Cosmopolitan city
As a cosmopolitan city are cities designated of paramount importance worldwide. A cosmopolitan city is of central importance in a political, economic or cultural area.
In contrast to the term metropolis , which is sometimes used synonymously , which can also be used in relation to a certain region or function, the global city concept is based on the entire urban system of the world.
criteria
A cosmopolitan city has or was of central importance for large parts of the world in a political , economic and / or cultural area. In addition, it is required that a cosmopolitan city dominate its own limited world economy.
Political importance
World cities in the political sense are and were the centers of power of the great world empires and influential economies. Historically important world cities were Alexandria , Rome , Madrid , Constantinople , London , Berlin , Moscow or Lisbon and Vienna , which exercised their power on several continents. The most important political centers of today are mostly the capitals of the major economies such as Washington , Paris , Berlin, Tokyo or Beijing . The seat of government of a state is also the location of various embassies and consulates. Not infrequently it is also the seat of national associations, non-governmental organizations and lobby groups; this increases its global relevance.
As the headquarters of the most important international institution, the United Nations (UN) , New York can, with some restrictions, also be regarded as a global political center. A number of UN specialized agencies and other international institutions are based in Geneva and Vienna. Brussels , the seat of the European Commission and NATO , is also of international political importance, especially since these institutions act and are recognized not only within Europe or the transatlantic area, but also worldwide.
Economical meaning
World cities in the economic sense are predominantly metropolises with a large number of globally active companies. They are mostly centers of the most diverse branches of industry and especially of the highly paid finance and service industries. An above-average per capita economic performance in the national and international comparison framework is an indication of this.
The three largest economic regions of the highly developed world (East Asia, Europe, North America) have each developed a leading metropolis ( Tokyo , London and New York , see Saskia Sassen's global city theory). Complementary financial centers that are still of paramount international importance are Hong Kong , Taipei , Singapore , Seoul and Sydney in the Pacific region; Frankfurt am Main , Paris , Milan , Madrid , Amsterdam and Zurich in Europe and Chicago and Toronto in North America. Important financial centers have also developed in emerging economies , but with the exception of Mexico City and Shanghai , their stock exchange trading volumes have not yet reached that of the established metropolises such as Mumbai (Bombay), Moscow , Istanbul , Bangkok or São Paulo .
Due to the great mutual interdependence of the world economy, the financial metropolises are usually also important transport hubs, especially in air traffic. A first definition of world cities in an economic sense, taking into account and incorporating the findings of other geographers and economists, was provided by John Friedmann in 1986 , who created his World City theory , which he has updated several times since then.
Cultural meaning
World cities in the cultural sense are much more difficult to identify objectively because there are few quantifiable indicators (such as government or corporate leadership, passenger numbers or the trading volume of the stock exchange). Cultural metropolises have z. B. central functions for the circulation area of a world language such as London , New York and Los Angeles for large parts of the Anglophone world, Mexico City , Buenos Aires and Madrid for Latin America, Paris for large parts of Francophone Africa and Cairo for the Arab world. World cities with a cultural focus are points of attraction for artists and cultural workers such as Berlin and Vienna , places of high tourist attraction and locations of important institutions (museums, theaters, annual festivals, etc.) of paramount importance or pioneers of cultural developments.
Cities with a cultural focus also include centers in which cultural goods such as fashion, film, music, art, architecture or video games are produced. This may include Milan as a fashion center or Mumbai can be exemplified as a film city (Bollywood). Overarching sporting events such as the Olympic Games and World Championships as well as local sports clubs of international importance (Real Madrid, Los Angeles Lakers) contribute to a city's cultural reputation. Religious centers of worldwide importance such as Jerusalem , Rome and Mecca form a special group . Metropolises of global importance often have a high concentration of colleges, universities and research institutions.
The international presence of a cosmopolitan city is reflected in its high level of awareness, which suggests recurring media coverage. The level of awareness of a cosmopolitan city is also derived from its historical significance. "Ancient Rome", "ancient Athens", or "divided Berlin" are terms used in historiography worldwide.
