Stockstadt Castle

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Stockstadt Castle
limes ORL 33 ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Upper German Limes ,
route 6 (Main line)
Dating (occupancy) around 90 AD
to 260 AD
Type Cohort fort
unit Cohors III Aquitanorum eq. c. R. ,
Coh. II Hispanorum eq. p. f.,
Coh. I Aquitanorum veterana eq.
size 3.25 ha
Construction a) Wood and earth fort.
b) Stone fort
State of preservation Ground monument not visible
place Stockstadt am Main
Geographical location 49 ° 58 '38.6 "  N , 9 ° 4' 2.5"  E Coordinates: 49 ° 58 '38.6 "  N , 9 ° 4' 2.5"  E
height 115  m above sea level NHN
Previous Seligenstadt Fort (northwest)
Subsequently Niedernberg Castle (southeast)

The Stockstadt Fort is a former Roman fort in Stockstadt am Main in the Aschaffenburg district in Lower Franconia . Excavations lasting several years, mainly in the early 20th century, provided evidence of a fort with two briefly documented predecessor buildings, as well as a succession of various troops stationed there. Stock city was thus from the early period of the Upper German-Rhaetian Limes to Limes case a significant permanent camp on the Main Line, the so-called wet Limes . The site is important for archaeological research because of the large number of stone monuments that were found mainly in the vicus in the area of ​​two mithraea , a sanctuary for Iupiter-Dolichenus and a beneficiary station.

location

Site plan of the fort in Stockstadt am Main
Notice board near the fort today
Inscribed reference to a nymph shrine from Stockstadt. The stone is now on the Saalburg .
Silver votive sheet from the Mithraeum in the Saalburg Museum
Wilhelm Conrady (1829–1903), route commissioner of the Reich Limes Commission and discoverer of the Stockstadt fort
Finds from the Mithraeum in Stockstadt, exhibited in the Horreum of the Saalburg Museum

Stockstadt is conveniently located near the confluence of the Gersprenz in the Main (Moenus) , which, in addition to its function as a border, was important for supplying the forts on the Nassen Limes. Since the Gersprenz was also used for shipping in Roman times, possibly with smaller barges, it was probably an important transshipment point there. A beneficiary station and other stone monuments from Roman times are evidence of this. The Civitas capital Dieburg could be reached via the Gersprenz . Finds such as a boat's hook in Groß-Bieberau indicate that the small river was used far into the valleys of the front Odenwald .

An early Roman road, of which significant remains have been identified with the Bickenbach swamp bridge at the Allmendfeld small fort , initially connected the west gate with Gernsheim am Rhein. The importance of this connection to the west grew through the later founding of the main town of Dieburg. However, it could not be proven in the immediate vicinity of the fort. The main settlement axis of the fort village was along the Römerstraße, which ran from northwest to southeast and connected Stockstadt with the neighboring forts of Seligenstadt (northwest) and Niedernberg (southeast) parallel to the Main Limes . This route was cut several times in the area of ​​the fort.

The Roman troop base was located south of the current residential area on both sides of the Rhein-Main-Bahn between Stockstadt station and the Main. The facility was 160 to 200 meters from the river. From the high bank it was only about 75 meters. The area is completely built over with industrial facilities, nothing of the ancient sites is visible.

history

The Stockstadt forts are the most extensively researched of all Roman military sites in the Main Limes. This made it possible to obtain a very clear picture of the chronological sequence of the various fort complexes and the troops stationed here. It is unclear whether the sometimes rather rapid change in the cohorts was only typical for the Fort Stockstadt or whether there were similarities at other locations in the Limes region. Due to the numerous legacies, especially the stone monuments with the naming of the troops, Stockstadt offers a very coherent picture of the chronological processes. Although there are also findings of fortifications following one another in chronological order from some military bases in the region , the sources of the units stationed there are usually poor compared to Stockstadt.

The chronology of the Stockstadt fort complex probably begins with a small hill north of the railway line. It was soon replaced by the first wood and earth fort, which was only partially excavated. Only a few stratified finds were recovered from both complexes , later parts of the vicus (camp village) overlaid the early forts. Finds suggest that the first garrison did not emerge before 90 AD, according to a more recent evaluation of the coin series even between 100 and 110 AD. The predecessor function of the Stockstädter Schanzen compared to the fort has recently been questioned.

