Kaiserthermen (Trier)

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Exterior view from the east (state 2009).
Interior view from the western edge of the Palaestra to the southeast (state 2009).

The Kaiserthermen are the monumental remains of a large-scale planned late antique Roman bathing facility and later riding barracks that have been preserved in the center of the Rhineland-Palatinate city ​​of Trier . The building with its walls, some of which are still 19 meters high, is one of the largest Roman thermal baths north of the Alps and has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage in Trier since 1986 . As a cultural monument , the building has been a listed building since 1989 and is considered a cultural asset according to the Hague Convention . Despite their intended size, the imperial thermal baths that were never completed would not have been the largest bathing structures in Trier, as they were surpassed by the much older Barbarathermen . Today the area of ​​the thermal baths is designated as an archaeological park.

Research history

City map of Triers in the late Roman Empire.
A lookout tower for the new entrance area was built in 2006 in an archaeologically sensitive zone on the immediate north edge of the military bath (status 2006).

The ruins of the thermal baths, which had already been converted into equestrian barracks during antiquity, have remained visible from afar since the end of Roman rule. For a long time the area around the building remains was mostly undeveloped, which reinforced this effect. However, the inner area of ​​the thermal baths seems to have formed an exception early on and was possibly used as a castle as early as the 6th century . With the construction of the medieval city wall under Archbishop Bruno von Lauffen (1102–1124), the ruins of the southeast corner bastion and a city gate were installed. The name of this castle has been passed down as vetus castellum and Alteburg since the end of the 13th century . Due to this reorganization, the core area of ​​the thermal baths has been preserved to this day. All other areas fell victim to the medieval stone robbery. In the middle of the Palaestra , in the area of ​​what was then a settlement, the parish church of St. Gervasius was built around 1100 and the monastery church of St. Agneten opened its doors in 1295 on the north corner of the ancient Palaestra conversion. With the monastery, craftsmen and residential buildings were also built on the site. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Alteburg was no longer needed as a bastion. Its end began in 1806 with the demolition of a watchtower in the caldarium (hot bath). At the expense of the state, work began in 1816 to uncover this caldarium .

In 1907, the Association of the Stone and Earth Industry suggested rebuilding the Kaiserthermen in order to present the many possible uses of the "new building material cement". This suggestion was met with violent protests from experts, although it was still discussed whether the remains of a thermal bath, church or palace were to be ascribed to. These questions could be clarified between 1912 and 1914 with the approval of extensive funds in the course of further important excavations, whereby the western part could not be developed due to the dense development. The research program at that time also included study trips by archaeologists and architects to the Mediterranean countries in order to work out a systematic surveying and recording of ancient and early medieval bathing facilities. The fundamental work by Emil Krüger (1869–1954) and Daniel Krencker (1874–1941) published in 1929 , which in addition to this documentation also presents the excavation results at the Kaiserthermen, is exemplary to this day. In 1920 the underground components were made accessible to the public. The situation in the western part of the thermal baths only changed with the Second World War , when all modern buildings on the thermal baths were destroyed in the winter of 1944/45. This gave the opportunity to intensively examine a 10,800 square meter area of ​​the western ancient insula (residential area) under the direction of the archaeologist Wilhelm Reusch (1908–1995) from 1960 to 1966 . Subsequently, the entire Palaestra area was removed from the new building concept and the Roman foundations were slightly bricked up and conserved. Vegetation, salt immissions and air pollution, but also the traffic roundabout, which was brought close to the ruins in 1971, which brought with it a massive increase in traffic-related vibrations, led to a restoration and refurbishment of the caldarium carried out with considerable funds in 1983/1984 . In the course of this, the war damage caused by artillery fire and bombs, which had not been repaired since 1945, was repaired and a partial reconstruction of the east apse was carried out, which made a significant contribution to stabilizing the statics. In this case, the reconstruction has contributed to avoiding disruptive auxiliary structures, supporting pillars or metal girders. During the security measures in 1983/1984, the former entrance area in the east was also changed and the medieval city wall, which had long since ceased to exist, was rebuilt and brought close to the thermal baths. As a result, however, the military bath belonging to the Reiterkaserne, over which this wall now runs, was optically cut up.

