Augusta Treverorum

Treveris is a redirect to this article. For the abandoned building in Trier with a similar name, see the Treviris Catholic Association .

City map of Triers in the Roman Empire

Augusta Treverorum ( Latin for "City of Augustus in the land of the Treverians ") was a Roman city on the Moselle , from which today's Trier arose.

The time of the city's foundation is set between the construction of the first Roman bridge in Trier (18/17 BC) and the late reign of Augustus († 14 AD). During the imperial period , Trier was the capital of the Treveri civitas , where tens of thousands of people lived, and it was part of the Gallia Belgica province . Roman Trier gained particular importance in late antiquity , when several rulers, including Constantine the Great , used the city as one of the western imperial residences between the late 3rd and the end of the 4th century , which monumental buildings such as the Imperial Baths or the Constantine Basilica are still evidence of today . With a high five-digit population in the year 300, Augusta Treverorum , now sometimes also called Treveris , was the largest city north of the Alps and thus had the status of a cosmopolitan city .

The Roman buildings that have survived to the present day were designated as UNESCO World Heritage Roman monuments, cathedral and Church of Our Lady in Trier in 1986 .

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  The two most famous landmarks of Roman Trier: the Porta Nigra ...

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  ... and the Kaiserthermen

location

In contrast to almost all other Roman cities in today's Germany, Augusta Treverorum did not belong to one of the two Germanic provinces, but to Gaul . The city lies in a wide arch of the Moselle, on which there is a wide, flood-free valley between the river and the surrounding heights of the Hunsrück . Between the confluence of the Saar and the entry into the valley meanders of the Lower Moselle , the Trier valley between Konz and Schweich is the largest settlement chamber in the region. The location of the river is unlikely to have shifted significantly since the last glacial period . The deeply cut streams of the Olewiger Bach / Altbach, Aulbach and Aveler Bach provided both fresh water and easy access to the surrounding heights. This is why the area has been repeatedly visited by people since the Paleolithic .

history

Pre and early Roman times

The earliest settlements in the city of Trier can be found near the later Roman pottery on Pacelliufer . These are finds from the ceramic culture . Already in the pre-Roman Iron Age , the Trier Valley was likely to have been largely cleared and populated. Before in 17 BC BC the first verifiable Roman Moselle bridge was built, there was probably already a ford at the point. In the late La Tène period , the settlement seems to have been scattered on the right bank of the Moselle. A concentration of settlement finds was found during an area excavation between the Moselle, St. Irminen, Ostallee and Gilbertstrasse.

The important centers of this time are not assumed to be in such valley settlements. The Treveri tribe, which gives Trier its name, is tangible in the region primarily through significant hilltop settlements ( oppida ) , including the oppidum on Titelberg in Luxembourg , the Castellberg near Wallendorf , the ring wall of Otzenhausen or the oppidum on the Martberg .

The small settlement was reason enough, however, that a few years after the Roman conquest of Gaul under Gaius Iulius Caesar, a Roman military station was built above the Trier valley on the Petrisberg . A few finds, including Arretian terra sigillata and a dendrochronologically dated wood fragment, point to the time around 30 BC. It is assumed that there is a connection with Agrippa's road construction work , which was usually carried out by his first governor in Gaul in 39/38 BC. Be attributed to BC.

founding

The city was probably founded in 18/17 BC. Founded by Emperor Augustus , which is primarily indicated by the name, but which is only documented at a later time. The honor of being named after his name was otherwise only bestowed on Augusta Vindelicorum ( Augsburg ) and Augusta Raurica ( Augst ) in northern Switzerland in today's German-speaking area . The exact time cannot be deduced from the sources and can only be given approximately. The following are historical fixed points:

• The reorganization of the Gallic provinces under Augustus, the 27 BC Began with a census and in 12 BC. With the foundation of the altar of the Roma and Augustus (ara Romae et Augusti) near Lugdunum ( Lyon ). Within this period, the establishment of a central location for the Treveri would be assumed.
• The second governorship of Agrippa in Gaul in 19 BC Chr.
• The stay of Augustus in Gaul 16-13 BC Chr.

This period can be significantly limited by archaeological finds. First and foremost are the foundation piles of the first Roman wooden bridge over the Moselle. They prove that the bridge was built in 18/17 BC as part of the road construction work of this time. Was built. Fragments of a monumental inscription for Augustus 'grandsons Lucius and Gaius Caesar , who died in AD 2 and 4, show that certain urban structures existed at the latest by the end of Augustus' reign, as such an inscription was only available in public places with the function a central location is conceivable. An evaluation of the early Roman finds from the city area has shown that extensive settlement is not to be expected before the late August period ( Halternhorizont ). This coincides with the abandonment of the settlement on the Titelberg , so that here there may be a transfer of the administrative tribal center of the Treveri. Similar construction programs can be found in the entire Gallia Belgica and neighboring regions on the Rhine and Danube during this period.

Early and high imperial times

The measures of Augustus in the Gallic provinces comprised the tripartite division of the previous Gallia comata into the new provinces Aquitania , Gallia Lugdunensis and Gallia Belgica , with Trier becoming part of the latter with the capital Durocortorum Remorum ( Reims ). Trier was the seat of the financial procurator responsible for Belgica and later also for both Germanic provinces (procurator provinciae Belgicae et utriusque Germaniae) .

While only uncertain information can be given about the settlement at the time of its founding, the development into a planned colony town in the 1st century is clearly recognizable. The road network in the northern and southern outskirts deviates more from the regular shape of the insulae , so that the core area is a square founding city three insulae wide. Towards the end of the 1st century, a substantial backfill was made near the river in order to gain flood-free usable areas. Several pillars of the Moselle bridges were filled in. There was also a gate similar to a triumphal arch at the western bridgehead of the pile grid bridge .

Neumagener Weinschiff in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier

Trier saying cup , found in Krefeld-Gellep ( Gelduba )

The earliest mention of the stone bridge over the Moselle can be found in Tacitus' report on the Batavian uprising in 69 AD. Tacitus also mentions that Trier is a colony city (colonia Trevirorum) . Presumably, like Cologne , the city had received this privileged status under Emperor Claudius . A milestone from Buzenol from the year 43/44 AD can be seen as a terminus post quem , which Trier only calls Aug (usta), not colonia . Unlike in Cologne, the establishment of the colony was not associated with the settlement of legionary veterans, i.e. Roman citizens. There are therefore basically two different views on the nature of the Trier colony status. One interpretation is based on a pure titular colony ; Unlike in the case of a regular colonia, the title colonia was not associated with the award of the civitas Romana to all free residents. Opponents of this thesis have pointed out that there is no evidence of such honorary awards, and instead suspect a grant of ius latii . It is also unclear whether Tacitus used the term in a legally precise manner or only as a general characterization.

The legal status of the townspeople and the tribal community of the Treveri in the imperial era is not entirely guaranteed. It is noticeable that on the one hand the designation as Treverer ( Treveri or cives Treveri ) is still used in inscriptions, which does not allow any conclusions to be drawn about citizenship. On the other hand, mentions of the city (colonia) and the tribal community (civitas) suggest that both may have existed in parallel. Regardless of the legal status of the Treveri and their civitas , the city of Trier as their main town was an integral part of the Romanization . As early as the 40s of the first century, the geographer Pomponius Mela mentioned Trier as a prosperous, rich city (urbs opulentissima) . The value of this message is, however, controversial, as Mela is still based on the tripartite division of Gaul from Caesar's Gallic War and does not mention important cities such as Lugdunum or Cologne.

The archaeological evidence, however, shows that the place experienced a rapid upswing in the 1st century. Numerous buildings were erected, such as the thermal baths at the cattle market around 80 and the amphitheater around 100 . In the middle of the second century, the thermal baths at the Viehmarkt had already become too small, so that the Barbarathermen were built over the area of ​​several insulae . In their time they were considered to be one of the largest thermal baths in the Roman Empire. Under Marcus Aurelius and Commodus , the city fortifications and thus the north gate, the Porta Nigra , were built from 170 onwards , which underlines the importance of the city in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. The construction work may be related to the elevation of the city to the provincial capital of Gallia Belgica . The period when Trier replaced Reims in this function cannot be specified more precisely than before the middle of the 3rd century.

The basis of the city's rise was, in addition to its convenient location on the Moselle and the roads leading into the interior of Gaul, trade and commerce. In the late 2nd and 3rd centuries, the Terra Sigillata Manufactories in Trier achieved a dominant position in the market alongside the Rheinzabern ( Tabernae ) pottery . The associated workshops were mainly located southeast of the city on the Pacelliufer. Also very popular in the north-west provinces of the Roman Empire were the so-called Trier Spruchbecher , engobed cups that were labeled with toasts. Occasionally, references to handicrafts and trades are preserved on stone monuments with which urban elites represented themselves. An indication of the trade is given by the Igeler column , a grave monument to the Secundinius family of cloth merchants, on whose reliefs various activities in cloth manufacture and trade are depicted. Already in Roman times, the cultivation and trade in wine played a not insignificant role, as the Neumagen wine ship refers to.

In the civil war of 193 to 197 ( second year of the four emperors ), troops of Clodius Albinus besieged Trier, who was on the side of his rival Septimius Severus . The city was able to withstand the attack and was finally horrified by an army brought up from Mainz, which the city later thanked in a preserved inscription. Both the discovery of a large coin treasure from 196/197 and the fact that the work on the Porta Nigra was apparently never fully completed are associated with this siege. It is to be assumed, however, that the ultimately victorious Severus rewarded the city for its loyalty, as was customary in such cases. Due to its location in the hinterland, Trier was spared for a long time from the Germanic invasions during the so-called imperial crisis of the 3rd century , which led to the abandonment of the Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes ( Limesfall ). Cologne was initially the residence of the Gallic Special Empire , which was created during the turmoil of the crisis . In the last years of the Sonderreich, however, the residence was moved to Trier between 271 and 274 under Tetricus , which was safer because of its location. Since the city seems to have proven itself as an imperial residence and administrative center, this measure pointed to the future. Soon after the death of Emperor Aurelian in 275, the city was first plundered and partially destroyed by marauding Franks and Alamanni .