The sparsely documented wood and earth fort may have served as a construction site for the larger, southeastern cohort fort , which was probably built around 100 AD. Together with the Balineum (fort bath) it belonged to the early Trajan times. In addition to the small finds, the stamped bricks from the bathing building were decisive for the dating. 122 of the 126 bricks were stamped by the Legio XXII Primigenia . The other four had probably been used for a repair, they bore the much later stamp of the Cohors IIII Vindelicorum (4th cohort of the Vindelikers ) from the Großkrotzenburg fort located downstream . The brick stamps of the 22nd Legion are known in research as the Stockstadt group . They are to be set very soon after the Legion was moved to Mogontiacum (Mainz) around 93 AD. This group of stamp types is significant for the dating of numerous other fort buildings on the Upper Germanic Limes, including the Marköbel and Ober-Florstadt fort, the Hanau-Salisberg fort bath and the Hainstadt fort .

Presumably during the reign of Emperor Hadrian, the cohort fort was surrounded by stone. An extensive camp village developed to the north and south of it. The establishment of a civil administration ( Civitas Auderiensium ) with the main location in Dieburg favored the location economically. A landing stage for ships was built on the Main and a beneficiary station right next to it. The importance of the Umschlagplatz can be seen from the dedicatory inscription of a soldier of Legio XXII for Iupiter Dolichenus , who was assigned to Stockstadt with a logging command. The inscription can be dated to the year 214 AD and belongs to a series of similar inscriptions that were found on the Main Limes in Obernburg or Trennfurt , for example .

With two mithraea and a sanctuary for Iupiter Dolichenus , oriental cults of the late second and third centuries can be traced in Stockstadt. There were also references in inscriptions to a Fortuna sanctuary and a nymphaeum . The cult of Iupiter Heliopolitanus from Heliopolis ( Baalbek ), which is very rare in the northwestern provinces, is also documented in nearby Zellhausen. A Coh prefect donated its altar . I Aquitanorum, who came from Berytus ( Beirut ) not far from Heliopolis and probably brought the cult with him from his homeland. The numerous stone monuments in Stockstadt form a unique collection of this type on the Upper German-Raetian Limes. Fort and vicus existed until the Limes Falls in the middle of the 3rd century AD.

In the area of ​​the fort, some body graves were recovered which, based on the additions, date to the 4th century AD. From the finds one can see that the area was visited by Alamanni in late antiquity. There are parallels to this in the Main Limes fort towns of Großkrotzenburg and Hainstadt. The medieval settlement core of Stockstadt, however, was further north. The fort area remained undeveloped until the time of the Reich Limes Commission (RLK).

Military units stationed

By references to inscriptions, three units can be identified in Stockstadt. Stamps on bricks from several constructions of the cohort fort and from two brick kilns prove the presence of the Cohors III Aquitanorum equitata civium Romanorum (3rd partially mounted Aquitanian cohort of Roman citizens). It was a 500-man cohort (cohors quingenaria) and a cavalry unit of 120 men, a total of 620 men. The bricks used show that this unit built the fort, although it is not certain whether it was stationed there before.

The cohort was moved to the Neckarburken fort in the first half of the 2nd century AD . The Coh took her place . II Hispanorum eq. pia fidelis (2nd partially mounted cohort of Spaniards, dutiful and loyal), who was previously stationed in the Wimpfen fort in the valley . The name of this cohort appears on the gravestone of the soldier Diomedes , an isaurian by birth, and in the dedicatory inscription of a Decurio . Both inscriptions are undated. The introductory formula [I] nh (onorem) d (omus) d (ivinae) (In honor of the imperial house) of the decurion consecration makes it probable that it was created at the earliest in the time of Antoninus Pius .

After the middle of the 2nd century AD, the Coh. II Hispanorum eq. pf in the Heddesdorf fort , so it will not have stood in Stockstadt very long. She was from the Coh, who was previously proven in the Arnsburg Castle . I Aquitanorum veterana eq. (1st partially mounted veteran cohort of the Aquitaine), which probably remained in Stockstadt until the fort was abandoned. It is documented by several inscriptions from the Dolichenus sanctuary.

exploration

The oldest records of Roman finds in Stockstadt are from the beginning of the 19th century. A “considerable Roman bath” was discovered in 1820 not far from the churchyard “very close to the Main”. During the construction of the railway (with the Stockstadt railway bridge ) in 1858, which crosses the fort area, the opportunity for further investigations was not used. It was not until 1885 that Wilhelm Conrady carried out excavations on a large scale. The cohort fort was discovered in the spring of the same year. The excavations extended over 25 years.