Definitions
Global City
In human geography , the term global city , first coined in 1991 by Saskia Sassen , is often used. Here it is understood more as a global economic center. The German term “Weltstadt”, on the other hand, is seen as a traditionally political-cultural, cosmopolitan center of global importance. Both types of cities are not mutually exclusive; cities are often both.
The methodology for researching global cities has been developed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) since the early 1990s .
metropolis
The term metropolis is often used synonymously with “cosmopolitan city”, but also in relation to smaller cities that have important central functions in a certain sub-area or a certain industry. The term (Greek for “mother city”) is therefore ambiguous and does not necessarily refer to the global city system.
Megacity
The mentioned criteria are favored by a high number of inhabitants . In older literature, cities with more than one million inhabitants ( megacities ) are sometimes referred to as global cities. This equation is no longer tenable under today's circumstances. On the one hand, the number of megacities is steadily increasing as a result of global population growth, without the emergence of additional global centers - especially in the developing countries, huge cities with no functioning infrastructure and no significant international central functions have emerged. On the other hand, as a result of suburbanization, any connection between the political boundaries of a city and its actual extent has been lost, so that a reliable indication of the exact number of inhabitants and thus the assignment of the predicate “megacity” is hardly possible.
The previously common specification of residents within the city limits now leads to absurd results: only 140,000 people live in the urban area of Brussels , while Chongqing , which is little known internationally, is the largest city in the world with 32 million inhabitants (an area the size of Austria) would. There are even municipalities that have more than a million inhabitants, but cannot even be viewed as an independent center, but only as a secondary part of a metropolitan region around an even larger city, such as Yokohama (3.5 million inhabitants) near Tokyo or Nezahualcóyotl (2 million inhabitants) near Mexico City .
Mega city
A megacity is a city or urban region with a very large population (the threshold is usually set at five or ten million inhabitants). The term is a purely quantitative description without taking into account the global importance of a city. The term is often even explicitly referred to the rapidly growing cities in the “Third World”, which are of little international importance, often in connection with the problems caused by this enormous growth.
Ranking lists and studies
Cities are complex structures with equally complex relationships with one another. This is why it is difficult to define objective, measurable cosmopolitan city criteria for which there is sufficient research accessible and comparable data. Not least for this reason, research has so far mainly focused on economic criteria, because this is where objectively measurable data are most readily available and comparable. The authors concede that research on cosmopolitan cities is only just beginning and that both the methods and the data used require considerable refinement. Therefore, the resulting rankings of world cities are not conclusive and can only provide information on the position of individual cities in the global network of cities.
Globalization and World Cities Research Network
The Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) first listed cities in the economic sense based on their importance for advanced producer services , namely accounting, advertising, banking and law firms. In a second study in 2004, the institute presented a new study to redefine and categorize world cities. In addition to economic criteria, cultural (global media conglomerates, global architecture and engineering offices), political (UN bodies, embassies, city organizations) and social criteria (NGOs, scientific publications) were also taken into account to a limited extent. A third list appeared in 2008.
London and New York set themselves apart as they are some of the few cities with a diversified globality that touches many areas of life. Many lesser-known global cities are also listed, but these can be of central importance for a single country; B. Caracas as the capital of Venezuela.
Further lists were issued in 2010, 2012 and 2016. According to the 2016 list, the most important city in the German-speaking region is Frankfurt am Main in the Alpha category . Other important German-speaking cities in this sense are Vienna and Zurich in the Alpha− category . Dusseldorf , Hamburg and Munich ( Beta + ), Berlin ( Beta ) as well as Cologne and Stuttgart ( Beta− ) are listed as German-speaking world cities in the following beta categories . Dresden , Leipzig and Nuremberg belong to the gamma category .