Late antiquity

Between 293 and 401 Trier was one of the most important places in the west of the Roman Empire . As a result of the Diocletian reforms, the city became the seat of the praefectus praetorio Galliarum and thus the administrative center of the Diocesis Galliarum , which comprised today's Western Europe and parts of North Africa. The province of Belgica was split up and Trier became the capital of the resulting Belgica . During the Tetrarchy , Caesar Constantius Chlorus first chose Trier as his residence in 293. It was later expanded in a representative manner by his son Constantine I , who stayed in the city for several years between 306 and 324. In order to consolidate his claim to power, which contradicts the actual regulation of the succession to the throne, Constantine had a monumental palace built on the model of the Palatine in Rome (also by late antique standards) . To legitimize his rule, among other things, the deification of his father served him, who was buried in a mausoleum near today's church of St. Maximin . Construction of the Kaiserthermen and the palace auditorium , which is the largest known example of this type of building, also began at this time. A large double storage facility ( horreum ) from the 4th century was also discovered on the banks of the Moselle near St. Irminen .

Lured by the imperial court and the comitatenses stationed in the area , many people settled in the city, the number of inhabitants is likely to have multiplied. Exact figures cannot be determined due to a lack of knowledge about the built-up area within the city walls. It is assumed that around 20,000 people lived in the middle of the Imperial period, of which around 18,000 would have found space in the Trier amphitheater. The circus, built in the 4th century, held at least 50,000, maybe even 100,000 visitors, but in both cases it cannot be said whether the planning of these buildings took the population of the surrounding area into consideration. More than 100,000 people will hardly have lived in Trier in the 4th century either; other considerations even assume that even in late antiquity a population of more than 30,000 people in this area could hardly have been supplied. After the departure of the imperial court and the Praetorian prefecture in the early 5th century, the population of the city is likely to have fallen quickly to perhaps 10,000 people.

Follis of Constantine, Trier Mint

Constantine's son Constantine II resided here from 328 to his death in 340, the usurper Decentius from 351 to 353. Treveris was again the residence of Roman emperors from 367 to 388 ( Valentinian I , Gratian , Magnus Maximus ); The young Valentinian II last resided here around 390. This heyday also found expression in the literature of this time. The imperial tutors Lactantius (around 317) and Ausonius (367–388) worked in Trier ; the latter set a literary monument to the landscape in his Mosella . Under Ausonius, the Trier University also achieved its greatest importance. It was one of the most important schools in the western empire, surpassed only by the school in Burdigala ( Bordeaux ). Although there are some written sources about them, an exact picture of the school cannot be obtained. The most important son of the late antique city ​​was Ambrosius of Milan .

Due to the presence of the administrative and military personnel, the court and the mint, Trier's importance increased in the 4th century. In the area around the city, several palace-like villa complexes were built, which are ascribed to the imperial family or high officials, such as the Palatiolum in Trier-Pfalzel . The disadvantage of this development was a considerable forced economy to supply the city and the court; the withdrawal of the institutions by 400 left a gap that could not be filled. The proximity to the imperial residence meant a certain security at this time; In other parts of the Roman Empire, the villae rusticae, like the entire rural settlement, were severely threatened, so that only the fortified cities offered protection to the provincial Roman population.

Probably around 402, a few years after the transfer of the court to Mediolanum and the death of Theodosius I (395), the Gallic Praetorian Prefecture was also moved from Trier to Arles (418 at the latest). With the withdrawal of these important economic factors, the final decline of the once important Roman city began. Only the episcopal administration remained in existence, with which Christianity became the bearer of the continuity of Roman culture, supported by the still influential Gallo-Roman upper class . After multiple destruction and looting, the city finally fell to the Franks around 480. The Roman rule in northern Gaul existed at this time only nominally: while the Romanized Franconian Arbogast ruled in the area of ​​Trier, the Gallo-Roman special empire established by Aegidius after 461 in northern Gaul under his son Syagrius continued until 486/487.

Trier as a bishopric

The earliest fixed point for a bishopric in Trier is the year 314, when Bishop Agritius took part in the Synod of Arles . Trier is therefore the oldest documented bishopric on German soil. It is possible that Agritius already had several predecessors, which, however, are only passed down in unreliable medieval sources. The large buildings of Trier Cathedral and the Church of Our Lady as well as the large suburban churches of St. Maximin , St. Paulin and St. Matthias still bear witness to the late antique bishop's seat . They got their names from other early Trier bishops, around whose burial places large early Christian burial grounds developed.

Contemporary written sources mention Trier bishops such as Agritius in the major ecclesiastical disputes of the 4th century. Their position in the vicinity of the imperial residence made them particularly important. Correspondingly, connections between prominent churchmen of this time such as Athanasius , Ambrosius and Martin von Tours to the Trier bishopric on various occasions are documented. Around 370 Jerome stayed in Trier to study.

Imperial Mint

Solidus of Valentinian II , Trier Mint

After finding several inscriptions, it could be assumed that the Gallic usurpers had coins struck in Trier. The assignment of the Gallic coins to Trier is problematic; The minting of imperial coins in the Trier mint is only certain from 293/294, under Caesar Constantius Chlorus . The Trier mint was one of the most important mints of the late antique empire. For almost 150 years, 39 emperors, usurpers, empresses and emperor's sons were minted on coins in Trier, including all of the emperors ruling in the western part with the exception of Jovians . More than 520 gold, 310 silver and 1250 bronze coins with different front and back are known. Trier coins were mostly identified by the letter group TR.

The latest verifiable coinage of the Trier Imperial Mint comes from the usurper Eugenius (392–394). It is controversial whether there were still mints under Honorius (395-423), since calibration weights with the emperor's name have been found, but no corresponding coins are known to date.

Franconian time

The frequent warlike events and changing power relationships associated with the collapse of Roman rule changed the image of the settlement in the 5th century. Backfilling of the underground operating facilities in the Kaiser and Barbarathermen shows that the operation was given up in the first half of the century. The Ruwer water pipeline could no longer be maintained either and was abandoned. The previous urban living quarters were initially only used in smaller parts. Large parts of the trench in front of the northeastern city wall were filled in because it could no longer be defended due to its size. The large buildings of the former imperial residence probably served as a refuge for the population.

From the middle of the 5th century, the finds are extremely sparse and are mostly limited to church buildings such as the double church complex Dom / Liebfrauen and the Church of St. Maximin, where a seamless sequence from the late antique coemeterial building to the early medieval church can be proven. The grave fields south and north of the city were also used, whereby the name material of the early Christian inscriptions shows a high Romanesque population.

Finds from the earlier Merovingian period are rare in the urban area. In the Altbachtal there is evidence of a small hamlet since the 7th century, which partly builds on the ancient ruins. While the finds from the 6th century were limited to individual finds and the area of ​​worshiping saints and relics around the suburban churches, an increase in the population is to be expected since the younger Merovingian period. In the city center, the Roman road network remained partially in place until the market established itself on the Domburg in the Middle Ages.

City layout

View of the late ancient city from the west
Reconstruction: Dießenbacher Informationsmedien

The shape of the Roman city was largely predetermined by the natural location. The Decumanus maximus was based on the connection from the Moselle bridge to the Olewiger valley. However, it was cut by 100 by the construction of the forum, with through traffic having to switch to the northern and southern parallel streets. This probably explains the relocation of the Moselle bridge when the new stone pillar bridge was built by 25 m upstream compared to the former pile grate bridge and the smaller cut of the insulae along the Decumanus . A grid of streets laid out at right angles resulted in insulae between 70 and 100 meters wide and mostly 100 meters long. In the core area the layout was more regular, while with the growth of the city in the 1st and 2nd centuries the layout varied in the outer districts and occasionally several insulae were combined into one long rectangular. The streets in the core area also had up to 17 artificial elevations, while in the outer districts only one to four such elevations can be detected. In the more representative settlement areas, they were covered with limestone slabs or polygonal basalt slabs in the 4th century.

In the outskirts of the city, mainly south and close to the Moselle, there were craft businesses. They were dependent on the proximity to the waterway for freight traffic. In addition to the potteries mentioned, this includes textile manufacturers, metalworking companies and production facilities for glassware. The temple district in Altbachtal is difficult to fit into the regular settlement grid. The location of the area, which was used continuously from the 1st to the 4th century, was determined by the streams, springs and associated valley cuts.

The city's residential buildings initially consisted of half-timbered buildings. The earliest stone buildings were found in the area of ​​the later Imperial Baths. After several renovation phases and some splendid furnishings with mosaics and wall paintings, they were demolished after 293 AD for the construction of the thermal baths. The sequence of the expansion phases, initially in timber frame construction, from the late 1st century limestone and finally red sandstone, can be observed in many private buildings, including a residential complex near St. Irminen in 1976/1977 was revealed. This also included a small bathing facility, which had the typical room structure of Roman baths in cold bath (frigidarium) , leaf bath ( tepidarium) and hot bath (caldarium) . In the course of time, the houses were given a luxurious interior with wall paintings, mosaics, opus-signinum or ornamented brick tile floors. Bricks or slate were used for the roofing.

Forum

The city's forum was located at the intersection of decumanus maximus and cardo maximus . Only a few statements can be made about the early days of the plant. In the Vespasian period it was greatly expanded, so that it took up six quarters on both sides of the WO axis of the city with a size of 140 × 278 m. During the expansion, some private residential areas were leveled and the neighboring thermal baths at the cattle market were added to the facility. At the western end of the forum was a basilica (100 × 25 m), which took up the entire width of the square. To the east of it, on both sides of a long rectangular square along the main street, there were porticoes with an underground crypto portico and shops.

Victorinus mosaic with inscription

On the two insulae to the west of the forum, early residential buildings from the 1st century were initially identified. It was replaced by an elegant town house in the northern insula (under today's town theater) in the 3rd century. It had a large inner courtyard with a colonnade ( peristyle house ) and was richly decorated with marble paneling, wall paintings and mosaics. The inscription on one of these mosaics identifies it as the residence of the Praetorian tribune Victorinus , who later became emperor of the Gallic Empire . Mighty wall sections on the two southern insulae can be added to symmetrically connected buildings in this phase, so that public buildings are also assumed here.

City fortifications

As early as the 1st century AD, the city had arches on the borders of civil development, but these had no fortification character, but were designed as triumphal or honorary arches. The foundations of such buildings have been archaeologically proven at the city-side bridgehead of the Moselle Bridge, between Simeon and Moselstrasse and as a built-up remnant in an arch of the Kaiserthermen. They probably formed the end of the founding city in the 1st century before the construction of the circus and amphitheater.