The building researcher Arnold Tschira (1910–1969) was of great importance for the ancient legacy of Trier . As a member of numerous archaeological and historical institutions such as the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) and its Trier Commission, he earned great merit in keeping the historically unique area between the cathedral and the Kaiserthermen free of all new development plans after the war. It was only political decision-makers in the 21st century who opposed this request from the professional world of that time. The first reversible interventions in the thermal baths were caused by the events that have been held with ever increasing regularity since 1998, in which the caldarium is equipped with spectator stands and technical infrastructure. Mainly for this reason, the ancient north-eastern edge of the Palaestra , which had been preserved until then, was finally abandoned between 2006 and 2007 in order to build a 169-meter-long structure as an entrance area with an observation tower as part of a 5.2 million euro building project. The architect in charge, Oswald Mathias Ungers (1926–2007), was not without controversy in the archaeological world and had already unnecessarily destroyed parts of the ancient substance to be protected at the thermal baths at the cattle market in Trier "when building this" protective structure " " . State Secretary Rüdiger Messal , who was present at the inauguration of the entrance area to the Kaiserthermen, said "that every building era has found its own design language - including the present day," and Joachim Hofmann-Göttig , State Secretary for Culture at the time, said that the new building was an outstanding example of philosophy is not only to preserve the cultural heritage as dead rock, but to constantly revive it. The Palaestra is used in this sense since that time also for events of all kinds, so for since 2002 staged spectacle & bread games . In the course of construction work on the northern edge of the site, the remains of the small bathroom were digitally recorded in 2006.

Building description and history

Residential development

Pre-thermal round bathing room with apses, which belonged to the overbuilt peristyle house (status 2006).

The four insulae that the later bathing palace was to occupy had already been densely built up in earlier times. The street axes which enclosed these rectangular insulae were based on the original foundation plan of the probably 17 BC. Founded city and were oriented southeast and northeast. The Dekumanus maximus , the south-east running main street, which led from the location of the first Moselle bridge over the central axis of the forum to the four insulae , cut these in the middle in the original planning grid, whereby the two eastern ones did not belong to the original foundation scheme. This is shown by investigations on the substructure of the oldest roads that had diabase stitching . The buildings on the main street - the amphitheater built during the 2nd half of the 2nd century AD in the line of flight at the southwest end - were representative and belonged to the urban upper class.

Only the north-western of the four insulae in the area of ​​the later palaestra has so far been intensively examined. The opposite insula , which was later also overlaid by the palaestra , was only cut into . It was clearly shown that on the two areas that - as described above - belonged to the original foundation scheme, four construction phases must be expected during the early and mid-imperial period alone. The oldest traces of construction were assigned to the reign of Emperor Claudius (41–54). The final stage of construction represents a large peristyle house that occupied the entire north-western insula. In addition to the bathroom, which has a small rotunda with four additional rounded apses as a special feature , many other rooms were also hypocausted . The building had open courtyards, the largest of which was surrounded on at least two sides by a columned foyer. Two of the floor mosaics recovered from the building showed depictions of racing drivers. One shows the driver Polydus with his lead horse Compressor . Another advantage of the building site was the good water supply from Altbach and Herrenbrünnchen as well as the Ruwer water pipeline built in the 2nd century AD . Some components of the mid-imperial residential development were made accessible underground in 1970.