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Global Cities Index
In October 2008, the American journal Foreign Policy , based in Washington, DC, published a ranking of 60 leading cities worldwide in collaboration with Saskia Sassen, Witold Rybczynski and others. This is based on five categories: business activity , human capital , information exchange , cultural experience and political engagement . Updated rankings were published in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015 and 2016.
Global City Competitiveness Index
In March 2012, The Economist Intelligence Unit , a business unit of The Economist Group , published a research report on the competitiveness of 120 of the world's largest cities. Competitiveness was examined for eight different categories: Economic Power, Human Capital, Institutional Effectiveness, Financial Feasibility, Global Attraction, Physical Capital, Social and Cultural Character, and Environment and Natural Hazards. In the financial feasibility category, nine cities achieved the highest possible number of points and thus jointly took first place; several first places were also awarded in the categories physical capital (eight cities), environment and natural hazards (four cities) and institutional effectiveness (two cities).
| city | country | GCCI 2012 | Best category |
|---|---|---|---|
| New York City |
 United States
|
01 | Financial feasibility |
| London |
 Great Britain
|
02 | Financial Feasibility & Global Attraction |
| Singapore |
 Singapore
|
03 | Financial feasibility |
| Paris |
 France
|
04 = | Global attraction |
| Hong Kong |
 Hong Kong
|
04 = | Financial feasibility & physical capital |
| Tokyo |
 Japan
|
06 | Financial feasibility & physical capital |
| Zurich |
 Switzerland
|
07 | Financial feasibility & institutional effectiveness |
| Washington, DC |
United States
|
08 | Human capital |
| Chicago |
United States
|
09 | Financial feasibility |
| Boston |
United States
|
10 | Human capital |
| Frankfurt am Main |
 Germany
|
11 | Financial Feasibility & Environment and Natural Hazards |
| Toronto |
 Canada
|
12 | Financial feasibility |
| San Francisco |
United States
|
13 = | Human capital |
| Geneva |
Switzerland
|
13 = | Institutional effectiveness |
| Sydney |
 Australia
|
15th | Social and cultural character |
| Melbourne |
Australia
|
16 | Physical capital |
| Amsterdam |
 Netherlands
|
17th | Physical capital |
| Vancouver |
Canada
|
18th | Physical capital |
| los Angeles |
United States
|
19th | Social and cultural character |
| Stockholm |
 Sweden
|
20 = | Physical capital |
| Seoul |
 South Korea
|
20 = | Financial feasibility |
| Montreal |
Canada
|
22nd | Environment and natural hazards |
| Houston |
United States
|
23 = | Human capital |
| Copenhagen |
 Denmark
|
23 = | Human capital |
| Vienna |
 Austria
|
25 = | Environment and natural hazards |
| Dallas |
United States
|
25 = | Institutional effectiveness |
Global Power City Index
In October 2009, the Tokyo-based Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation published a comprehensive study of 35 cities. In six main categories, 69 individual indicators were examined to classify the performance of the respective city: economy , research & development, quality of life , cultural interaction, transport infrastructure and ecology / environment . Updated studies were presented in 2010 and 2011. In 2017, 44 cities were examined in the study.