The 6,418 m long Roman city wall then enclosed an area of ​​285 hectares. In the past it was often assumed that it was only built in the 3rd century when civil wars and plundering Teutons threatened the cities of Gaul. Today, however, there is consensus that the city wall was built in the last quarter of the 2nd century. This dating results from the fact that it cuts through parts of the local burial ground at the Porta Nigra in the north. The latest burials within the walls date to the third quarter of the 2nd century. (The Romans generally buried their dead outside the city walls, so the graves must be older than the wall.) Small finds in the wall area point to the late 2nd century. In the south, the wall cuts through the pottery district, which, however, continued to produce on both sides of the wall in the 3rd century. Markings on the stones of the Porta Nigra also refer to Emperor Mark Aurel (161–180) and his son Commodus (180–192). The facility appears to have been ready to defend when Clodius Albinus' troops attacked the city in 195 in vain.

The wall was built as a typical Roman cast masonry . The core consisted of slate, small stones and plenty of mortar, while sand or limestone blocks were faded in outside. The height of the walkway can be reconstructed at 6.2 m using the preserved wall exits at the Porta Nigra. The width in the foundation area was up to 4 meters, then reduced to up to 3 meters at the end. Round towers were added regularly, mostly at the ends of the street lines. The total of 48 or 50 towers of the Trier city wall jumped evenly out of the wall on both sides. Later Roman fortifications, on the other hand, mostly had towers projecting far outwards, which made it possible to better protect the side wall areas and to catch attackers in the crossfire. The shape of the towers also suggests that it was built in the late 2nd century.

Modern research mostly assumes that the Trier city wall - similar to that of many other Roman cities in the predominantly peaceful 1st and 2nd centuries - was not built to react to a specific threat; it was less of a military facility than a prestige project that was intended to underline the importance of the place.

Only in the north and along the Moselle have survived smaller sections of the wall that were integrated into the later medieval city wall (shooting ditch, at the vocational school; cellar of the house at Schützenstrasse 20, visible from the outside). In the southern sections it was excavated down to the foundation. A part of the long road is accessible over a length of 70 m.

The city wall had a total of five gate buildings, some of which, like the Porta Nigra, were very elaborately designed and at the time of their construction already anticipated the later common type of gate castle. The southern gate ( Porta Media ) opposite the Porta Nigra was demolished in the Middle Ages, which is why only foundations of it are known. The west gate at the Moselle bridge was still used in the Middle Ages and was called Porta Inclyta ("famous gate") at that time . From the east one entered the city through a gate south of the amphitheater, which was used as a side entrance. In the late 4th century a south-east gate was added, called Porta Alba since the Middle Ages .

At the time of its construction, the generous fortifications were designed for growth, as shown by the many open spaces in the peripheral areas. From a military point of view, however, the wall was of little use. The building hardly had to prove itself in the first 200 years of its existence - the only known exceptions are the attack of 195 and the Franconian-Alemannic attack around 275, and during this the wall could not stop the attackers. In the 5th century it was then hardly possible to defend the city effectively with the complex, which was more aimed at representation than defense. Before the attack of the vandals as a result of the crossing of the Rhine in 406 , the remaining population of the city, which had been cleared of court and administration, could only protect itself by holing up in the amphitheater.

Porta Nigra

Porta Nigra, city side

→ Main article : Porta Nigra

The Porta Nigra is the only remaining gate of the Roman city wall of Trier and, next to the Imperial Baths, the most famous monument. Like the city wall, it originally dates from the last quarter of the 2nd century AD; the start of construction could be dendrochronologically dated to the year 170 in 2018. It owes its preservation to the fact that in the Middle Ages Simeon von Trier settled in the building as a hermit and the north gate of the Roman city was then converted into a church. Later additions were made to it on the orders of Napoleon in 1804.

Porta Media

→ Main article : Porta Media

The Porta Media as the southern city gate and counterpart to the Porta Nigra was at the end of today's Saarstrasse. Only remains of the foundations of this city gate are proven.

Porta Alba

→ Main article : Porta Alba

The Porta Alba was added as a south-east gate in the 4th century and was on the road to Strasbourg (Argentoratum) . It was narrower than the older city gates and had only one doorway. Its name comes from the Middle Ages when it was used as a protective castle on various occasions.

amphitheater

amphitheater

→ Main article : Amphitheater (Trier)

The amphitheater at the foot of the Petrisberg was built around 100 AD, it may already have had a smaller, wooden previous building. The audience tiers (cavea) were sunk into the slope, the resulting overburden was used to fill the tiers facing the valley. The oval arena (70.5 × 49 m) with its boundaries and some underground vaults (vomitoria) have essentially been preserved from the complex, which could accommodate up to 18,000 people .

When the city wall was built, the amphitheater was integrated into it and served as an eastern approach. In the Middle Ages the amphitheater fell into disrepair, was used as a quarry, and the arena was gradually flooded. It has been used for events again since the excavations at the beginning of the 20th century. In the found material that is kept in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier , apart from stone monuments, a group of escape tablets that were deposited here in antiquity is particularly interesting. The rest of the finds come mainly from the 4th century, which is likely to be related to the long period of use. Even in the time of Constantine there were bloody games in the arena.

Polydus mosaic in the RLM Trier

Circus

The Roman Circus Triers has not been preserved and can only be guessed from the course of some streets below the amphitheater and Petrisberg. The clear saddle in the course of Egbertstrasse and Helenenstrasse gives an indication of its location, while the northern rounding off is likely to have been on today's Agritiusstrasse. This would result in a system with a length of around 500 meters.

Especially in late antiquity, chariot races played an important role in the self-portrayal of the Roman emperors and were extremely popular. Numerous pictorial representations point to the Trier Circus. First of all, the Polydus mosaic should be mentioned, which shows a charioteer with his team. A similar depiction is available on a Kontorniat found in Trier , and there is also a relief with a horse leader in the Neumagen grave monuments. Since the Treverians are described as good riders in the written sources, it is assumed that a racecourse was built soon after the amphitheater in the 2nd century. But no later than when the place became the imperial residence, there must have been a circus.

Due to its location, the circus was destroyed faster than other large Roman buildings in the early Middle Ages, the stones were reused and the area was used for agriculture. In the 19th century, a residential area was built on the area south of Trier's main train station, although the very small remains of the facility were not examined.

Thermal baths

View of the reconstructed parts of the thermal baths at the cattle market

Thermal baths at the cattle market

→ Main article : Thermen am Viehmarkt

The thermal baths at the Viehmarkt are the oldest public thermal baths in Augusta Treverorum. They took a complete insula north of the Roman forum in the central area of ​​the settlement. The thermal baths were built around the year 80 instead of an older residential area. Coin and ceramic finds make it likely that it could be used with several modifications until the 4th century. It is controversial whether the facility is really a pure thermal spa complex. It is noteworthy that the heating systems required for this were only added in a second construction phase, according to other information not until the 4th century.

The rooms that are visible today have been reshaped since 1615 by building a Capuchin monastery . The cattle market came into being after the monastery was closed in 1812. Due to smaller canal outcrops and observations in the post-war period, a larger palace-like building was expected here. During excavation work for the construction of an underground car park and the main building of the Stadtsparkasse, the thermal baths were discovered from October 1987. Parts of the complex are now accessible under the cattle market along with an exposed road in a protective glass structure designed by the architect Oswald Mathias Ungers .

Barbarathermen, state 2007

Barbarathermen

→ Main article : Barbarathermen

As early as the middle of the 2nd century, the thermal baths at the cattle market had become too small for the growing city population. The Barbarathermen were built south of the decumanus maximus near the Moselle. With an area of ​​172 m × 240 m (42,500 m²) they took up more than two insulae and were among the largest thermal baths of their time. They were only surpassed by the Trajan thermal baths in Rome and the later thermal baths of the 3rd and 4th centuries.

The finds suggest that they were used even after the first Germanic invasions until the end of the 4th century. In the Middle Ages, the suburb of St. Barbara and probably the aristocratic seat of the De Ponte family developed in the partly upright ruins . The last upright remains were only removed in modern times. The exposed foundation walls were temporarily inaccessible due to renovation, and the facility has been open to visitors again since 2015.

temple

Altbachtal temple district

→ Main article : Temple district in the Altbachtal

Since the 19th century, images of gods and terracottas have often been found in the valley basin of the Altbach below the amphitheater. The emergency community of German science had excavations carried out here by Siegfried Loeschcke from 1926 to 1934 , which produced astonishing results under alluvial layers up to 5 m thick. Over 70 temples, chapels, holy districts and priests' houses as well as a cult theater were uncovered on an area of ​​5 hectares. The finds in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum today represent the largest collection of cult monuments from a closed district in the Roman world.

Temple at Herrenbrünnchen

→ Main article : Temple at Herrenbrünnchen

After the discovery of several architectural parts from the 1st century above the temple district in the Altbachtal, an excavation was carried out by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum on the grounds of the Charlottenau winery in 1909/1910. The remains of a monumental podium temple with a pillared vestibule (pronaos) , outside staircase and altar podium were uncovered on an area of ​​65 × 23 m . The building had walls up to 4.1 m thick. Architectural parts found allow a temple front to be reconstructed with six 15 m high columns that carried architraves and gables. Several lavishly designed capitals in Trier Cathedral, which were used to replace granite columns that broke after a fire in the 5th century, may have been spoiled by the temple at Herrenbrünnchen.

Asclepius Temple

→ Main article : Asclepius Temple Trier

One of the most monumental temples in the Roman city was located near the Roman Bridge and north of the Barbarathermen. Its remains were exposed during the construction of an underground car park in 1977–1979. The facility took up an area of ​​170 m × 88 m and thus more than the entire width of the insula . To build it, considerable embankments were made on the river for flood protection. Together with the large buildings of the Barbarathermen, the temple should have largely dominated the cityscape above the Moselle bridge.

A marble sculpture, now lost, and the inscription of a financial procurator point to the consecration to the god Asclepius . An extraordinarily large coin treasure was discovered on the northern edge of the facility in 1993. It contained 2570 aurei with a total weight of 18.5 kg. The latest coins come from the reign of Septimius Severus , the coin hoard is now in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum. Based on the finds, the construction of the temple itself can be set in the last third of the 1st century AD.