Thermal baths

Ideal reconstruction of the imperial thermal baths that were never completed in the 4th century AD (city model in the Landesmuseum Trier)
View from the north of the entrance area redesigned in 1993/1994: central apse (left) with stair tower (center), side apse and then newly built city wall (status 2009)
One of the underground service corridors with a light shaft that was never operated (status 2006)
Once a boarded concrete ceiling in the underground corridor system with the imprint of a circle forgotten during the casting process (state 1983)

The construction of this thermal bath, which was planned to be open to the public, began before 300 AD and was supposed to satisfy the prestige of the then Caesar Constantius Chlorus and his son and successor Constantine , who had made Augusta Treverorum (Trier) their residence. The construction area was defined as part of the Roman road grid southwest of the imperial palace district. Its core area extended at that time from the palace auditorium, which was also built under Constantius Chlorus, over a total of four insulae in a southeast direction to the ancient circus. As building findings under the baroque palace garden and the Rheinisches Landesmuseum suggest, this area also belonged to the imperial district.

The construction of the extremely massive bathing facility was carried out very carefully. For today's visitors it often seems absurd that the sometimes artistically executed masonry of the late antique buildings was always plastered, painted and thus no longer visible. In the hot bath area in particular, the architecture can still be studied over several floors. Layers of carefully prepared limestone blocks follow in clear alternation horizontally inserted brick strips ( brick penetration ), whereby these architecturally interesting structures ultimately also form the formwork for the wall core cast from Roman concrete ( Opus Caementitium ) . Many of the construction measures that are now considered to be visually appealing served stability and, among other things, had grown from experience in regions threatened by earthquakes. All elements important for the statics were made of brick walls, the vaults of the supply cellars and heating corridors were cast on wooden gauges that still show impressions of the cladding.

The structure covers a total area of ​​250 × 145 meters and shows a completely symmetrical arrangement of the rooms and structures in an imaginary longitudinal axis. The orientation of the complex does not correspond to the usual building scheme as described by the Roman architect Vitruvius . Typically, the hot bath areas should face south or southwest, where large windows could catch the sunlight for maximum warmth. The Kaiserthermen deviate from this scheme. The caldarium with its huge central apse, through whose large windows the light should be captured, faces southeast. This conceptual change is probably related to the urban planning at the time.

The western end of the bathing facility is marked today by the Weberbachstrasse. In the center of the façade erected there was an approximately 20 meters wide, architecturally richly structured portal building with three entrances - the middle 4.60 meters wide, the two flanking ones with a clear width of 2.50 meters. This was the ancient main entrance to the thermal baths. After passing through the portal, the visitor came to an oblong, rectangular room, which had a semicircular apse over 20 meters wide in the middle of its long eastern wall, which was immediately noticed by those entering. There may have been a nymphaeum there . Along a portico that surrounded the 20,980 square meter palaestra to the west, north and south, the visitor entered the changing rooms and sanitary facilities on the two sides of the actual bathroom. The Frigidarium (cold bath) would become the largest self-supporting hall this facility after the completion and would in its dimensions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church hardly inferior to. In some of the many rooms there was, among other things, the possibility of sweating, oiling or massaging, and some were equipped with tubs. The paths by which the bath had to be crossed were known to every Roman and were subject to a fixed scheme. In addition to the frigidarium , the hall of the caldarium was the most impressive bathing area. A circular dome was arranged between these two areas, which is referred to as a tepidarium (leaf bath). The diameter of its dome made of Opus Caementitium was 16.45 meters.

The infrastructure of the bath, which the ancient visitor could not enter, included, among other things, stair towers that led to the roof and boiler rooms (praefurnia) in which the hot water boilers for the floor and wall heating should be. A widespread underground system of service corridors, which had no connection routes to the actual bathing facility, was supposed to guarantee undisturbed bathing operations. From here, among other things, the Praefurnia were served. In the area below the palaestra , light shafts in the cast vaulted ceilings served as sparse lighting. The heavily branched system of corridors below the actual thermal baths had no such visual aids. Artificial lighting had to be used here. Some of the service corridors were planned to have two floors. Here, under the actual corridor, the waste water from the thermal baths area was to be channeled into a main channel that led to the Moselle. Analyzes have shown that these two-story systems were never completed. The basement corridors also show changes to the plan, as some were later walled up.