| city | country | GPCI 2017 | GPCI 2011 | GPCI 2010 | Best category 2016 (placement) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| London |
Great Britain
|
01 | 02 | 02 | Cultural interaction (1.) |
| New York City |
United States
|
02 | 01 | 01 | Economy (1.) & Research / Development (1.) |
| Tokyo |
Japan
|
03 | 04 | 04 | Research / Development (3.) |
| Paris |
France
|
04 | 03 | 03 | Transport infrastructure (1.) |
| Singapore |
Singapore
|
05 | 05 | 05 | Ecology / environment (3.) |
| Seoul |
South Korea
|
06 | 07 | 08 | Research / Development (5.) |
| Amsterdam |
Netherlands
|
07 | 09 | 07 | Quality of life (2.) |
| Berlin |
Germany
|
08 | 06 | 06 | Quality of life (1.) |
| Hong Kong |
Hong Kong
|
09 | 08 | 09 | Transport infrastructure (5.) |
| Sydney |
Australia
|
10 | 11 | 10 | Economy (9.) |
| los Angeles |
United States
|
11 | 13 | 14th | Research / Development (4.) |
| Frankfurt am Main |
Germany
|
12 | 10 | 13 | Ecology / environment (1.) |
| Beijing |
 People's Republic of China
|
13 | 18th | 24 | Economy (3.) |
| Vienna |
Austria
|
14th | 12 | 11 | Quality of life (4.) |
| Shanghai |
People's Republic of China
|
15th | 23 | 26th | Transport infrastructure (3.) |
| Stockholm |
Sweden
|
16 | - | - | Quality of life (3.) |
| San Francisco |
United States
|
17th | 21st | 22nd | Research / Development (9.) |
| Zurich |
Switzerland
|
18th | 14th | 12 | Ecology / environment (2.) |
| Toronto |
Canada
|
19th | 25th | 23 | Quality of life (11.) |
| Copenhagen |
Denmark
|
20th | 19th | 17th | Ecology / Environment (10.) |
| Brussels |
 Belgium
|
21st | 24 | 21st | Transport Infrastructure (18.) |
| Chicago |
United States
|
22nd | 26th | 25th | Research / Development (10.) |
| Dubai |
 United Arab Emirates
|
23 | - | - | Cultural Interaction (9.) |
| Barcelona |
 Spain
|
24 | - | - | Quality of life (6.) |
| Boston |
United States
|
25th | 16 | 20th | Research / Development (7.) |
| Osaka |
Japan
|
26th | 15th | 18th | Quality of life (19.) |
| Madrid |
Spain
|
27 | 20th | 15th | Quality of life (8.) |
| Vancouver |
Canada
|
28 | 22nd | 16 | Quality of life (9.) |
| Washington, DC |
United States
|
29 | - | - | Economy (16.) |
| Istanbul |
 Turkey
|
30th | - | - | Transport Infrastructure (11.) |
| Kuala Lumpur |
 Malaysia
|
31 | 31 | 30th | Quality of life (18.) |
| Milan |
 Italy
|
32 | 27 | 27 | Quality of life (12.) |
| Bangkok |
 Thailand
|
33 | 30th | 31 | Cultural Interaction (13.) |
| Geneva |
Switzerland
|
34 | 17th | 19th | Ecology / environment (4.) |
| Moscow |
 Russia
|
35 | 33 | 32 | Transport Infrastructure (12.) |
| Taipei |
 Taiwan
|
36 | 29 | 29 | Transport Infrastructure (19.) |
| Fukuoka |
Japan
|
37 | 28 | 28 | Quality of life (13.) |
| Mexico city |
 Mexico
|
38 | - | - | Cultural Interaction (20.) |
| São Paulo |
 Brazil
|
39 | 32 | 33 | Ecology / Environment (14.) |
| Buenos Aires |
 Argentina
|
40 | - | - | Quality of life (26.) |
| Jakarta |
 Indonesia
|
41 | - | - | Quality of life (30.) |
| Mumbai |
 India
|
42 | 34 | 34 | Cultural interaction (37.) |
| Cairo |
 Egypt
|
43 | 35 | 35 | Cultural Interaction (38.) |
| Johannesburg |
 South Africa
|
44 | - | - | Quality of life (35.) |
World City Survey
In March 2010, London-based Knight Frank, in collaboration with Citibank, published a survey of 40 selected cities. As part of the Wealth Report, four main categories were evaluated in order to classify the global status of the respective city: economic activity, political power , knowledge and influence, and quality of life . In 2011 the study was updated.