In 1897, larger investigations had become necessary because a pulp factory of the Aschaffenburger Aktien-Gesellschaft für Maschinenpapier-Fabrikation (today Sappi GmbH ) was to be built on the site . Conrady was in charge of the archaeological research until shortly before his death; the on-site management lay with the factory engineer Carl Wirth, who showed great interest in Roman antiquity. A street in Stockstadt, near the fort, is named after him. Most of the finds from the older excavations have been lost. The stone monuments were donated to the Saalburg Museum, which had sent trained workers and provided technical assistance after Conrady's death. Only a few finds found their way into the municipal collections of Aschaffenburg or are in the local museum of local history. In 1908 and 1909, the Aschaffenburg History Association had some excavations carried out.

In 1962, during foundation work for a factory building in the northeastern storage area of ​​the cohort fort, a coin treasure with at least six aurei and 1315 denarii was discovered in a jug . The most recent coin was minted between 167 and 168 AD. The hoard of coins is expected before chatting incursions during the Marcomanni wars have been hidden and is now in the Abbey Museum Aschaffenburg .

Some smaller investigations took place in the early 1990s. They provided new information about the civil settlement and the burial ground. Two further consecration altars were discovered in a filled cellar 50 meters outside the southern corner of the cohort fort. Five horse burials of male animals with bent limbs not far from it cannot be explained with certainty. Parts of a pottery and brickworks district with over 80 fire and incendiary graves provided further information on the burial ground.

Consecration stone of a beneficiary of Legio VIII Augusta from Stockstadt, today in the principia of Kastell Saalburg, Saalburg Museum
Finds of stone monuments from the Mithraeum and the Dolichenum in the Limeswerk
Consecration stone of the beneficiary Lucius Flavius ​​Paternus, exhibited in the Saalburg Museum

Stone monuments

In Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani 146 stone monuments from fort and Vicus Stock city acquired. In addition to the finds from Mithraeum I, the consecration stones of the beneficiaries deserve special mention. Ten of these dedicatory inscriptions and several fragments are processed to a higher quality than the other finds, mostly more richly decorated and have a clean, even typeface. This may reflect the higher purchasing power of the legionary soldiers posted as beneficiaries.

Stylistically, the Stockstadt altars seem to form a less closed group than the numerous finds from the beneficiary station in nearby Obernburg . The altar shapes in particular vary more widely in Stockstadt, with geometric-abstract motifs used as ornamentation. The Stockstadt group of consecration altars resemble two consecration stones from the area around Jagsthausen Fort . It is noticeable that one of these two stylistically related stones was consecrated in Jagsthausen by a soldier who donated such a stone in Stockstadt. The later stones from Stockstadt are only preserved in fragments. Apparently the production was stopped around 210 AD. Some of the altars were reworked and reused in Mithraeum I, with the remains of the inscriptions and especially the decorations typical of beneficiary consecration stones on the side surfaces of the altars.

The fragments of the Mithras cult image show that it comes from the same workshop as the fragments found in nearby Dieburg. In addition to a very similar division of the image fields, both reliefs in the medallion field show an identical scene of the Phaeton legend . Stylistic correspondence also exists in two relief depictions of torchbearers ( Cautes and Cautopates ) and four other sculptures. They probably come from the same workshop. Although stylistically they can be classified in the last quarter of the 2nd century AD, they were found in the later Mithraeum I, which makes a reuse of large parts of the inventory in the younger building likely.

The high incidence of monuments opposite the hinterland is due to the troops stationed there. While the monuments from civilian settlements, such as the giant columns of Jupiter , are in the Gallo-Roman tradition, military figures from very different regions of the Roman Empire can be found in Stockstadt. Inscribed references are available for soldiers from Thrace , Asia Minor, the Middle East and North Africa. One of the very rare finds on the Limes is the base of a genius statue , the inscription of which is written in very carefully crafted Greek script. The relatively frequent dedications for a genius loci indicate a lack of indigenous pre-Roman cults in the region. One of the regional specialties is a window or lintel lunette , which is common as architectural decoration of numerous buildings in the Odenwald Limes.

The local red sandstone was the preferred material for sculptures and inscription stones. Most of the monuments were made of reddish sandstone, but there are also variants made of gray and beige-yellowish stone. In addition to the good processing options, the inexpensive transport spoke in favor of using the stones from the Lower Maing area and the front Odenwald.

investment

A total of three successive fort buildings were found, whereby a rapid structural sequence from the first smaller ski jump to the construction of the cohort fort is likely. The nearby fort sites in Nida-Heddernheim and Altenstadt had a similar development, with the later forts in Altenstadt covering the previous ones. The Salisberg Fort, which is also nearby, has a similar starting date to Stockstadt. There, too, there was probably a predecessor building with the Kesselstadt fort , and later a Limes line followed with the Rückingen and Großkrotzenburg forts . The Seligenstadt fort south of the Main and the earlier Hainstadt fort may correspond to this scheme. Because of later overbuilding, finds from most of these forts are even less reliably stratified than from Stockstadt. The chronological sequence of the Stockstadt forts thus has a significant influence on the dating of other Limes forts on the Main Limes and on the eastern section of the weather .