barracks

On the basis of the state of development of the underground passages and the non-built-in supply infrastructure, the building research found that the interior fittings and technical equipment of the thermal baths were never completed and that bathing was either not started at all or at most only to a very modest extent. Presumably since 316 AD, the work was suspended. In that year the conflict over the sole rule broke out between Constantine the Great and his co-emperor Licinius . As a result, Constantine stayed mostly in the Balkans and, after defeating Licinius (324 AD), moved his residence to the old Byzantium , which he moved to on May 11, 330 AD - while many new building projects were still there were in the works - when Constantinopolis inaugurated.

The shell of the Kaiserthermen , the western area of ​​which was probably not finished beyond the foundation walls, remained unused in the coming decades and began to deteriorate. It was only during the reign of Emperor Gratian (375-383) - who, like his father Valentinian I , had chosen Trier again as the royal seat - and after his murder under his brother Valentinian II (375-392) began a conversion to a garrison for the scholares , the mounted imperial bodyguard. The huge self-supporting hall of the planned frigidarium was demolished and the underground facilities in the western part of the building were filled in. What was left was the former caldarium with its three apses and some structures to the west, which included two large rectangular rooms facing each other and the rotunda of the tepidarium between them , which now formed the entrance area of ​​the improvised principia (staff building) . As part of the barracks operation, the caldarium was possibly used as a flag sanctuary and parade hall. In the great halls of the Roman military camps, ritual acts were performed and justice was administered. As usual, a Roman garrison also included a military bath, which was built west of the former caldarium . The soldiers were housed in standardized accommodation ( Contubernia ) , most of which had been built over the foundations of the planned renovation of the Palaestra . The resulting closed square was surrounded on all four sides by a porticus . The monumentally designed entrance to the barracks was a bit offset from the originally planned thermal bath entrance on the western end of the building block of the Palaestra . On the street side, with its three passageways, it had a triumphal arch-like appearance. Another portico was attached to both of its flanks. A massive defensive wall formed the eastern end of the barracks, which led in a semicircle from the south corner of the military bath around the caldarium, enclosing a space of over 20 meters.

The small bathroom has a small peristyle in front of it with a cistern and belongs to the row type. In contrast to the Kaiserthermen, this facility was in operation. The oblong, rectangular room that adjoined the portico to the north could have served as a changing room ( apodyterium ) . Then the visitor came into the frigidarium , which was the only room to the southwest with a semicircular apse with a cold water tub. A tub was also found on the opposite side in the cold bathing area. Then the bather entered the tepidarium , which had its own heating point on the south-west side. The last room was the caldarium , the praefurnium of which was also set up to the south-west and which could give off its greatest heat directly to the hot water tub behind the wall. To the east, the caldarium had a rectangular wall niche in which there was also a tub.

Post-Roman development

The interior of the caldarium with the watchtower that was demolished in 1806 (around 1800).
Drawing published in 1905. The draftsman left out the curbstones with metal rods that secured the excavation
The large apse in 1983 before the partial reconstruction to stabilize the building