Today's source on the Irminenwingert

Lenus Mars Temple and Theater

→ Main article : Temple district Irminenwingert

Another large temple area was discovered on the western bank of the Moselle at the foot of the Markusberg. It was located at a slight cut into the valley where the spring, later revered as Heideborn, emerges as a medicinal source. In the area of ​​the Irminenwingert (therefore also known as the temple on the Irminenwingert ), a walled area in the form of an irregular square with a side length of over 100 meters could be detected.

The entire complex with hostel, main temple and cult theater is addressed as a Treverian national shrine with monumental furnishings. The local equation of the god Mars with the Treverian Lenus, who also played an important role in other regional shrines such as Martberg, was worshiped here . The equipment of the complex also shows the less warlike character of Lenus, who was worshiped more as a god of healing. According to the series of coins, the facility was used from pre-Roman times to the time of Gratian († 383 AD).

Roman bridge

→ Main article : Roman Bridge (Trier)

View of the Roman Bridge from the east

Bridge pile (Trier), second Moselle bridge, 71 AD

The Roman bridge over the Moselle, visible today, had at least two previous buildings that were archaeologically proven. This is explained by the location on the Roman highways, but the Roman bridge also had to accommodate inner-city traffic to the Vicus Voclanionum , which is documented in writing on the western bank, and the Lenus Mars Temple there. The dendrochronological evidence of a bridge in 18/17 BC BC is therefore an important fixed point for the foundation of Augusta Treverorum .

This first wooden bridge construction was apparently damaged in the battles in the Batavian revolt in 69, mentioned by Tacitus . The construction of a pile grid bridge can be fixed on the year 71 in the reign of Emperor Vespasian . It received mighty, pentagonal river pillars made of up to 31 cm thick oak trunks, which were rammed into the river. The bridge piers were made of limestone, the roadway was supported by a girder construction.

Today's Roman Bridge was built between 144 and 155 under Antoninus Pius . Above the existing bridge, new river piers were erected, but they no longer consisted of wooden piles, but of limestone blocks of up to six layers, which is why this bridge is called a stone pillar bridge. Since considerable embankments were made on the city-side bank in the early imperial period, this bridge only required nine instead of eleven piers. Towers and gates at both bridgeheads protected the structure. Presumably because of the increased water level due to the narrowing of the river and problems with flooding, the bridge did not initially have a massive stone vault, but a wooden deck that had to be renewed regularly. This was only added in 1343 under Archbishop Baldwin of Luxembourg . The numerous river finds from the bridge area, which are exhibited in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum, are significant . These include tools, coins (as river sacrifices), lead seals, jewelry, small bronzes and even stone monuments.

Water supply

The supply of the city with drinking water was particularly favored by the geographic location. In addition to the river water of the Moselle, several streams flowing into the Trier valley from the east could be used. Spring outlets were captured in the urban area and connected to the local water pipes. Medicinal springs such as the so-called Römersprudel southeast of the city were provided with spring troughs. In the private area of ​​the lower terrace, wells were also dug on the groundwater-bearing layers; on the central terrace, these extended to layers in the shale subsoil with water flowing down to the valley. A sewer pipe led from a source on Heiligkreuzberg to a distribution chamber near the temple on Herrenbrünnchen. Two distribution basins built one after the other were uncovered on the area of ​​the Kaiserthermen.

These facilities were initially sufficient for the founding city of the 1st century. To meet the needs of the growing city, the Ruwertal water line was built in the early 2nd century . It led water that was diverted from the Ruwer at Waldrach , over a distance of 12.798 km into the city, which it reached at the amphitheater. It is a masonry, accessible canal, which in parts (the Kürenz valley cut, proven at the Kaiserthermen) was led over aqueducts .

The further distribution in the city was carried out through masonry canals, which were lined with waterproof lime mortar with brick dust aggregate, in the outskirts there are occasional lines in wooden trunks with iron drawbar rings . Water pipes made of lead are of high quality, like the logs they were usually about 3 m (10 Roman feet ) long.

Late antique buildings

As early as the 2nd century, a representation and administration area was created in the northeast of the city by merging four insulae , the core of which was a central hall, which is addressed as the palace of the legates . The redesigns from the beginning of the 4th century onwards as part of the establishment of the imperial residence are also concentrated in this area, although minor construction work on the forum and the streets of the city is documented. By moving down a residential area, space was created for the monumental building of the Kaiserthermen. The palace auditorium (Konstantinbasilika) was built on the former palace of the legate , which together with the surrounding courtyards and outbuildings formed the core of the residence.

At the same time, the backfilling of rubble from an oxbow river of the Moselle, which up until this time had formed a lake, indicates extensive demolition work within the city. Also near the port on the Moselle, a large double storage facility ( horrea , approx. 70 m × 20 m) was built around 300 on the present site of the United Hospitien , which served to supply the city and the imperial court. Several walls with blind arcades have been preserved .

However, construction activity came to a standstill in the Constantinian period. It was probably not fully completed until 379 under Gratian. The basilica, imperial baths and the circus formed a unit as a palace district. The juxtaposition of the circus and residence area is deliberately created as a parallel to the topography of the city of Rome ( Circus Maximus and Palatine Hill ). It is repeated at the Circus Neronis (in the gardens of Caesar), the Villa of Maxentius on the Via Appia and the residence of Galerius in Thessaloniki .

Kaiserthermen

→ Main article : Kaiserthermen (Trier)

East side of the Kaiserthermen

The Kaiserthermen are today one of the most famous Roman buildings in Trier. The time of their construction is not completely clear; they were probably created after 294, when Trier was expanded into a residence. It is not known whether they were commissioned by Constantius Chlorus or his son Constantine. The oldest settlement in the area consisted of simple wooden buildings with cellars and storage pits; it is likely to be set before the middle of the 1st century. Then two larger stone buildings were built, which were later combined to form a magnificent residential building. The rich finds (including the Polydus mosaic) document the use of the building until the second half of the 3rd century.

According to the original concept, the resulting thermal baths are one of the largest buildings of this type in the Roman Empire; Only the urban Roman thermal baths of the emperors Trajan , Caracalla and Diocletian were larger . The floor plan corresponds to the so-called small emperor type , which is already familiar from the older Barbarathermen.

However, the Kaiserthermen were never actually put into operation. Presumably with the relocation of the residence to the east after 324, the work on it stopped, although large parts of the building were already completed beyond the ground floor. It was not until Valentinian I, who chose Trier again as his residence, that work was resumed, albeit with a completely different concept. The already completed bathing facilities were removed and the western part with the frigidarium was demolished. The round hall of the tepidarium was used as an entrance hall, the palaestra was significantly enlarged and converted into a paved square. The interpretations vary between residential palace, imperial forum and - most likely in the opinion of the excavator - a barracks for the imperial bodyguard ( scholae palatinae ) . In the Middle Ages, large parts of the complex were integrated into the city fortifications, which means that the east facade, which is over 20 meters high, was preserved.

Basilica of Constantine

→ Main article : Basilica of Constantine

Reconstruction of the front with the main entrance

Although the name and appearance of today's Konstantin (s) basilica seem to point to an ancient church building, the building was originally built as the reception hall of the imperial residence. The frequently used name Palastaula or Aula Palatina is more accurate, but has no evidence in classical Latin . The basilica is 69.8 m long (including the 12.4 m long apse) with a width of 27.2 m. In ancient times it was about 30 m high. The 2.7 m thick outer walls consisted of brick masonry and were plastered on the outside. Red sandstone parts are modern additions.

View of the palace auditorium from the west

The interior had high -quality wall cladding: the nave and apse had a floor and wall cladding made of inlaid marble slabs ( opus sectile ) up to the level of the uppermost window cornice, from which remnants and above all the holes of the iron brackets have been preserved. This was followed by stucco work up to the self-supporting ceiling, which should not have been dissimilar to today's coffered ceiling, which was inserted in 1955. Noteworthy are the heating systems, through which the 1600 m² interior could be heated via a three-part hypocaust with five prefurnia . The basilica was not a stand-alone building in ancient times. In the south there was a marble-clad vestibule in front of the main entrance; outside porticos with inner courtyards were ajar. The remains of these buildings are either preserved or marked in the pavement of today's square.

The palace auditorium was probably built as a representative building when it was redesigned as a residence in the years 305-311. The monumental building served as a backdrop for audiences, receptions and the court ceremony, with the imperial throne in the apse. Considerable leveling was necessary for the large construction, which also covered a street crossing. The official residence of a high imperial official was previously located in the western block.

After the end of Roman rule, the burned-out building was added to the Franconian royal estate. In 902 the ruins were donated to the Bishop of Trier. As a result, the basilica was converted into a castle-like complex, the apse to the tower was closed, while farm and cellar buildings were built in the walled interior of the church. After 1614 the south and east walls were torn down, the masonry was integrated into the new Electoral Palace or used as an inner courtyard. After being looted by French revolutionary troops in 1794, the complex was used as a barracks and military hospital. In 1844 the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV ordered it to be rebuilt as a place of worship for the Protestant community in Triers. The palace and basilica were badly damaged in the Second World War . The reconstruction could only be started in 1954 and enabled excavations and precise recordings of the building fabric.

Dom

→ Main article : Trier Cathedral

Domstein in Trier

Giant column in the late Roman quarry on Felsberg in the Odenwald

The transition of the city from late antiquity to the Middle Ages can be seen on the cathedral as the nucleus of medieval Trier. Accordingly, it has been archaeologically researched since 1843. Larger excavations took place after the Second World War until 1981; they established an elegant Roman residential quarter from the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD as the oldest class. This included a state hall richly decorated with wall and ceiling paintings. Parts of the building have been preserved under the crossing of the cathedral, the reconstructed frescoes are exhibited in the cathedral and diocesan museum. The rich furnishings have meant that the complex is partly ascribed to a late antique palace building.

The residential development was demolished and leveled in the early 4th century. A double church complex was created with two east-facing, three-aisled basilicas . The pillars of the north basilica consisted of Odenwald granite , which was transported here from the Felsenmeer near Lautertal via the Rhine and Moselle. The cathedral stone in front of the cathedral indicates this. The width of the two church complexes including the transverse structures and peristyle courtyards was probably between 40 (north basilica) and 30 meters (south basilica under today's Church of Our Lady ) with a length of 150 m each. There was a square baptistery between the two churches , which is now marked in the pavement of the cathedral courtyard. After being destroyed at the end of the fourth century, the northern basilica was rebuilt and a square building with a side length of 41.5 m was erected in the area of ​​the crossing. Along the wind road on the north side of the cathedral, the associated brickwork is still visible up to a height of 30 m.