Schanze or small wooden fort

The so-called Erdschanze , technically better a small wooden fort , was located north of the railway line. Only the ditch was proven; the completely removed wall probably consisted of an earth structure reinforced with wood. Measured from the top of the ditch, the early facility had an internal area of ​​66 × 57 meters (= 0.38 hectares).

No reliable information can be given for the interior development. On the one hand, this is due to the fact that, due to the excavation methods of the RLK, no findings of wooden buildings from the military or civilian sector were recognized in all of Stockstadt , on the other hand, the inner surface was of buildings after the abandonment of the ski jump and the early wood-earth fort of the fort vicus superimposed. It was not possible to reliably differentiate these civilian findings from the early fort complexes, which were later dated, and there was no precise documentation of the location of objects from the fort moat. Find material could have found its way into the still open trenches much later after the hill was abandoned.

Floor plan of the cohort fort in the Limeswerk
The porta praetoria facing the Main , the narrow and deep gate towers striking
Different trench profiles with double point

Wood and earth fort

The existence of the wood-earth fort is evident from the evidence of a ditch that ran parallel to the southeastern ditch of the previous hill. It could be detected over a length of 50 m. Since it turned to the southeast, it must be concluded that there was another facility between the small wooden fort and the later large cohort fort. Presumably the southwestern continuation of the trench ran under the later city ​​path . No statements can be made about the size of the camp. As with the small wooden fort, the dating also remains unclear. There is no doubt that it existed before the cohort fort, probably as a successor to the small wooden fort. A short-term occupation as a construction warehouse for the cohort fort would be conceivable.

Cohort fort

The cohort fort, located south of the two preceding installations, had its front facing northeast, towards the Main. Due to the excavation methods used at that time, only stone buildings were documented by him. The fact that there was a predecessor building in wood and earth construction or half-timbered buildings inside is evident from the findings of an older wooden building under the principia (staff building) and a wooden predecessor of the north-eastern gate tower, the porta principalis sinistra (left camp gate). The fort occupies an area of ​​198.6 × 163.8 meters (= 3.25 hectares) and is similar to the forts Saalburg , Marköbel, Langenhain and Butzbach , which were probably built at the same time and, as far as is known, also for a partially mounted one Cohort (cohors equitata) .

From the fortifications of the stone fort, the excavation pits of the foundation walls were found almost exclusively, which stood out clearly from the gravel ground. The foundation masonry consisted of local gneiss , the so-called Ballenberger . Red Main sandstone was preferred for the rising masonry due to its weather resistance . The number of twelve tin capstones found is noticeably large, plus five corner pieces (possibly from the uncovered corner towers). The straight pieces were between 1.07 and 1.34 meters in length. All capstones were found in the backfill of the trench. It is possible that the unwieldy stones, which were difficult to reuse, were thrown into the still open castle moat before the castle wall was removed down to the foundation for recycling.

The fort wall was between 1.20 and 1.40 meters wide, the foundation 1.80 meters. The fort was rounded at the corners with an inner radius of 15 meters. The corner towers protruding outwards (5.30 × 3.80 m), which were probably added in a later construction phase, are particularly striking on the floor plan. No intermediate towers were found. The gate towers were also remarkably narrow and deep (6.90 × 4.20 m), with the exception of the porta praetoria (front camp gate), the remaining three gates only had one passage. On the inside of the wall there was a pile of embankments, the width of which can be specified as 4.60 to 5.10 meters by evidence of the via sagularis (Wallstrasse).

A simple pointed ditch with a width of 7 meters ran around the fort. It was separated from the wall by a berm about 1.20 to 1.40 meters wide . A renewal of the trench is evidenced by a double point in the profile (trench cut) with a distance of about 80 centimeters to each other.

With the exception of the stone principia (staff building), only partial floor plans are known of the interior development . These are mostly the deeper, foundation parts of buildings, of which the timber-framed extensions were not recognized. In the north-west corner there was a larger building complex with several ovens, which is referred to as a bakery.

Floor plan of the bathing building (left), right building from the vicus , mostly cellar
The restored fort bath, today in Nilkheimer Park

Fort bath

The bathing building was located about 50 meters in front of the southern part of the Praetorial Front , the side of the camp facing the enemy, in close proximity to the Main. After the discovery and first conservation in 1820, only follow-up examinations could be carried out on the large area excavations. It has a length of 44.50 with a maximum width of 19.45 meters and belongs to the so-called row type , in which the three most important bathing wings are arranged one behind the other in an axis. Since an apodyterium (dressing room) could not be proven, it will probably have existed in an extension made of wood or half-timbered. Similar findings are known from the fort baths in Würzberg and Walldürn .