Trier has not been an imperial residence since 392, and around the year 400 the seat of the Gallic Praetorian prefecture was moved from Trier to Arles. With the withdrawal of the Roman administration, the former inner-city barracks, like some other large buildings, were at least partially used by the population, which had shrunk sharply in the 5th century. In the turmoil of the Great Migration period , attacks and destruction were to be expected again and again, and people found refuge in the mighty ruins. The area around the cathedral and the Liebfrauenkirche developed as the main settlement area and core zone for the city, which expanded again in the early Middle Ages . But even in the military facility, settlers can be expected as early as the 6th century, who made the large inner courtyard habitable and sought the protection of a castle, which may have been established in the area of ​​the caldarium at that time . The large window openings, which were unusable for a fortress, were walled up and replaced by small loopholes. Even later, a noble family from Trier took possession of this castle and named themselves “de Castello” after this residence. Other family associations also sought the protection of mighty ancient walls and took over the ancient names of their buildings that are still handed down. So de Palatio , since they settled in the area of ​​the Constantinian palace auditorium , or de Horreo , since this family had their ancestral home in the large late antique warehouse buildings (Horrea) . Genders who were unable to own any of the coveted ruins consciously copied the Roman architectural style that was still visible everywhere in order to be able to present themselves appropriately. This is how the so-called Frankenturm came into being in the 11th century . In 1015 the castellum in the Roman barracks was destroyed. The parish church in the center of the settlement at the Kaiserthermen, in the middle of the former Palaestra , was first mentioned in 1101, but was certainly older. It was first dedicated to St. Germanus and later became known as St. Gervasius. With its apse, it was oriented precisely to the direction of escape of the thermal baths - the ancient wall structures of the barracks were obviously still recognizable during the construction. At this time the population of Trier had increased again, but still only had a fraction of the population during the Roman Empire. Due to the increased security thinking, a new city wall was considered. The ancient city walls, which had largely crumbled in the meantime, were far too extensive for them to be meaningful to defend. Therefore, a new city wall had to be built between 1102 and 1124, with the ruins of the barracks being converted into the southeast corner bastion. In addition, a city gate was installed that was later called Altport . As the area at the thermal baths had risen to the level of the lower row of windows in the caldarium due to the rubble of the fallen vaults , this gate was led through the south window of the south conche . A burgrave now resided in the bastion as the owner of the municipal military command. In 1292 a community of sisters was commissioned to look after the parish at the Alteburg . Their monastery was also built on the western Palaestra site, which was now called Engelsberg , and overlaid the ancient structures there. In the meantime, the ruins of the barracks, with the exception of the components required for the castle, served as an inexpensive quarry for the steadily growing population.

A Trinity chapel , which was installed in the main apse of the caldarium , is mentioned for the first time in 1238 . Around 1470 the building was renovated and in 1568 fell victim to the struggle of the citizens of Trier against the siege troops of Elector Jakob von Eltz . In the same year a tower for the gatekeepers was built in the southeast corner of the caldarium . At that time, however, the medieval city wall had largely fallen into disrepair. At the same time, the city gave up its castle in the Roman cavalry barracks. Only the Altport remained as a city entrance until it had to be closed in 1817 when the caldarium was exposed .

  • Construction details on the large apse

  • View over the military bath to the northern conche of the Caldarium (status 2012)

  • Broken vaults of the underground supply system

  • The 169 meter long entrance area was built on Roman foundations.

  • Vault reconstruction in the post-war period (undated archive photo)

  • State 1915

Monument protection

The Kaiserthermen in Trier have been part of the UNESCO World Heritage since 1986 . In addition, the facility is a cultural monument according to the monument protection law of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate . Research and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval. Incidental finds are to be reported to the monument authorities.