Burial grounds

Only parts of the burial grounds of the middle imperial era have been explored and their extent is largely unknown. In the earliest settlement phase up to the middle of the 2nd century, smaller necropolises near the settlement were established near the Moselle and along Olewiger Strasse towards the amphitheater. With the construction of the city wall, these grave fields had to be given up. The grave fields to the south and north of the city were relocated, so that some earlier burials were also discovered within the later walled area. The usual form of burial at this time was cremation . Body graves only appear from the 2nd century, sarcophagi have been proven from the middle of the 2nd century.

After the city wall was built, the largest necropolises were located along the northern and southern arteries. In the northern cemetery, burials were initially concentrated along the road that ran slightly west of today's Paulinstrasse. After an arm of the Moselle was drained, this area could also be used for burials up to today's Steinhausenstraße, so that burials from the 4th century can be found here in particular. The southern burial ground extended along today's Matthiasstrasse. More than 2000 inventories of cremation graves from the middle imperial period reached the state museum. Later sarcophagus burials were concentrated under the church there; in the northwest, the burial ground was delimited by the pottery district.

Sarcophagi of the bishops Eucharius and Valerius in St. Matthias

To the east of the city in front of the city wall north of the amphitheater there were fire and body graves, which are now built over. A grave field with body burials from the 3rd and 4th centuries is located on the slope above the amphitheater. Rich additions made of glass and ceramic vessels are known from this burial ground. On the western bank of the Moselle there were cemeteries in today's districts of Trier-West / Pallien and yours along the road leading to Reims.

The design of the graves above ground could be very different. Stone monuments from the associated grave roads are particularly well known in the Trier region with the Neumagen stone monuments and the Igel column . Particularly wealthy people occasionally had underground burial chambers built with a temple building above, such as those preserved in the West Cemetery, with the burial chamber on the Reichertsberg or the Grutenhäuschen . It is not clear whether the so-called Franzensknppchen on the Petrisberg above Trier is a monumental grave tumulus .

In late antiquity, the graves were concentrated around the burial places of saints, bishops and martyrs. Medieval churches developed from these burial chapels outside the city walls. A parallel development can be demonstrated in many late Roman cities; in Trier it can be seen in three places with the late Roman graves under the Pauline Church , the Benedictine Abbey of St. Matthias and the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin .

Surrounding area

As early as the middle imperial period, larger villae rusticae were formed in the area around the city , which benefited from the short distances to the sales markets and therefore - as in the immediate vicinity of many Roman cities - were expanded significantly. Examples of such systems can be found in Mehring and Villa Otrang . At the time of their founding, the facilities were still designed for arable farming and cattle breeding, but vineyards increased considerably in the course of the 3rd and 4th centuries. At this time, a larger press house was added to many of the facilities. This could be related to the presence of the imperial court.

The presence of the imperial administration meant that some of these facilities were particularly splendidly expanded in the 4th century or monumental facilities were newly built. An outstanding example is the Villa von Welschbillig , in front of whose main front there was a large water basin with originally 112 herms . Its location in the area of ​​the long wall indicates an imperial domain enterprise. Similar functions are also assumed in the important late antique palace complexes of Konz ( Kaiservilla von Konz ) and Trier-Pfalzel ( Palatiolum ).

The connection laid out by Agrippa from Lyon via Metz to Trier is considered the oldest Roman road in the region. The road, which is well preserved in places, continued as the Trier – Cologne Roman road across the Eifel to the Rhine. The most famous Roman road to Trier is by the Roman poet and statesman Ausonius , the longer time in Treveris worked, named Ausonius . It ran over the Hunsrück to Bingium , where it reached the Roman Rhine Valley Road. Other road connections led, among others, via Coriovallum ( Heerlen in the Netherlands) to Colonia Ulpia Traiana (near Xanten), to Strasbourg and along the Moselle to Koblenz ( Confluentes ) . In late antiquity, these streets had to be additionally protected with fortifications, for example in Neumagen , Bitburg and Jünkerath .

Exploring the Roman city

Painting by the legendary Trier city founder Trebeta from 1559, destroyed in the Second World War

The ruins of the Roman city, which were visible for centuries, meant that one dealt with the Roman past in all subsequent epochs. Neighboring cities with a Roman past such as Reims , Toul and Metz tried in the Middle Ages to trace their mythological foundation back to Remus or the kings Tullus Hostilius or Mettius Rufus . Probably to illustrate Trier's priority, the legend arose that Trier was founded by Trebeta , a son of Ninus . This is said to have been expelled from Assyria by his stepmother Semiramis . According to Orosius , this happened 1,300 years before Rome was founded. The tomb of Trebeta was believed to be recognized in the so-called Franzensknppchen on Petrisberg.

The alleged grave inscription of Trebeta has been documented in Trier manuscripts since around 1000 and was later incorporated into the Gesta Treverorum and the Chronicle of Otto von Freising . In the 15th century, this resulted in the hexameter Ante Romam Treveris stetsit annis mille trecentis , which was initially written on the Steipe ; today it is at the Red House on Trier's main market .

The Trebeta saga was questioned as early as humanism , first by Willibald Pirckheimer in 1512. At the same time, a more intensive examination of the Roman legacy began, especially the sculptures and inscriptions. The collection of Count Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld in Clausen included some Roman finds from Trier. Trier is also mentioned in the travelogue of the geographers Abraham Ortelius and Johannes Vivianus in the 16th century. The work of the Jesuit Alexander von Wiltheim , who mapped Roman sites with great accuracy and contained sections on Augusta Treverorum, topography and economic geography of the Arduenna silva , Roman streets and villas, was of great importance and far ahead of his time . At the beginning of the 17th century, Archbishop Philipp Christoph von Sötern of Trier ordered the Ruwer water pipeline to be opened, and Karl Kaspar von der Leyen had excavations carried out in the Barbarathermen.

Archeology in Trier received significant impulses after the French Revolution and in the Napoleonic period. In 1801 the Trier educated bourgeoisie founded the Society for Useful Research in Trier , which soon devoted itself to research into the Roman period. With the Porta Nigra, the ruins of the Roman era began to be uncovered in Napoleonic times. During the Prussian period, archeology was promoted by the Crown Prince and later King Friedrich Wilhelm IV . In 1820, the Prussian government and building officer Carl Friedrich Quednow had the government's own collection of Roman stone monuments exhibited in the Porta Nigra and the Kaiserthermen. Also in 1820 the autodidact Quednow published a description of the antiquities in Trier and its surroundings from the Gallic-Belgian and Roman epochs. The government collection was not merged with the collection of the Society for Useful Research until 1844.

Felix Hettner (1851–1902)

At that time there was still a conflict between the educated bourgeoisie, which was influenced by Catholicism, and the Prussian administration. It could not be overcome until 1877 with the establishment of the Provincial Museum Trier (today Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier ). The research, the preservation and the museum presentation of the Roman finds in Trier had finally become a state task. The function of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum as a “digging museum” continues to this day and is anchored in the Rhineland-Palatinate Monument Protection Act.

From the end of the 19th century to the Second World War , major excavation campaigns brought the Trier monuments into public interest. These included the excavations of the amphitheater, the Kaiser and Barbarathermen as well as the temple area in the Altbachtal. The construction of the Trier sewer system from 1899–1906 allowed a more detailed study of the city map of the ancient metropolis. The excavations of this time are linked to the names of well-known pioneers in antiquity who were active at the Provincial Museum, including Felix Hettner , Hans Lehner , Wilhelm von Massow and Siegfried Loeschcke .

The widespread destruction caused by bomb damage made some areas accessible for archeology in the post-war period that were previously built over, for example in the cathedral and the palace auditorium. The traffic-friendly expansion of the city center of Trier since the 1960s and other large-scale projects led to the stagnation of scientific research while the financial and human resources remained the same. For the 2000th anniversary of the city in 1984, two special volumes were published on the foundation of Augusta Treverorum and on the late antique imperial residence. As a result of the increased attention, an expansion of the state museum was realized in the years 1984–1991. At the same time, however, the museum was busy with large-scale excavations (cattle market 1986/87, large excavation St. Maximin 1978–1994). Often the usual excavations had to be replaced by construction-related investigations, although far-reaching construction measures such as the construction of the underground car park at the Horten department store and behind the district administration in the palace garden entailed rapid excavation of large inner-city areas down below the Roman layers carrying the findings . The previously annual find chronicle in the Trier magazine broke off between 1964 and 1998 for the city area, important publications of the excavation results and the collections were not made. Only since 1997 has the museum been able to ensure the regular publication of the results thanks to increased state and third-party funding. In order to get enough lead time for excavations, more and more investor contracts have been concluded with the building owners since 1998, which guarantee on the one hand enough time for scientific investigations and on the other hand binding deadlines for the clearance of the building site.

literature

Overall representations

• Heinz Heinen : Trier and the Treverland in Roman times. 2. slightly revised reprint with a bibliographical addendum, 3. unaltered reprint. Spee, Trier 1993, ISBN 3-87760-065-4 .
• Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. Licensed edition, Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-933203-60-0 , pp. 577–647.
• Franz Schön: Augusta [6] Treverorum. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 2, Metzler, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-476-01472-X , Sp. 285-290.
• Hans-Peter Kuhnen : Trèves - Augusta Treverorum. In: Didier Bayard, Jean-Luc Collart, Noël Mahéo (eds.): La marque de Rome. Samarobriva et les villes du nord de la Gaule. Musée de Picardie, Amiens 2006, pp. 63–72 (=  exhibition catalog Musée de Picardie Amiens ) ISBN 978-2908095388 .
• Gabriele Clemens, Lukas Clemens: History of the city of Trier. CH Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-55618-0 , pp. 7-63.
• Frank Unruh: Trier: Biography of a Roman city from Augusta Treverorum to Treveris . Philipp von Zabern, Darmstadt 2017. ISBN 978-3-8053-5011-2 .

Archaeological guides and Roman buildings

• Hans-Peter Kuhnen (Ed.): The Roman Trier. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1517-0 (=  Guide to archaeological monuments in Germany 40).
• Roman buildings in Trier. Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2003, ISBN 3-7954-1445-8 (=  guide booklet 20, Edition Castles, Palaces, Antiquities Rhineland-Palatinate ).
• Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Ed.): Save the archaeological heritage in Trier. Second memorandum of the Trier Archaeological Commission. Trier 2005, ISBN 3-923319-62-2 (=  publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 31).
• Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Ed.): Guide to archaeological monuments of the Trier region. Trier 2008, ISBN 978-3-923319-73-2 (=  publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 35).