Due to the apses of the hot bath, which are particularly common in buildings from the Hadrianic period, dating to this time was initially considered. Similar types of fort baths are already known in the Upper Germanic Limes from the Flavian era , such as the thermal baths of Fort Echzell , Fort Bendorf or Fort Salisberg.

After the excavations at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the bath was restored. 70 years later it had to give way to a factory building in 1968. It was moved to Nilkheimer Park , where it is still located.

The wooden components of the ship landing stage during the excavation, around 1900
Representation of a bridge on the Trajan Column , which is very similar to the wooden construction of the Stockstadt pier

Vicus and burial ground

The fort village ( Vicus ) stretched along the Main north and south of the fort. As with the fort interior development, only deeper-lying findings such as cellars and hypocausts are documented; therefore, no coherent picture can be obtained of the residential development, although Wirth touched on over 50 cellars or stone buildings. The extension of the via principalis to the north and south formed the main axis of the camp village. It was detected in places, with a width of nine meters was found. Settlement seems to have been denser south of the fort, so that the road was no longer sufficient for development. A second street ran parallel about 100 meters to the west, which presumably reached the rear fort gate ( porta decumana ) .

A larger part of the grave fields could be excavated, especially north of the railway line and the earth hill. In Vicus several individual findings have been included in the archaeological research found.

About 100 meters north of the cohort fort, near the banks of the Main, a brick kiln dated to the period 95–125 AD was uncovered, which, according to the stamps, was operated by the Cohors III Aquitanorum (3rd cohort of Aquitanians). Another kiln from the same unit was discovered 75 meters from the south corner of the fort. The bricks were mainly used for buildings within the stone fort.

Ship landing

In front of the north-eastern corner of the camp there was a landing stage for ships. A heavily damaged quay wall with a width of 2.70 meters and a height of up to 2.40 meters was found. It rested on a grating made of oak. In front of it was a wooden structure, from which several mortised beams were found. Its purpose was probably to enable ships with a greater draft to dock. A representation on the Trajan Column in Rome is very similar to the Stockstadt landing stage.

Beneficiary station

A few meters downstream from the pier, numerous consecration altars have been recovered from the largely boggy ground by beneficiarii consulares since 1886 . Due to the mass of the stone inscriptions, it could only be a station that monitored trade and probably especially shipping traffic. The inscriptions date from 166 to 208 AD. The station may have been abandoned after that. Some of the older consecration altars of the beneficiaries were found recycled in Mithraeum I. Despite an intensive search, Conrady was only able to discover cultural layers and rubble from the associated building.

Site plan of Mithraeum I and the Dolichenus sanctuary after the excavations of the RLK
Altar to Iupiter Dolichenus from the sanctuary, consecrated by the coh. I Aquitanorum vet. eq. , exhibited in the Saalburg Museum .

Mithraeum I and II

The Mithraeum I (13.00 x 7.80 m) was built in 1902 southeast of the fort found. According to the finds, it is the younger of the two sanctuaries, built around 210 AD. A fire destroyed the building, but its extraordinarily rich inventory was preserved in the ground. In addition to a silver votive sheet , it included fragments of a rotatable Mithras cult image and 66 other stone monuments. Small finds such as coins, on the other hand, are underrepresented. Finds of three different Mercury statues suggest that the worship of this god was of particular importance. In each mithraea there was a statue of Mercury with a child in his arms. The consecrations of a multitude of gods in the sanctuaries shows that religious ideas gradually mixed.

With the Mithraeum II (11.50 × 6.50 m), another sanctuary was uncovered on the southeast side of the small wooden fort near the Main in 1909/10. Coin finds that are to be regarded as building sacrifices give a terminus post quem for the construction of Mithraeum II after AD 157. With five altars and a statue of Mercury, the finds are much smaller than in Mithraeum I , in particular there is no cult image. In connection with the fact that municipal waste was deposited in the building, which was also destroyed by fire in the 3rd century, this shows the chronological sequence of the two mithraea. The cult image from Mithraeum II could have been used in the later building.