See also

literature

  • Heinz Cüppers : Kaiserthermen. In: Heinz Cüppers (Hrsg.): The Romans in Rhineland-Palatinate. Licensed edition, Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-60-0 , pp. 620–623.
  • Sabine Faust: Kaiserthermen. In: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (ed.): Guide to archaeological monuments of the Trier region. Trier 2008, ISBN 978-3-923319-73-2 (= publication series of the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 35 ) p. 50f.
  • Thomas Fontaine: The Imperial Baths. In: Hans-Peter Kuhnen (Ed.): The Roman Trier. Theiss, Stuttgart 2001 pp. 122-134. ISBN 3-8062-1517-0 (= Guide to Archaeological Monuments in Germany 40).
  • Klaus-Peter Goethert: Roman buildings in Trier: Porta Nigra, amphitheater, Kaiserthermen, Barbarathermen, thermal baths at the cattle market . Verlag Schnell + Steiner, ISBN 3-7954-1445-8 , pp. 125-149 .
  • Ludwig Hussong, Heinz Cüppers: The Trier Kaiserthermen 2: The late Roman and early medieval ceramics. Filser, Augsburg 1972, ISBN 3-923319-88-6 , (= Trier excavations and research vol. 1, 2)
  • Emil Krüger , Daniel Krencker (ed.): The Imperial Baths (previously known as the Imperial Palace in Trier). Guide sheet of the Provincial Museum. Lintz Verlag, Trier 1925.
  • Daniel Krencker, Emil Krüger u. a .: The Trier Imperial Baths. Section I. Excavation report and basic investigations of Roman baths. Dr. Benno Filser Verlag, Augsburg 1929 (= Trier excavations and research vol. 1).
  • Emil Krüger, Daniel Krencker: Preliminary report on the results of the excavation of the so-called Roman Imperial Palace in Trier. From the treatises of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences. Born 1915. Phil.-Hist. Class. No. 2. Publishing house of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin 1915.
  • Wilhelm Reusch : Trier Imperial Baths. Administration of the state palaces of Rhineland-Palatinate, Mainz 1977 (= leader of the administration of the state palaces of Rhineland-Palatinate 1).
  • Wilhelm Reusch: The excavations in the western part of the Trier Kaiserthermen. Preliminary report on the 2nd to 5th excavation campaigns 1962–1966. In: Report of the Roman-Germanic Commission 51/52, 1970/71, pp. 233–282.
  • Wilhelm Reusch, Lambert Dahm, Rolf Wihr: Wall paintings and mosaic floor of a peristyle house in the area of ​​the Trier Kaiserthermen. In: Trier Journal 29, 1966, pp. 187–235
  • Wilhelm Reusch: The excavations in the western part of the Trier Kaiserthermen. Preliminary report on the 1st excavation campaign 1960-61. In: Germania 42, 1964, pp. 92-126
  • Wilhelm Reusch: The Kaiserthermen in Trier. State Museum Trier, Trier 1954
  • Wilhelm Reusch (†), Marcel Lutz (†), Hans-Peter Kuhnen: The excavations in the western part of the Trier Imperial Baths 1960–1966. The city palace of the financial procurator of the provinces of Belgica, Upper and Lower Germany . Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rahden / Westfalen 2012, ISBN 978-3-86757-651-2 .