Early days

• Edith Mary Wightman : Roman Trier and the Treveri. Rupert Hart-Davis, London 1970, ISBN 0-246-63980-6 .
• Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Trier - Augustus city of the Treverians. 2nd Edition. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1984, ISBN 3-8053-0792-6 .
• Hans-Peter Kuhnen: The beginnings of Roman Trier - old and new research approaches. In: Gundolf Precht (Ed.): Genesis, structure and development of Roman cities in the 1st century AD in Lower and Upper Germany. Colloquium from February 17th to 19th, 1998 in the regional museum Xanten. Von Zabern, Mainz 2001, ISBN 3-8053-2752-8 (=  Xantener reports , Volume 9), pp. 143–156.

Late antiquity

• Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Ed.): Trier - imperial residence and episcopal city. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, ISBN 3-8053-0800-0 .
• Margarethe König (Ed.): Palatia. Imperial palaces in Constantinople, Ravenna and Trier. Trier 2003, ISBN 3-923319-56-8 (=  publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 27).
• Alexander Demandt , Josef Engemann (ed.): Konstantin der Große. Emperor Caesar Flavius ​​Constantinus. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2007, ISBN 978-3-8053-3688-8 .

Religion and temples

• Siegfried Loeschcke : The exploration of the temple area in the Altbachtale in Trier. Mittler, Berlin 1928.
• Erich Gose : The temple district of Lenus Mars in Trier. Mann, Berlin, 1955 (=  Trier excavations and research 2).
• Erich Gose: The Gallo-Roman temple district in the Altbachtal in Trier. Zabern, Mainz 1972 (=  Trier excavations and research 7).
• Markus Trunk : Roman temples in the Rhine and western Danube provinces. A contribution to the architectural-historical classification of Roman sacred buildings in Augst. Roman Museum Augst, Augst 1991, ISBN 3-7151-0014-1 , pp. 219-230 (=  research in Augst 14).
• Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Religio Romana. Paths to the gods in ancient Trier. Exhibition catalog Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 1996, ISBN 3-923319-34-7 (=  publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 12).
• Marcello Ghetta: Late Antique Paganism. Trier and the Treverer Land. Kliomedia, Trier 2008, ISBN 978-3-89890-119-2 .

Kaiserthermen

• Daniel Krencker: The Trier Kaiserthermen 1: excavation report and basic investigations of Roman thermal baths. Filser, Augsburg 1929 (=  Trier excavations and research 1).
• Ludwig Hussong, Heinz Cüppers: The Trier Kaiserthermen 2: The late Roman and early medieval ceramics. Filser, Augsburg 1972, ISBN 3-923319-88-6 (=  Trier excavations and research 1, 2).
• Wilhelm Reusch, Marcel Lutz, Hans-Peter Kuhnen: The excavations in the western part of the Trier Kaiserthermen 1960–1966. The city palace of the financial procurator of the provinces of Belgica, Upper and Lower Germany. Marie Leidorf, Rahden / Westphalia 2012 (=  archeology from Rhineland-Palatinate 1 ), ISBN 978-3-86757-651-2 .

Roman bridges

• Heinz Cüppers: The Trier Roman Bridges. von Zabern, Mainz 1969, ISBN 3-923319-91-6 (=  Trier excavations and research 5).

Coin finds

• Maria Radnoti-Alföldi : The coins found in the Roman period in Germany ( FMRD ). IV 3 / 1–2: City of Trier. Zabern, Mainz 1970-2006, ISBN 3-7861-1014-X (IV, 3/1), ISBN 3-8053-3727-2 (IV, 3/2).
• Maria Radnoti-Alföldi: The coins found in the Roman period in Germany (FMRD). IV 3/6: City of Trier, supplements and additions. Zabern, Mainz 2008, ISBN 978-3-8053-3903-2 .
• Karl-Josef Gilles : The Roman gold coin treasure from the Feldstrasse in Trier . Trier 2013, ISBN 978-3-923319-82-4 (=  Trier magazine supplement 34).
• Karl-Josef Gilles: The coin cabinet in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier. An overview of the Trier coin history. Trier 1996, ISBN 3-923319-36-3 (=  publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 13).

Trier ceramic production

• Ingeborg Huld-Zetsche : Trier relief sigillata: Werkstatt I. Habelt, Bonn 1972 (=  materials for Roman-Germanic ceramics 9).
• Ingeborg Huld-Zetsche: Trier relief sigillata: Werkstatt II. Habelt, Bonn 1993 (=  materials for Roman-Germanic ceramics 12).
• Susanna Künzl: The Trier saying cup ceramics. Decorated black varnish ceramics of the 3rd and 4th centuries. Trier 1997, ISBN 3-923319-35-5 (=  Trier Journal 21 supplements ).

Found objects

• Wolfgang Binsfeld , Karin Goethert-Polaschek, Lothar Schwinden: Catalog of the Roman stone monuments of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier . 1. Divine and consecrated monuments. Zabern, Mainz 1988, ISBN 3-8053-0286-X (=  Corpus signorum Imperii Romani . Vol. 4.3. Trier and Trier Land. At the same time: Trier excavations and research 12).
• Antje Krug: Roman gems in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier. Trier 1995, ISBN 3-923319-32-0 (=  publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 10).
• Karin Goethert: Roman lamps and candlesticks. Selection catalog of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier. Trier 1997, ISBN 3-923319-38-X (=  publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 14).
• Peter Hoffmann: Roman mosaics in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier - guide to the permanent exhibition. Trier 1999, ISBN 3-923319-44-4 (=  publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 16).
• Hans-Peter Kuhnen (Ed.): Submerged, surfaced. River finds. From history. With their story. Trier 2001, ISBN 3-923319-48-7 (=  publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 21).
• Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Ed.): Finds: from prehistory to modern times. Theiss, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-8062-2324-8 (=  series of publications by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 36).

Research history

• Hans-Peter Kuhnen (Ed.): Propaganda. Power. History. Archeology on the Rhine and Moselle in the service of National Socialism. Book accompanying the exhibition, Trier 2002 (=  series of publications by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 24 ).
• Hans-Peter Kuhnen: Research History and Reception of Antiquities in Trier. In: M. Landfester (Ed.), Der Neue Pauly. Encyclopedia of Antiquity. History of reception and science. Vol. 15.3 (Stuttgart - Weimar), Col. 565-578.
• Hans-Peter Kuhnen: Excavation financing even without the polluter pays principle: A new judgment of the OVG Koblenz on investor contracts in the archaeological monument preservation. In: Archäologisches Nachrichtenblatt 9, 2004, pp. 17–32.
• Hans-Peter Kuhnen: Trèves - une métropole gallo-romaine confrontée à la sauvegarde du patrimoine archéologique. In: Didier Bayard, Jean-Luc Collart, Noël Mahéo (eds.): La marque de Rome. Samarobriva et les villes du nord de la Gaule. Musée de Picardie, Amiens 2006, pp. 190–194 (=  exhibition catalog Musée de Picardie Amiens ) ISBN 978-2908095388 .

Web links

Commons : Augusta Treverorum  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

• Entries on Augusta Treverorum in the Arachne archaeological database
• UNESCO World Heritage Roman monuments, cathedral and Church of Our Lady in Trier
• Augusta Treverorum
• Plan of the Roman city of Trier (PDF; 2 MB)
• Trier Center for Antiquity - Website on some Roman buildings and the Rheinisches Landesmuseum