| city | country | WCS 2011 | WCS 2010 | Best category 2011 (placement) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| New York City |
United States
|
01 | 01 | Economic Activity & Knowledge and Influence (1.) |
| London |
Great Britain
|
02 | 02 | Economic Activity & Knowledge and Influence (2.) |
| Paris |
France
|
03 | 03 | Quality of life (1.) |
| Tokyo |
Japan
|
04 | 04 | Economic Activity & Knowledge and Influence (3.) |
| Brussels |
Belgium
|
05 | 06 | Political Power (3.) |
| los Angeles |
United States
|
06 | 05 | Knowledge and Influence (7.) |
| Singapore |
Singapore
|
07 | 07 | Economic activity (6.) |
| Beijing |
People's Republic of China
|
08 | 09 | Political Power (4.) |
| Toronto |
Canada
|
09 | 10 | Quality of life (3.) |
| Berlin |
Germany
|
10 | 08 | Quality of life (2.) |
| Chicago |
United States
|
11 | 11 | Knowledge and Influence (6.) |
| Washington, DC |
United States
|
12 | 12 | Political Power (1.) |
| Seoul |
South Korea
|
13 | 13 | Economic activity (8.) |
| Frankfurt am Main |
Germany
|
14th | 15th | Quality of life (4.) |
| Sydney |
Australia
|
15th | 16 | Knowledge and Influence (9.) |
| San Francisco |
United States
|
16 | 17th | Knowledge and Influence (13.) |
| Hong Kong |
Hong Kong
|
17th | 14th | Knowledge and Influence (5.) |
| Shanghai |
People's Republic of China
|
18th | 19th | Economic activity (5.) |
| Mexico city |
Mexico
|
19th | 21st | Political Power (10.) |
| Bangkok |
Thailand
|
20th | 18th | Political Power (14.) |
| Moscow |
Russia
|
21st | 22nd | Economic Activity (16.) |
| Zurich |
Switzerland
|
22nd | 20th | Quality of life (6.) |
| Munich |
Germany
|
23 | 26th | Quality of life (8.) |
| Taipei |
Taiwan
|
24 | 23 | Economic activity (13.) |
| São Paulo |
Brazil
|
25th | 24 | Economic activity (19.) |
Quality of life ratings
Mercer Quality of Living Index
The consulting company Mercer annually compares the quality of life in 420 cities around the world and publishes a list of around 220 cities. The index base value 100 is assigned to the city of New York City . The living conditions are assessed on the basis of 29 factors, which are divided into the following categories:
- Political and social environment (political stability, crime, fight against crime, ...)
- Economic conditions (currency exchange conditions, bank services, ...)
- Socio-cultural conditions (censorship, limitations of personal freedom, ...)
- Health and healthcare (medical care, contagious diseases, sewage and garbage disposal, air pollution, ...)
- Schools and training (standard and availability of international schools, ...)
- Public services and transport (electricity, water, public transport, traffic density, ...)
- Entertainment (restaurants, theaters, cinemas, sports and leisure facilities, ...)
- Consumer goods (availability of food and everyday consumer goods, cars, ...)
- Accommodation (housing, household appliances, furnishings, maintenance services, ...)
- Environment (climate, natural disasters, ...)
| city | country | MQoL
2019 |
MQoL 2018 | MQoL 2016 | MQoL 2015 | MQoL 2014 | MQoL 2013 | MQoL 2012 | MQoL 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vienna |
Austria
|
01 | 01 | 01 | 01 | 01 | 01 | 01 | 01 |
| Zurich |
Switzerland
|
02 | 02 | 02 | 02 | 02 | 02 | 02 | 02 |
| Auckland |
 New Zealand
|
03 | 03 | 03 | 03 | 03 | 03 | 03 | 03 |
| Munich |
Germany
|
03 | 03 | 04 | 04 | 04 | 04 | 04 | 04 |
| Vancouver |
Canada
|
03 | 05 | 05 | 05 | 05 | 05 | 05 | 05 |
| Dusseldorf |
Germany
|
06 | 06 | 06 | 06 | 06 | 06 | 06 | 05 |
| Frankfurt am Main |
Germany
|
07 | 07 | 07 | 07 | 07 | 07 | 07 | 07 |
| Geneva |
Switzerland
|
09 | 08 | 08 | 08 | 08 | 08 | 08 | 08 |
| Copenhagen |
Denmark
|
08 | 09 | 09 | 09 | 09 | 09 | 09 | 09 |
| Basel |
Switzerland
|
10 | 10 | ||||||
| Sydney |
Australia
|
10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Monocle Quality of Life Index
The international news and lifestyle magazine Monocle publishes a list of the 25 most livable cities in the world every year.