Web links

Commons : Kaiserthermen  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Klaus-Peter Goethert: Kaiserthermen. In: Save the archaeological heritage in Trier. Second memorandum of the Trier Archaeological Commission. (Series of publications by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 31) Trier 2005. ISBN 978-3-923319-62-6 . P. 81.
  2. ^ A b c Klaus-Peter Goethert: Kaiserthermen. In: Save the archaeological heritage in Trier. Second memorandum of the Trier Archaeological Commission. (Series of publications by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 31) Trier 2005. ISBN 978-3-923319-62-6 . P. 83.
  3. ^ A b Heinz Cüppers: Conservation - restoration and reconstruction of ancient monuments in the urban and rural area of ​​Trier. In: Preserved History? Ancient buildings and their preservation. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1985. ISBN 3-8062-0450-0 . P. 112.
  4. ^ A b Klaus-Peter Goethert: Kaiserthermen. In: Save the archaeological heritage in Trier. Second memorandum of the Trier Archaeological Commission. (Series of publications by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 31) Trier 2005. ISBN 978-3-923319-62-6 . P. 82.
  5. ↑ Heinz Cüppers: Conservation - restoration and reconstruction of ancient monuments in the city and country area of ​​Trier. In: Preserved History? Ancient buildings and their preservation. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1985. ISBN 3-8062-0450-0 . P. 113.
  6. ^ Wolfgang Schiering: Archaeological portraits. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1988. ISBN 3-8053-0971-6 , p. 310.
  7. ^ Klaus-Peter Goethert: Thermen am Viehmarkt. In: Save the archaeological heritage in Trier. Second memorandum of the Trier Archaeological Commission. (Series of publications by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 31) Trier 2005. ISBN 978-3-923319-62-6 . P. 87.
  8. ↑ Entrée handed over to the Kaiserthermen in Trier
  9. ↑ New entrance to Trier Kaiserthermen
  10. ^ Klaus-Peter Goethert, Hartwig Löhr: The archeology of the Roman era in Trier - focus of recent research. The road system. In: Save the archaeological heritage in Trier. Second memorandum of the Trier Archaeological Commission. (Series of publications by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 31) Trier 2005. ISBN 978-3-923319-62-6 . Pp. 33-35.
  11. ^ Klaus-Peter Goethert, Hartwig Löhr: The archeology of the Roman era in Trier - focus of recent research. The road system. In: Save the archaeological heritage in Trier. Second memorandum of the Trier Archaeological Commission. (Series of publications by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 31) Trier 2005. ISBN 978-3-923319-62-6 . P. 33, fig. 1a, 1b.
  12. ↑ a b c d Wilhelm Reusch: Trier. Kaiserthermen. State Office for Monument Preservation. Mainz 1995 (several unspecified editions). P. 13.
  13. ^ Klaus-Peter Goethert: Palace district. In: Save the archaeological heritage in Trier. Second memorandum of the Trier Archaeological Commission. (Series of publications by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 31) Trier 2005. ISBN 978-3-923319-62-6 . Pp. 70-71.
  14. ^ Klaus-Peter Goethert: Palace district. In: Save the archaeological heritage in Trier. Second memorandum of the Trier Archaeological Commission. (Series of publications by the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier 31) Trier 2005. ISBN 978-3-923319-62-6 . P. 78.
  15. ^ Heinz-Otto Lamprecht: Opus caementitium. Construction technology of the Romans. Roman-Germanic Museum Cologne. Beton-Verlag, 5th edition, Düsseldorf 1996, ISBN 3-7640-0350-2 , p. 137.
  16. ^ Günther Garbrecht, Hubertus Manderscheid: The water management of Roman thermal baths. Archaeological and hydrotechnical studies. Leichtweiß Institute for Hydraulic Engineering at the Technical University of Braunschweig, self-published 1994. p. 27.
  17. ^ Wilhelm Reusch: Trier. Kaiserthermen. State Office for Monument Preservation. Mainz 1995 (several unspecified editions). P. 17.
  18. ^ Marietta Horster : Building inscriptions of Roman emperors. Investigations into inscription practice and building activity in cities of the western Roman Empire during the Principate's time. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-515-07951-3 , p. 417.
  19. ^ A b Wilhelm Reusch: Trier. Kaiserthermen. State Office for Monument Preservation. Mainz 1995 (several unspecified editions). P. 20.
  20. ↑ Jürgen Rasch: The dome in Roman architecture. Development, shaping, construction , in: Architectura , Vol. 15 (1985), pp. 117-139 (124)
  21. ^ Wilhelm Reusch: Trier. Kaiserthermen. State Office for Monument Preservation. Mainz 1995 (several unspecified editions). P. 21.
  22. ^ Gabriele B. Clemens, Lukas Clemens: History of the city of Trier. CH Beck Verlag, Munich 2007. ISBN 3-406-55618-3 . P. 92.
  23. ^ Hans Erich Kubach, Albert Verbeek: Romanesque architecture on the Rhine and Maas. German publishing house for art history, ISBN 3-87157-053-2 . S. 1976
  24. ↑ Hans Petzholdt (Ed.): 2000 years of urban development Trier. From Roman times to the present. The development of the oldest city in Germany. Self-published by the building department of the city of Trier, 2nd edition, 1984. p. 101.

Coordinates: 49 ° 44 ′ 59 "  N , 6 ° 38 ′ 32"  E