Bavaria and Switzerland (= Freiburg contributors to the archeology and history of the first millennium 8), Leidorf, Rahden 2004, ISBN 3-89646-768-9 , p. 243.
  27. ↑ Ludwig Wamser : In the ruins of the Roman fort Miltenberg-Altstadt. Franconian base, Staufer tower castle, Palatine-Wittelsbach oppidum, late medieval manor house . In: The Archaeological Year in Bavaria 1989, pp. 160–168; here: pp. 166–168.
  28. ↑ CIL 13, 07325 .
  29. ↑ Yvonne Schmuhl: You can build on these stones . In Ludwig Wamser (ed.): Limes World Heritage - Rome's border on the Main. The stone monuments . Exhibition catalog (= messages from the Friends of Bavarian Pre- and Early History eV 121) Munich 2008, No. 51.
  30. ↑ CIL 13, 12460 .
  31. ^ Georg Hock : New Roman finds from the Bavarian Lower Maing area . In: Korrespondenzblatt des Gesamtverein der deutschen Geschichts- und Altertumsvereine 61, 1913, pp. 111–112; here: p. 111.
  32. ↑ CIL 13, 06600 .
  33. ↑ CIL 13, 07325 .
  34. ↑ CIL 13, 06604 .
  35. ↑ CIL 13, 06598 .
  36. ↑ CIL 13, 06542 .
  37. ↑ CIL 13, 06543 .
  38. ↑ CIL 13, 06597 .
  39. ↑ CIL 13, 06608 .
  40. ↑ AE 1977, 00593 .
  41. ↑ CIL 11, 3104 .
  42. ^ Yvonne Schmuhl: The other side of the altar . In Ludwig Wamser (ed.): Limes World Heritage - Rome's border on the Main. The stone monuments . Exhibition catalog (= messages from the Friends of Bavarian Pre- and Early History eV 121) Munich 2008, No. 50.
  43. ↑ CIL 13, 06608 .
  44. ↑ AE 1977, 00593 .
  45. ↑ Helmut Castritius , Manfred Clauss , Leo Hefner : Contributions to the research of the Odenwald 2, 1977, p. 237 ff. No. 50.
  46. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz , Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann (ed.): Die Römer in Hessen , Theiss, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3806202672 , p. 439.
  47. ↑ Ludwig Wamser , Bernd Steidl (Ed.): Limes World Heritage. Rome's border on the Main , (= exhibition catalog of the Archaeological State Collection Munich 36), Logo, Obernburg am Main 2008, ISBN 978-3-939462-06-4 , p. 201, fig. 206, 207.
  48. ↑ Oliver Stoll : Roman Army and Society. Collected contributions 1991-1999 (= Mavors Roman army researches 13), Steiner, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-515-07817-7 , p. 101.
  49. ^ Greinberg temple district
  50. ↑ CIL 13, 06603 .
  51. ↑ CIL 13, 06604 .
  52. ^ Britta Rabold , Egon Schallmayer , Andreas Thiel : Der Limes. The German Limes Road from the Rhine to the Danube . Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1461-1 , p. 72.
  53. ↑ Bavarian List of Monuments Miltenberg