| city | country | MQoL 2018 | MQoL 2015 | MQoL 2014 | MQoL 2013 | MQoL 2012 | MQoL 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Munich |
Germany
|
01 | 09 | 09 | 08 | 05 | 04 |
| Tokyo |
Japan
|
02 | 01 | 02 | 04 | 07 | 09 |
| Vienna |
Austria
|
03 | 02 | 06 | 05 | 04 | 06 |
| Zurich |
Switzerland
|
04 | 10 | 07 | 06 | 01 | 02 |
| Copenhagen |
Denmark
|
05 | 11 | 01 | 01 | 03 | 03 |
| Berlin |
Germany
|
06 | 03 | 14th | 20th | 18th | 08 |
| Madrid |
Spain
|
07 | 16 | 17th | 18th | 20th | 10 |
| Hamburg |
Germany
|
08 | 21st | - | - | - | |
| Melbourne |
Australia
|
09 | 04 | 03 | 02 | 06 | 05 |
| Helsinki |
 Finland
|
10 | 08 | 05 | 03 | 02 | 01 |
| Stockholm |
Sweden
|
11 | 06 | 04 | 07 | 10 | 11 |
| Lisbon |
 Portugal
|
12 | 18th | - | - | - | |
| Sydney |
Australia
|
13 | 05 | 11 | 09 | 08 | 07 |
| Hong Kong |
Hong Kong
|
14th | 19th | - | - | - | |
| Vancouver |
Canada
|
15th | 07 | - | - | - | |
| Amsterdam |
Netherlands
|
16 | 20th | - | - | - | |
| Kyoto |
Japan
|
17th | 14th | 09 | 13 | 11 | |
| Dusseldorf |
Germany
|
18th | - | - | - | - | |
| Barcelona |
Spain
|
19th | 24 | 21st | 21st | - | |
| Paris |
France
|
20th | 15th | 18th | 14th | 14th |
Quality of life according to the Global Power City Index
In its studies of 44 world cities, the Tokyo-based Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation also compared the quality of life in these cities and established rankings.
| city | country | GPCI 2017 | GPCI 2011 | GPCI 2010 | GPCI 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berlin |
Germany
|
1 | 4th | 6th | 2 |
| Amsterdam |
Netherlands
|
2 | 7th | 8th | 10 |
| Stockholm |
Sweden
|
3 | - | - | - |
| Vienna |
Austria
|
4th | 9 | 10 | 6th |
| Frankfurt |
Germany
|
5 | 11 | 18th | 16 |
| Barcelona |
Spain
|
6th | - | - | - |
| Paris |
France
|
7th | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Madrid |
Spain
|
8th | 8th | 7th | 14th |
| Vancouver |
Canada
|
9 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Copenhagen |
Denmark
|
10 | 13 | 13 | 9 |
| Toronto |
Canada
|
11 | 19th | 14th | 5 |
| Milan |
Italy
|
12 | 10 | 5 | 18th |
| Tokyo |
Japan
|
13 | 5 | 9 | 19th |
| Fukuoka |
Japan
|
14th | 6th | 4th | 11 |
| Zurich |
Switzerland
|
15th | 17th | 16 | 4th |
| Sydney |
Australia
|
16 | 21st | 19th | 23 |
| London |
United Kingdom
|
17th | 15th | 20th | 33 |
| Kuala Lumpur |
Malaysia
|
18th | 27 | 27 | 12 |
| Osaka |
Japan
|
19th | 3 | 3 | 15th |
| Brussels |
Belgium
|
20th | 18th | 12 | 8th |
| Geneva |
Switzerland
|
21st | 14th | 11 | 7th |
| los Angeles |
United States
|
22nd | - | - | - |
| Seoul |
South Korea
|
23 | 24 | 26th | 34 |
| Moscow |
Russia
|
24 | - | - | - |
| San Francisco |
United States
|
25th | 20th | 22nd | 29 |
| Buenos Aires |
Argentina
|
26th | - | - | - |
| Bangkok |
Thailand
|
27 | - | - | - |
| Singapore |
Singapore
|
28 | 25th | 28 | 17th |
| São Paulo |
Brazil
|
29 | 26th | 23 | 25th |
| Jakarta |
Indonesia
|
30th | - | - | - |
German language area
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There are several cities in the central European German-speaking countries that are of global importance and exert international influence.