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Hartwig Löhr: The oldest settlement in the Trier valley from the Paleolithic to the Hallstatt period. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Trier - Augustus city of the Treverians. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, p. 9.
2. ↑ Hartwig Löhr: The oldest settlement in the Trier valley from the Paleolithic to the Hallstatt period. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Trier - Augustus city of the Treverians. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, p. 12, cat. No. 4 u. 12.
3. ^ Alfred Haffner : The Trier valley width in the Latène period. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Trier - Augustus city of the Treverians. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, p. 16.
4. ↑ Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate , p. 578; Alfred Haffner: The width of the Trier valley in the La Tène period. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Trier - Augustus city of the Treverians. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, pp. 16-19.
5. ↑ Heinz Heinen : Trier and the Trevererland in Roman times. 2nd Edition. Spee, Trier 1993, pp. 9f.
6. ↑ Heinz Heinen: Augustus and the beginnings of Roman Trier. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Trier - Augustus city of the Treverians. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, p. 38, cat. No. 41 u. 42.
7. ↑ Heinz Heinen: Augustus and the beginnings of Roman Trier. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Trier - Augustus city of the Treverians. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, p. 36, indefinitely between first and second governorship, for example Otto Roller : Economy and Transport. In: H. Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. Hamburg 2002, p. 261; Raymond Chevallier: Les Voies Romaines. Picard, Paris 1997, pp. 209f. The allocation to Agrippa is secured on the basis of Strabon 4, 1, 2.
8. ↑ Heinz Heinen: Augustus and the beginnings of Roman Trier. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Trier - Augustus city of the Treverians. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, p. 41.
9. ↑ ^{a b c} Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. P. 579.
10. ↑ Velleius Paterculus 2, 97 ( Latin original text at thelatinlibrary.com ); Suetonius : Augustus 23 ( Latin original text at thelatinlibrary.com ( Memento from May 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive )); Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. P. 579.
11. ↑ ^{a b} Heinz Heinen: Augustus and the beginnings of Roman Trier. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Trier - Augustus city of the Treverians. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, p. 40, cat.-no. 43; Mechthild Neyses-Eiden: in: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Finds: from prehistory to modern times. Theiss, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-8062-2324-8 , p. 50f. ( Series of publications by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum 36).
12. ↑ CIL 13, 3671 ; Lothar Schwinden in: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Hrsg.): Finds: from prehistory to modern times. Theiss, Stuttgart 2009, p. 52f. (=  Publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum  36).
13. ↑ Jennifer Morscheiser-Niebergall: The beginnings of Trier in the context of Augustan urbanization policy north of the Alps. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2009, ISBN 978-3-447-06086-8 , pp. 132f. (=  Philippika, Marburg Classical Treatises  30).
14. ^ Tilmann Bechert et al. (Ed.): Orbis Provinciarum. The provinces of the Roman Empire. Introduction and overview. Mainz 1999, p. 125.
15. ↑ Edith Mary Wightman: The milestone of Buzenol, an inscription from Mainz and the legal status of the Roman Trier. In: Trier Journal 39, 1976, p. 66; same: Roman Trier and the Treveri. Rupert Hart-Davis, London 1970, pp. 40f.
16. ↑ ^{a b} Tacitus, Historiae 4, 77 ( Latin original text at thelatinlibrary.com ).
17. ↑ Tacitus, Historiae 4, 72 ( Latin original text at thelatinlibrary.com ).
18. ^ Edith Mary Wightman: Roman Trier and the Treveri. Rupert Hart-Davis, London 1970, p. 40 and 42; Franz Schön: Augusta [6] Treverorum. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 2, Metzler, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-476-01472-X , Sp. 286.
19. ^ Edith Mary Wightman: Roman Trier and the Treveri. Rupert Hart-Davis, London 1970, p. 40; on the stone see Edith Mary Wightman: The milestone of Buzenol, an inscription from Mainz and the legal status of the Roman Trier. In: Trier magazine 39, 1976; H. Finke: New inscriptions. In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 17, 1927, pp. 1–107 and 198–231, no. 320  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; CIL 17, 2, 549.  
20. ↑ Heinz Heinen: Trier and the Trevererland in Roman times. 2nd Edition. Spee, Trier 1993, pp. 61-63.
21. ↑ u. a. AE 1977, 691 ; AE 1983, 812 ; AE 2006, 750 ; CIL 3, 4391 ; CIL 13.634 ; CIL 13, 1883 ; CIL 13, 7118 , for discussion see Jean Krier : Die Treverer outside their civitas. Mobility and advancement. Published by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier, 1981, ISBN 3-923319-00-2 , pp. 172–177 (=  Trier magazine  supplement 5).
22. ↑ Ua AE 1968, 321 ; CIL 3, 4153 .
23. ↑ Pomponius Mela: De chorographia 3, 15 ( Latin original text at thelatinlibrary.com ).
24. ↑ Heinz Heinen: Augustus and the beginnings of Roman Trier. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Trier - Augustus city of the Treverians. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, p. 44f.
25. ↑ Trier Porta Nigra is exactly 1848 years old. In: dw.com. Deutsche Welle, January 12, 2018, accessed January 13, 2018 . 
26. ↑ Heinz Heinen: Trier and the Trevererland in Roman times. 2nd Edition. Spee, Trier 1993, pp. 97f.
27. ↑ On the Trier Sigillata production see Ingeborg Huld-Zetsche : Trier Reliefsigillata: Werkstatt I. R. Habelt, Bonn 1972 (=  materials for Roman-Germanic ceramics  9); same: Trier relief sigillata: Werkstatt II. R. Habelt, Bonn 1993 (=  materials for Roman-Germanic ceramics  12).
28. ↑ Susanna Künzl: The Trier Spruchbecherkeramik. Decorated black varnish ceramics of the 3rd and 4th centuries. Trier 1997, ISBN 3-923319-35-5 (=  Trier Journal  21 supplements ).
29. ↑ Karl-Josef Gilles : Bacchus and Sucellus. 2000 years of Roman wine culture on the Rhine and Moselle. Rhein-Mosel-Verlag, Briedel 1999, ISBN 3-89801-000-7 .
30. ↑ CIL 13, 6800
31. ↑ Ingemar König : The time of the Gallic usurpers (260-274). In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Ed.): Trier - imperial residence and episcopal city. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, pp. 9–15, here p. 14.
32. ^ Helmut Bernhard : The Roman history in Rhineland-Palatinate. The development up to the tetrarchy. In: H. Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. P. 125.
33. ↑ On the Imperial Palace in Trier: Ulrike Wulf-Rheidt: “Worthy of the stars and the sky”. Imperial palace buildings in Rome and Trier (= Trier Winckelmann programs . Issue 24, 2012). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-447-10235-3 .
34. ↑ For the figures see Heinz Heinen: Trier and the Trevererland in Roman times . 2nd Edition. Spee, Trier 1993, p. 121.
35. ↑ Heinz Cüppers: The late antique city - imperial residence and bishopric. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Ed.): Trier - imperial residence and episcopal city. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, p. 74.
36. ↑ RIC VI 774.
37. ^ Ua Codex Theodosianus 13, 3, 11; Ausonius, epistula 13.
38. ↑ On the Trier University see Heinz Heinen: Trier and the Trevererland in Roman times. 2nd Edition. Spee, Trier 1993, pp. 348-365.
39. ↑ Wolfgang Binsfeld: The rural settlement in the area of ​​Trier in late antiquity. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Ed.): Trier - imperial residence and episcopal city. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, p. 75f.
40. ↑ On the end of Roman rule see Lothar Schwinden: The Roman Trier since the middle of the 4th century. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Ed.): Trier - imperial residence and episcopal city. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, pp. 34-48.
41. ↑ For the bishopric see Wolfgang Binsfeld : Das christliche Trier und seine Bischöfe. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Ed.): Trier - imperial residence and episcopal city. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, pp. 60-65; Heinz Heinen: Trier as a bishopric. In: Alexander Demandt, Josef Engemann (ed.): Konstantin der Große. Emperor Caesar Flavius ​​Constantinus . Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2007, pp. 318–326.
42. ↑ CIL 6, 1641 ; CIL 13, 11311 .
43. ↑ On the Trier mint see Karl-Josef Gilles: The Roman Mint Trier from 293/4 to the middle of the 5th century. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Ed.): Trier - imperial residence and episcopal city. Mainz 1984, pp. 49-59; same: coinage in Roman Trier. In: Alexander Demandt , Josef Engemann (ed.): Konstantin der Große. Emperor Caesar Flavius ​​Constantinus . Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2007, ISBN 978-3-8053-3688-8 , pp. 313-317.
44. ^ Karl-Josef Gilles: The Roman Mint Trier from 293/4 to the middle of the 5th century. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Ed.): Trier - imperial residence and episcopal city. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, p. 58.
45. ↑ On the Frankish times see Hans-Peter Kuhnen: Trier: Archeology and History of a Roman Metropolis. In: H.-P. Kuhnen (ed.): The Roman Trier. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, pp. 79–90 (=  Guide to archaeological monuments in Germany  40).
46. ↑ Reinhard Schindler : Augusta Treverorum. In: Bonner Jahrbücher 172, 1972, pp. 262–264 with further literature.
47. ↑ ^{a b} Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. P. 583.
48. ↑ Karin Goethert in: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Hrsg.): Findings: from prehistory to modern times. Theiss, Stuttgart 2009, pp. 68f. (=  Publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum  36).
49. ↑ Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. P. 584 and 626.
50. ↑ For the forum see Heinz Cüppers: The Roman Forum of the Colonia Augusta Treverorum. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Hrsg.): Festschrift 100 years Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier. Contributions to the archeology and art of the Trier region. von Zabern, Mainz 1979, ISBN 3-8053-0390-4 , pp. 211-262 (= Trier excavations and research 14) ; Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Ed.): Save the archaeological heritage in Trier. Trier 2005, p. 92f.
51. ↑ ^{a b} CIL 13, 03679 (4, p 43) .
52. ^ Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Save the archaeological heritage in Trier. Trier 2005, pp. 94-96.
53. ↑ Heinz Cüppers: The city wall of Roman Trier and the burial ground at the Porta Nigra. In: Trier Zeitschrift 36, 1973, pp. 133–222.
54. ↑ Figures based on Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. P. 614.
55. ↑ For preserved and preserved sections, see Sabine Faust: Schießgraben: Römische Stadtmauer ; Joachim Hupe: Schützenstraße: Roman city wall and Ruwer water pipe ; same: Simeonsstiftplatz: Roman and medieval city walls. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Guide to archaeological monuments of the Trier region. Trier 2008, pp. 62–67 (=  series of publications of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier  35).
56. ↑ Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate, p. 598.
57. ^ Religio Romana. Paths to the gods in ancient Trier. Exhibition catalog Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 1996, cat.-no. 51a-c (=  writings of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier  12); Lothar Schwinden in: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Hrsg.): Finds: from prehistory to modern times. Theiss, Stuttgart 2009, p. 116f. (=  Publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum  36).
58. ↑ Eckart Köhne in: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Findings: from prehistory to modern times. Theiss, Stuttgart 2009, p. 112f. (=  Publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum  36).
59. ↑ Karl-Josef Gilles in: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Hrsg.): Finds: from prehistory to modern times. Theiss, Stuttgart 2009, pp. 144f. (=  Publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum  36).