Dolichenus sanctuary

A sanctuary for Jupiter Dolichenus (known Dolichenum could) southeast of the fort, a few meters from Mithraeum I removed can be detected. Due to the severe destruction of the building, an exact picture cannot be made of the floor plan. Inscriptions suggest a use in Severan times. The cult, which is quite popular with soldiers, could have been essentially established by the cohors I Aquitanorum , which can be traced back to Stockstadt in the middle of the 2nd century. In addition to the collective dedicatory inscription of the troops, which indicates a vow that has been redeemed, another one of their prefects is named. A special feature of the finds are numerous bull horns and skulls, probably remains of sacrificial animals.

Monument protection and remains

Due to the extensive destruction of the fort area through overbuilding, the Stockstadt fort is not part of the Frontiers of the Roman Empire UNESCO World Heritage Site . The fort and the facilities mentioned are, however, protected as registered ground monuments within the meaning of the Bavarian Monument Protection Act (BayDSchG). Research and targeted collection of finds require permission to report accidental finds to the monument authorities.

Finds from the Roman era from Stockstadt are on display in the Saalburg Museum, the Aschaffenburg Abbey Museum and the Stockstadt Local History Museum.

See also

literature

  • Dietwulf Baatz : Stockstadt am Main AB. Cohort fort. In: Dietwulf Baatz and Fritz-Rudolf Herrmann (eds.): The Romans in Hessen. Licensed edition of the 3rd edition from 1989. Nikol, Hamburg 2002 pp. 479–481. ISBN 3-933203-58-9 .
  • Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube. 4th edition. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7861-2347-0 , pp. 176f .; P. 231 (Aschaffenburg Abbey Museum); P. 233f. (Bathing building in Nilkheimer Park).
  • Dietwulf Baatz: On the dating of the baths at the Limeskastell Stockstadt. In: Bavarian History Leaflets 34, 1969 pp. 63-75.
  • Karlheinz Dietz : Two consecrations to Jupiter from Stockstadt a. Main. Aschaffenburg district, Lower Franconia. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 1990. pp. 104–107.
  • Andreas Hensen: The Temple of Mithras at the castle of Stockstadt am Main. In: The Limes. News bulletin of the German Limes Commission 5/2011 Issue 2, pp. 10–13.
  • Hans-Jörg Kellner : A treasure find from the Stockstadt fort, district of Aschaffenburg. In: Germania 41, 1963 pp. 119-122.
  • Marion Mattern: Roman stone monuments from Hesse south of the Main and from the Bavarian part of the Main Limes. Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani . Germany vol. 2,13, Mainz 2005, publisher of the Romisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum; in commission from Habelt, Bonn, ISBN 3-88467-091-3 .
  • L. Schleiermacher: The second Mithraeum in Stockstadt aM In: Germania 12, 1928, pp. 46–56.
  • Hans Schönberger : The body graves of the fourth century from Stockstadt a. Main. In: Bavarian History Leaves 20, 1954 pp. 128-134.
  • Kurt Stade : Addendum to Section B No. 33 Stockstadt Castle. In: Ernst Fabricius , Felix Hettner , Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roman Empire . (ORL) Dept. A section 6 (1933) pp. 29-70.
  • Bernd Steidl: Limes World Heritage: Rome's border on the Main. Logo, Obernburg am Main 2008 ISBN 3-939462-06-3 pp. 156–161 (= exhibition catalogs of  the Archäologische Staatssammlung  36).
  • Ludwig Wamser : excavations in the vicus of the Roman fort Stockstadt a. Main. Aschaffenburg district, Lower Franconia. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 1990, pp. 98-104.

Excavation report of the Reich Limes Commission:

Web links

Commons : Kastell Stockstadt  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b CIL 13, 6649 .
  2. ^ Martin Eckoldt: Shipping around the Odenwald. In: The Odenwald. Zeitschrift des Breuberg-Bundes 1, 1989, pp. 3-18, especially p. 14.
  3. ^ Friedrich Drexel: The Stockstadt Castle. ORL B 3, pp. 21f.
  4. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz in: The Romans in Hesse. Licensed edition of the 3rd edition from 1989. Nikol, Hamburg 2002 p. 479; Bernd Steidl : Limes World Heritage: Rome's border on the Main. Logo, Obernburg am Main 2008, p. 157.
  5. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: On the dating of the bath at the Limeskastell Stockstadt. In: Bavarian History Leaves 34, 1969, p. 71; Kurt Stade, ORL A III route 6 p. 11.
  6. ↑ Klaus Kortüm : On the dating of the Roman military installations in the Upper German-Raetian Limes area. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch 49, 1998. Zabern, Mainz 1998, pp. 5–65, here: p. 31.
  7. ^ Klaus Kortüm: The redesign of the border security in Upper Germany under Traian. Egon Schallmayer (ed.): Traian in Germanien, Traian in the realm. Report of the Third Saalburg Colloquium . Saalburg Museum, Bad Homburg v. d. H. 1999, ISBN 3-931267-04-0 ( Saalburg-Schriften . 5), pp. 195–205, especially p. 198.
  8. ^ For the Stockstadt group, see D. Baatz: To date the bath at the Limeskastell Stockstadt. In: Bavarian History Leaflets 34, 1969, especially pp. 66f.
  9. ↑ agen [tium in li] / gna (riis) CIL 13, 11781 .
  10. ↑ For the inscriptions see D. Baatz: Die Römer in Hessen. 1989 p. 103; Obernburg: CIL 13, 6623 as well as Helmut Castritius , Manfred Clauss , Leo Hefner: The Roman stone inscriptions of the Odenwald (RSO) . Contributions to the investigation of the Odenwald 2, 1977, pp. 237-308. No. 28; Trennfurt: AE 1899, 194 .
  11. ↑ CIL 13, 11774 .
  12. ↑ CIL 13, 06658 (4, p 107) = Helmut Castritius, Manfred Clauss, Leo Hefner: The Roman stone inscriptions of the Odenwald (RSO) . Contributions to the investigation of the Odenwald 2, 1977, pp. 237-308. No. 15; Illustration .
  13. ↑ Bernd Steidl: Limes World Heritage: Rome's border on the Main. Logo, Obernburg am Main 2008, p. 157.
  14. ↑ Hans Schönberger: The body graves of the fourth century from Stockstadt a. Main. In: Bavarian History Leaves 20, 1954 pp. 128-134.
  15. ↑ a b CIL 13, 06656 = Helmut Castritius, Manfred Clauss, Leo Hefner: The Roman stone inscriptions of the Odenwald (RSO). Contributions to the investigation of the Odenwald 2, 1977, pp. 237-308. No. 50; Illustration .
  16. ↑ CIL 13, 11775 .
  17. ^ Friedrich Drexel: The Stockstadt Castle. ORL B 3, p. 35.
  18. ↑ CIL 13, 11780 ; CIL 13, 11782 .
  19. ↑ For the earliest research history, see Friedrich Drexel in ORL B 3 p. 1f.
  20. ↑ For the coin treasure see Hans-Jörg Kellner : A treasure trove from the Stockstadt Castle, district of Aschaffenburg. In: Germania 41, 1963, pp. 119-122.
  21. ^ Karlheinz Dietz: Two consecrations to Jupiter from Stockstadt a. Main. Aschaffenburg district, Lower Franconia. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 1990. pp. 104–107.
  22. ↑ Ludwig Wamser: excavations in the vicus of the Roman fort Stockstadt a. Main. Aschaffenburg district, Lower Franconia. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 1990. pp. 98-104.
  23. ↑ CIL 13, 6655 .
  24. ↑ CIL 13, 06634 .
  25. ^ Marion Mattern: Roman stone monuments from Hesse south of the Main and from the Bavarian part of the Main Limes. Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani . Germany vol. 2.13, cat-no. 6-152.
  26. ^ Stockstadt: CIL 13, 06634 ; Jagsthausen: CIL 13, 06556 .
  27. ↑ a b For the cult image see Ingeborg Huld-Zetsche / Klaus-Jürgen Rau: The double-sided cult image from Mithraeum I of Stockstadt. In: Saalburg-Jahrbuch 51, 2001, pp. 13–36.
  28. ^ Marion Mattern: Roman stone monuments from Hesse south of the Main and from the Bavarian part of the Main Limes. Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani. Germany vol. 2,13, p. 28, cat-no. 81-86.
  29. ↑ CIL 13, 06632 = Helmut Castritius, Manfred Clauss, Leo Hefner: The Roman stone inscriptions of the Odenwald (RSO). Contributions to the investigation of the Odenwald 2, 1977, pp. 237-308. No. 39.