Germany
In Germany, several metropolises are of global importance and exert international influence. Within the federally organized Germany, however, a division of the economic, political and cultural presence with global influence can be observed, so that a cosmopolitan city in the broadest sense can only be assumed to a limited extent.
The three functional areas mentioned are mainly distributed in Berlin as the seat of government, culture and science metropolis , Frankfurt am Main as a financial center and transport hub, Munich as an industrial and technology center and Hamburg as an important media, seaport and trading city.
Cologne as a media center, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf as the seat of global corporations, the federal city of Bonn as the seat of international organizations, and Dresden , Leipzig and Nuremberg as cultural metropolises also show a high degree of international interdependence.
Austria and Switzerland
In the Republic of Austria, Vienna is the only city with worldwide significance and international influence. In Switzerland, on the other hand, Zurich (as an important financial center), Geneva (diplomatic city) and Basel (most important chemical and pharmaceutical industry location in Europe) are cities with an international reputation and are listed by the Federal Office for Spatial Development (ARE) as the only three metropolitan areas in the country.
Luxembourg
The capital of Luxembourg is the seat of important EU institutions rather of particular European importance.
Historic world cities
In earlier times there were other cities in the German-speaking area to which the holistic definition of a cosmopolitan city applied, even if the term “world” in earlier centuries was limited to the part of it known at the time.
Examples of real cosmopolitan cities at that time were Trier as the imperial seat of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, Aachen as the residence of Charlemagne in the 8th / 9th century. Century, Prague as the seat of the Roman-German Emperor Charles IV and his son Wenceslaus IV in the Holy Roman Empire of the 14th century, Augsburg , Bruges and Nuremberg in the 15th century, Antwerp as the richest trading city in Europe in the 16th century, Amsterdam as also the wealthiest city in Europe through trade in the 17th century, Vienna as the seat of the Habsburg emperors, imperial capital and cultural center from 1683 to 1918, or Berlin as the imperial capital and then largest city in continental Europe in the early 20th century.
Lübeck as the capital of the Hanseatic League was one of the most important cities in the Baltic Sea region in the late Middle Ages and one of the most populous cities in the Holy Roman Empire. In numerous cities in the Baltic Sea region, Luebian law applied .
See also
- Megalopolis (urban landscape)
- Metropolitan area
- List of names for large cities
- List of megacities
- List of the largest metropolitan areas in the world
- List of countries by urbanization
- List of cities by gross domestic product
literature
- Ronald Daus: World Cities - From the norm to the whim . Babylon Metropolis Studies, Ursula Opitz Verlag 2006, ISBN 978-3-925529-20-7 .