60. ^ Klaus-Peter Goethert: The thermal baths at the cattle market. In: Roman buildings in Trier. Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2003, pp. 109–111 (= guide booklet  20, Edition Burgen, Schlösser, Antiquities Rheinland-Pfalz ); Frank Unruh: Viehmarkt: Roman thermal baths and modern protective structures as a “window into the city's history”. In: H.-P. Kuhnen (ed.): The Roman Trier. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, p. 226 (=  guide to archaeological monuments in Germany  40).
61. ↑ Siegfried Loeschcke: The exploration of the temple district in the Altbachtale in Trier. Berlin 1928.
62. ↑ Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. P. 588.
63. ↑ To the temple at the Herrenbrünnchen see Erich Gose: The temple at the Herrenbrünnchen in Trier. In: Trier magazine for the history and art of the Trier region and its neighboring areas 30, 1967, pp. 83–100; Sabine Faust: Pagan temple districts and cult buildings. In: Alexander Demandt, Josef Engemann (ed.): Konstantin der Große. Emperor Caesar Flavius ​​Constantinus . Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2007, p. 329.
64. ↑ CIL 13, 3636 .
65. ↑ Karl-Josef Gilles: The Roman gold coin treasure from Feldstrasse in Trier . Trier 2013, ISBN 978-3-923319-82-4 (=  Trier magazine supplement  34); Hans-Peter Kuhnen: Trier: Archeology and history of a Roman metropolis. In: H.-P. Kuhnen (ed.): The Roman Trier. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, pp. 31 and 39 (=  guide to archaeological monuments in Germany  40); Sabine Faust: banks of the Moselle: Roman temple. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Guide to archaeological monuments of the Trier region. Trier 2008, p. 52f. (=  Series of publications of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier  35).
66. ↑ Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. P. 591f. For the temple as a whole, see Heinz Cüppers: The Temple of Asklepios on the Moselle Bridge in Trier. In: Kurtrierisches Jahrbuch 22, 1982, pp. 7-13; Sabine Faust: Pagan temple districts and cult buildings. In: Alexander Demandt, Josef Engemann (ed.): Konstantin der Große. Emperor Caesar Flavius ​​Constantinus . Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2007, p. 328; Markus Trunk: Roman temples in the Rhine and western Danube provinces: a contribution to the architectural-historical classification of Roman sacred buildings in Augst. Augst 1991, ISBN 3-7151-0014-1 , pp. 225f. (=  Research in August  14).
67. ↑ Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. P. 594.
68. ↑ CIL 13, 3648 , CIL 13, 3649 , CIL 13, 3650 .
69. ^ Ernst Hollstein : Central European Oak Chronology. von Zabern, Mainz 1980, ISBN 3-8053-0096-4 (=  Trier excavations and research  11).
70. ↑ For the Trier Roman bridges see: Heinz Cüppers: The Trier Roman bridges. von Zabern, Mainz 1969 (=  Trier excavations and research  5); the same: Trier - the Roman bridge. In: H. Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. Pp. 608-614; the same: the Roman bridges. In: H.-P. Kuhnen (ed.): The Roman Trier. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, pp. 158–165 (=  Guide to Archaeological Monuments in Germany  40); Mechthild Neyses, Ernst Hollstein in: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Hrsg.): Trier - Augustus city of the Treveri. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, pp. 180-182; Sabine Faust: Roman Bridge. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Guide to archaeological monuments of the Trier region. Trier 2008, pp. 60f. (=  Series of publications of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier  35).
71. ↑ For the river finds, see Karl-Josef Gilles: "Time in the Stream" - Roman and post-Roman finds from the Roman bridge in Trier. In: H.-P. Kuhnen (Ed.): Submerged, surfaced. River finds. From history. With their story. Trier 2001, ISBN 3-923319-48-7 , pp. 87-92 (=  series of publications of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier  21).
72. ↑ For the water supply see Heinz Cüppers: Trier - Wasserversorgung. In: H. Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. Pp. 584-588; Hans-Peter Kuhnen: City wall and Roman Ruwertal water pipe in the archaeological window Bergstrasse / corner of Schützenstrasse. In: H.-P. Kuhnen (ed.): The Roman Trier. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, pp. 220–222, ibid. Pp. 45–47, p. 68 (=  Guide to Archaeological Monuments in Germany  40); Adolf Neyses: The Roman Ruwer water pipe to Trier in the Tarforst-Waldrach drainage area. In: Trier magazine for the history and art of the Trier region and its neighboring areas 38, 1975, pp. 75–100; Ernst Samesreuther : Roman water pipes in the Rhineland. In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 26, 1936, pp. 112–130.
73. ↑ Margarethe König (Ed.): Palatia. Imperial palaces in Constantinople, Ravenna and Trier. Trier 2003, ISBN 3-923319-56-8 , esp. Pp. 123–161 (= series of publications of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 27) .
74. ^ Hans-Peter Kuhnen: Trier: Archeology and history of a Roman metropolis. In: H.-P. Kuhnen (ed.): The Roman Trier. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, p. 28f. (=  Guide to archaeological monuments in Germany  40).
75. ↑ Sabine Faust: St. Irminen: Roman granaries (horrea) and residential buildings. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Guide to archaeological monuments of the Trier region. Trier 2008, p. 16f. (= Series of publications of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 35).
76. ↑ Klaus-Peter Goethert and Marco Kiessel: Trier - Residence in late antiquity. In: Alexander Demandt, Josef Engemann (ed.): Konstantin der Große. Emperor Caesar Flavius ​​Constantinus . Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2007, pp. 304-311.
77. ↑ On the Kaiserthermen see Heinz Cüppers: Kaiserthermen. In: H. Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. Pp. 620-623; Sabine Faust: Kaiserthermen. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Guide to archaeological monuments of the Trier region. Trier 2008, p. 50f .; Thomas Fontaine: The Imperial Baths. In: Hans-Peter Kuhnen (Ed.): The Roman Trier. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, pp. 122-134 .; Klaus-Peter Goethert: Roman buildings in Trier: Porta Nigra, amphitheater, Kaiserthermen, Barbarathermen, thermal baths at the cattle market. Schnell + Steiner, Regensburg 2003, pp. 125–149; Daniel Krencker: The Trier Kaiserthermen 1: excavation report and basic investigations of Roman thermal baths. Filser, Augsburg 1929 (=  Trier excavations and research  1); Ludwig Hussong, Heinz Cüppers: The Trier Kaiserthermen 2: The late Roman and early medieval ceramics. Filser, Augsburg 1972 (=  Trier excavations and research  1,2).
78. ↑ Klaus-Peter Goethert and Marco Kiessel: Trier - Residence in late antiquity. In: Alexander Demandt, Josef Engemann (ed.): Konstantin der Große. Emperor Caesar Flavius ​​Constantinus. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2007, p. 307.
79. ↑ Information from Klaus-Peter Goethert and Marco Kiessel: Trier - Residenz in der Spätantike. In: Alexander Demandt, Josef Engemann (ed.): Konstantin der Große. Emperor Caesar Flavius ​​Constantinus. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2007, p. 307; after Hans-Peter Kuhnen: The palace auditorium (so-called basilica) of the late antique imperial palace. In: H.-P. Kuhnen (ed.): The Roman Trier. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, p. 136 (=  Guide to Archaeological Monuments in Germany  40), 71.0 m × 32.6 m.
80. ↑ Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. P. 601.
81. ↑ On the palace auditorium see Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. Pp. 601-604; Hans-Peter Kuhnen: The palace auditorium (so-called basilica) of the late antique imperial palace. In: H.-P. Kuhnen (ed.): The Roman Trier. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, (=  Guide to Archaeological Monuments in Germany  40), pp. 135–142; Klaus-Peter Goethert and Marco Kiessel: Trier - Residence in Late Antiquity. In: Alexander Demandt, Josef Engemann (ed.): Konstantin der Große. Emperor Caesar Flavius ​​Constantinus. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2007, pp. 307-311; Sabine Faust: Basilica: Roman palace auditorium. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Guide to archaeological monuments of the Trier region. Trier 2008, p. 42f. (=  Series of publications of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier  35); Eberhard Zahn: The basilica in Trier. Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Trier 1991, ISBN 3-923319-18-5 (=  publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier  6).
82. ↑ Erika Simon : The Constantinian ceiling paintings in Trier. Zabern, Mainz 1986, ISBN 3-8053-0903-1 ( Trier contributions to antiquity . 3).
83. ↑ Mineralogically actually Mela quartz diorite , see Erwin Nickel : Odenwald. Vorderer Odenwald between Darmstadt and Heidelberg. Bornträger, Berlin / Stuttgart 1985, p. 20 (=  collection of geological guides  65).
84. ↑ For the Roman buildings under the Trier cathedral see Hans Peter Kuhnen: Dom and Liebfrauen: The beginnings of the Trier bishop's church. In: H.-P. Kuhnen (ed.): The Roman Trier. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, pp. 114–121 (=  Guide to Archaeological Monuments in Germany  40); Winfried Weber : Ancient church in the area of ​​the cathedral and Liebfrauen. In: H. Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. P. 633f .; Sabine Faust: Cathedral and Liebfrauen: Early Christian church complex. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Guide to archaeological monuments of the Trier region. Trier 2008, p. 44f. (=  Series of publications of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier  35).
85. ↑ Heinz Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate . P. 637.
86. ↑ On the grave fields see Karin Goethert: Gräberfelder. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Ed.): Save the archaeological heritage in Trier. Second memorandum of the Trier Archaeological Commission. Trier 2005, pp. 122–125 (=  series of publications by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier  31).
87. ^ Adolf Neyses: The building history of the former imperial abbey of St. Maximin near Trier. Schnell and Steiner, Regensburg 2001, ISBN 3-7954-2280-9 (=  catalogs and writings of the Episcopal Cathedral and Diocesan Museum Trier  6).
88. ↑ Karl-Josef Gilles: Bacchus and Sucellus. 2000 years of Roman wine culture on the Rhine and Moselle. Rhein-Mosel-Verlag, Briedel 1999, p. 155f.
89. ↑ For the late antique palace and villa complexes see Thomas HM Fontaine: The Trier area in the 4th century. In: Alexander Demandt , Josef Engemann (ed.): Konstantin der Große. Emperor Caesar Flavius ​​Constantinus . Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2007, pp. 333–341.
90. ^ Otto Roller: Economy and traffic. In: H. Cüppers (Ed.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. Hamburg 2002, p. 261.
91. ^ Karl-Viktor Decker, Wolfgang Seltzer: Roman research in Rhineland-Palatinate. In: Heinz Cüppers (Hrsg.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. Licensed edition, Nikol, Hamburg 2002, p. 13f.
92. ↑ Orosius 1, 4, 1.
93. ↑ Wolfgang Binsfeld: The founding legend. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Trier - Augustus city of the Treverians. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984, p. 7f.
94. ^ Itinerarium per nonnullas Galliae Belgicae partes.
95. ↑ Briefly Luxemburgum Romanum, exact title Luciliburgensia sive Luxemburgum Romanum, hoc est Arduennae veteris situs, populi, loca prisca… iam inde a Caesarum temporibus Urbis adhaec Luxemburgensis incunabula et incementum investigata atque a fabula vindicata ... eruderata et illustrata a Alexandro Wilthemio.
96. ^ ^{A b} Karl-Viktor Decker, Wolfgang Seltzer: Roman research in Rhineland-Palatinate. In: Heinz Cüppers (Hrsg.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. Licensed edition, Nikol, Hamburg 2002, p. 22.
97. ^ Hans-Peter Kuhnen: Trier: Archeology and history of a Roman metropolis. In: H.-P. Kuhnen (ed.): The Roman Trier. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, p. 13 (=  Guide to archaeological monuments in Germany  40).
98. ^ Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Trier - Augustus city of the Treverians. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984.
99. ^ Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Trier - imperial residence and episcopal city. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1984.
100. ^ Hans-Peter Kuhnen: Trier: Archeology and history of a Roman metropolis. In: H.-P. Kuhnen (ed.): The Roman Trier. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001, pp. 13-16 (=  guide to archaeological monuments in Germany  40).

Coordinates: 49 ° 46 '  N , 6 ° 39'  E

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on November 4, 2011 in this version .