  30. ↑ CIL 13, 11785 = Helmut Castritius, Manfred Clauss, Leo Hefner: The Roman stone inscriptions of the Odenwald (RSO). Contributions to the investigation of the Odenwald 2, 1977, pp. 237-308. No. 17; CIL 13, 06658 = Helmut Castritius, Manfred Clauss, Leo Hefner: The Roman stone inscriptions of the Odenwald (RSO). Contributions to the investigation of the Odenwald 2, 1977, pp. 237-308. No. 15.
  31. ↑ a b CIL 13, 11782 = Helmut Castritius, Manfred Clauss, Leo Hefner: The Roman stone inscriptions of the Odenwald (RSO). Contributions to the investigation of the Odenwald 2, 1977, pp. 237-308. No. 9.
  32. ↑ CIL 13, 06631 = Inscriptiones Graecae 14, 02564 = Helmut Castritius, Manfred Clauss, Leo Hefner: The Roman stone inscriptions of the Odenwald (RSO). Contributions to the investigation of the Odenwald 2, 1977, pp. 237-308. No. 75.
  33. ^ Marion Mattern: Roman stone monuments from Hesse south of the Main and from the Bavarian part of the Main Limes. Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani. Germany vol. 2,13, p. 31, cat-no. 148.
  34. ↑ D. Baatz: On the dating of the bath at the Limeskastell Stockstadt. In: Bavarian History Leaflets 34, 1969 p. 71.
  35. ↑ Marcus Reuter : The small Roman fort of Hanau-Mittelbuchen and the course of the eastern Wetterau Limes under Domitian. In: E. Schallmayer (Ed.): Limes Imperii Romani. Contributions to the specialist colloquium “Limes World Heritage Site” in November 2001 in Lich-Arnsburg. Saalburg-Schriften 6, 2004 (Bad Homburg v. D. H. 2004), pp. 97-106.
  36. ↑ Hans Schönberger : The Roman troop camps of the early and middle imperial period between the North Sea and Inn. In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 66, 1985 (1986), p. 383f.
  37. ^ After Dietwulf Baatz: On the dating of the baths at the Limes fort Stockstadt. In: Bavarian History sheets 34, 1969, p. 68; at D. Baatz: The Romans in Hesse. 1989, p. 480 “Small wooden fort”.
  38. ↑ D. Baatz: On the dating of the bath at the Limeskastell Stockstadt. In: Bavarian History Leaves 34, 1969, p. 71; D. Baatz: The Romans in Hesse. 1989, p. 480.
  39. ↑ a b c Information from Friedrich Drexel: The Stockstadt Castle. ORL B 3 pp. 5-9.
  40. ^ Friedrich Drexel: The Stockstadt Castle. In: ORL B, Vol. 3, Fort No. 33 (1914) p. 5.
  41. ↑ Information according to Friedrich Drexel: The Stockstadt Castle. ORL B 3 pp. 17-21.
  42. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: On the dating of the bath at the Limeskastell Stockstadt. In: Bayerische Prognistorblätter 34, 1969 pp. 65f .; Bernd Steidl: Limes World Heritage: Rome's border on the Main. Logo, Obernburg am Main 2008, p. 177.
  43. ↑ D. Baatz: On the dating of the bath at the Limeskastell Stockstadt. In: Bavarian History sheets 34, 1969, pp. 63-68.
  44. ↑ Current location: 49 ° 57 ′ 13.4 ″  N , 9 ° 7 ′ 0.5 ″  E
  45. ↑ For the fort vici on the Main Limes see Bernd Steidl: Limes World Heritage: Rome's border on the Main. Logo, Obernburg am Main 2008, pp. 102-107.
  46. ^ Ulrich Brandl and Emmi Federhofer: Ton + Technik. Roman bricks. Theiss, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2403-0 ( publications from the Limes Museum Aalen. No. 61)
  47. ^ Marion Mattern: Roman stone monuments from Hesse south of the Main and from the Bavarian part of the Main Limes. Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani. Germany vol. 2,13, Mainz 2005, p. 26.
  48. ↑ a b CIL 13, 11780 .
  49. ↑ Standing Mercury with child, found in the back right corner of Mithraeum I, see Marion Mattern: Roman stone monuments from Hesse south of the Main and from the Bavarian part of the Main Limes. Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani. Germany vol. 2,13, p. 83, cat.-no. 98, Saalburg Museum, illustration ; Seated Mercurius with child from Mithraeum II, found at the beginning of the left podium. See ibid. P. 93, cat. No. 129, today in the Aschaffenburg Abbey Museum.
  50. ↑ Bernd Steidl: Limes World Heritage: Rome's border on the Main. Logo, Obernburg am Main 2008 p. 161.
  51. ↑ For the finding of Mithraeum II see L. Schleiermacher: The second Mithraeum in Stockstadt aM In: Germania 12, 1928, pp. 46–56.
  52. ↑ Bernd Steidl: Limes World Heritage: Rome's border on the Main. Logo, Obernburg am Main 2008 p. 160.
  53. ^ Marion Mattern: Roman stone monuments from Hesse south of the Main and from the Bavarian part of the Main Limes. Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani. Germany Vol. 2,13, p. 26 with further literature.
  54. ↑ See nomination on the UNESCO website , Appendix 1, p. 156.
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on February 4, 2010 in this version .