- Ulrike Gerhard: Global Cities - Notes on a Current Field of Research. Geographische Rundschau 56 (4), pp. 4-11 (2004), ISSN 0016-7460
- Barbara Hahn : New York, Chicago, Los Angeles - Global Cities in the competition. Geographische Rundschau 56 (4), pp. 12-19 (2004), ISSN 0016-7460
- Stefan Krätke: Berlin - city in the globalization process. Geographische Rundschau 56 (4), pp. 20-25 (2004), ISSN 0016-7460
- Michael Hoyler: London and Frankfurt as world cities. Geographische Rundschau 56 (4), pp. 26-31 (2004), ISSN 0016-7460
- Rainer Wehrhahn: Global Cities in Latin America? Geographische Rundschau 56 (4), pp. 40-46 (2004), ISSN 0016-7460
- Jie Fan, Wolfgang Taubmann: Beijing - China's seat of government on the way to becoming a cosmopolitan city. Geographische Rundschau 56 (4), pp. 47-54 (2004), ISSN 0016-7460
- Heinz Nissel: Mumbai: a megacity caught between global, national and local interests. Geographische Rundschau 56 (4), pp. 55-61 (2004), ISSN 0016-7460
- A. Sohn, H. Weber: Capitals and global cities on the threshold of the 21st century . Historical magazine 279 (1), pp. 265-266 (2004), ISSN 0018-2613
Web links
- Studies by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group & Network (GaWC)
- Metropolises - history, terms, methods. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Center for Metropolitan Studies, Technische Universität Berlin, archived from the original on March 9, 2016 ; accessed on September 3, 2017 . (PDF; 641 kB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Fernand Braudel after: Jürgen Osterhammel: The transformation of the world. A story of the 19th century. 2nd edition of the special edition 2016. CH Beck, ISBN 978-3-406-61481-1 , p. 386.
- ^ GaWC Research Bulletin 5 , GaWC, Loughborough University, July 28, 1999
- ^ GaWC Research Bulletin 146 , GaWC, Loughborough University, July 14, 2004
- ^ The World According to GaWC 2008 . lboro.ac.uk. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- ^ The World According to GaWC 2010 . lboro.ac.uk. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
- ^ The World According to GaWC 2012 , accessed January 12, 2017
- ↑ The World According to GaWC 2016 , accessed April 12, 2017
- ↑ Global Cities Index 2008 ( Memento from September 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Global Cities Index 2010
- ↑ The Urban Elite: The AT Kearney Global Cities Index 2010.pdf ( Memento from November 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Global Cities Index 2012 ( Memento from May 27, 2012)
- ↑ Global Cities Index 2016. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on December 11, 2016 ; accessed on September 3, 2017 .
- ↑ Hot spots - Benchmarking global city competitiveness ( Memento from July 3, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ New EIU Report: US and European Cities Most Competitive Worldwide; Cities in Asia are the strongest economically
- ↑ a b Global Power City Index (PDF; 2.1 MB), Institute for Urban Strategies, Tokyo, October 22, 2009
- ↑ a b Global Power City Index 2010 (PDF; 1.9 MB)
- ↑ a b Global Power City Index 2011 (PDF; 1.3 MB)
- ↑ Global Power City Index 2017. Accessed December 15, 2017 .
- ↑ Knight Frank Index , Börsenzeitung.de, March 25, 2010
- ^ The Wealth Report 2010 , knightfrank.com, March 25, 2010
- ↑ New York! The Big Apple s the most influential city ( Memento from November 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), PropertyNice, March 25, 2010
- ↑ Revealed: Cities that rule the world - and those on the rise (English), CNN. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
- ↑ World City Survey 2011 ( Memento from November 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Quality of Living Worldwide City Rankings - Mercer Survey
- ↑ Quality of Living City Ranking | Mercer. Retrieved March 25, 2020 .
- ↑ 2014 Quality of Living Worldwide City Rankings - Mercer Survey
- ↑ 2011 Quality of Living Worldwide City Rankings - Mercer Survey
- ↑ Quality of Life Survey: top 25 cities, 2018 - film. Accessed August 19, 2018 (English).
- ↑ Monocle Quality of Life 2014
- ↑ Monocle Quality of Life 2013
- ↑ Monocle Quality of Life 2012 ( Memento from August 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Monocle Quality of Life 2011
- ^ Monocle Quality of Life 2010
- ↑ Federal Office for Spatial Development ARE: B3: Metropolitan Areas. Retrieved March 25, 2020 .