List of Roman domes
The list of Roman domes includes domed structures from Roman antiquity. The Romans were the first master builders in the history of architecture who recognized the potential of the dome for space vaulting and used it for the creative design of the building . They introduced dome roofing in a variety of building types, including temples , thermal baths , palaces , mausoleums and, since late antiquity, also in churches . Half-domes formed popular structural elements in the Kaiserthermen and found their way into the Christian sacred building as an apse .
The construction of monumental domed buildings began in Rome and the provinces around the Mediterranean in the 1st century BC. A. Their enormous dimensions remained unsurpassed until the introduction of the steel frame construction in the late 19th century (see list of the largest domes in the world ). The new vault architecture, which was decisively favored by the invention of concrete , gradually replaced the traditional pillar construction during the imperial era . In late antiquity, the dome of Hagia Sophia set new standards. It was the first large free-standing dome on four support points by connecting the dome with pendentives over a square central space. It was from this architectural idea of the central church of the Eastern Roman Empire built under Emperor Justinian I in Constantinople that the sacred Christian architecture got its groundbreaking model. The free-standing dome of Hagia Sophia not only remained the largest in the world for the next 900 years, its complex geometry, which can only be deduced from the floor plan, but not from the consideration of the individual structural elements, however, did not allow repetition and was also without imitation. The purely numerically oriented surveying system of antiquity (geodaisia), to which a comprehensive system of rational numbers developed by Greek mathematics (logistike) was available, formed the basic requirement for the construction of this dome and was no longer available to later generations of architects.
Couple
All diameters are clear dimensions, with polygonal domes the inscribed diameter measured between the sides applies; Dimensions are in meters (m). The main source is Jürgen Rasch's study of the Roman domed structure.
Diameter ø | Name, component |
place | Built | Dome shape, floor plan |
Material, roof construction |
Shell thickness (SD) SD to ø |
Ring wall thickness (RD) RD to ø |
Diameter Opaion (DO) DO to ø |
Comments / other characteristics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≈ 43.45 | Pantheon | Rome | 2nd century | rotunda |
Concrete , lead plate cover |
≈ 1.35 1:32 |
≈ 5.93 1: 7.3 |
|
8.95 1: 4.9largest dome in the world until 1881 ; largest non-reinforced concrete dome up to the present day; Model character for western domed architecture up to the 20th century. |
38.20 | 'Temple of Apollo' | Avern Lake | 1st century | ||||||
≈ 35.08 |
Baths of Caracalla , Caldarium |
Rome | 3rd century | nested amphorae | eight pillars; largest dome in the world made of hollow clay bodies | ||||
≈ 33.00. |
Hagia Sophia , domed central room |
Constantinople | 6th century | Brick | four pillars; to this day the largest free-standing dome on four support points | ||||
29.50 | Diana Temple ' | 'Baiae | 2nd century |
|
1.20 1:25≈ 5.70 1: 5.2 |
||||
26.30 | Temple of Venus ' | 'Baiae | 2nd century | - | ≈ 2.90 1: 9.1 |
Outer wall pillars | |||
25.04 | Maxentius mausoleum | Rome | 4th century | ||||||
25.00 |
Agrippathermen , 'Arco della Ciambella' |
Rome | 1st century BC Chr. | rotunda | first thermal baths in Rome with domed central building; largest dome in the world | ||||
24.15 | George Rotunda | Thessaloniki | 4th century | brick | ≈ 1 1:24 |
|
6.00 1: 4largest brick dome in the world | ||
23.85 | Zeus Asclepius Temple | Pergamon | 2nd century | brick | - |
|
3.35 1: 7.1first large dome made of bricks; largest brick dome in the world | ||
≈ 19.80 |
≈ 23.70 to St. Gereon | Cologne | 4th century | Oval with eight niches and an apse | Medieval successor building with Roman structures, the largest occidental domed structure between Hagia Sophia and Florentine Cathedral | ||||
23.65 | Temple of Minerva Medica ' | 'Rome | 4th century | decagon | Concrete with brick ribs |
|
0.56 1:42≈ 2.60 1: 9.1 |
Outer wall pillars | |
≈ 22.00 | Baths of Antonine | Carthage | 2nd century | Polygon | seven domes with diameters from 17 to 22 m | ||||
≈ 22.00 | Rotunda at the Hippodrome | Constantinople | 5th century | Rotunda with ten niches | |||||
≈ 22.00 |
Baths of Diocletian , San Bernardo alle Terme |
Rome | ≈ 300 | Concrete with brick ribs | |||||
21.25 |
21.65 or
Baths of Diocletian , 'Planetarium' |
Rome | ≈ 300 | Umbrella dome, octagon |
Concrete with brick cladding inside |
|
4.20 1: 5.1|||
21.55 | Mercury Temple ' | 'Baiae | 1st century BC Chr. | concrete |
|
3.65 1: 5.9first large dome; largest dome in the world | |||
20.18 | Helena's mausoleum | Rome | 4th century | Clay amphorae in the dome base |
|
0.90 1:22
|
2.40 1: 8.4|||
≈ 19.80 |
Baths of Caracalla , flanking structures |
Rome | 3rd century | Octagon | Preliminary stage of the pendentive dome | ||||
≈ 19.40 | Bacuccotherms | Viterbo | Near4th century | Umbrella dome, octagon |
|||||
19.30 |
Baths of Diocletian , tepidarium |
Rome | ≈ 300 |
|
3.68 1: 5.2|||||
18.38 | 'Pantheon' | Ostia | 3rd century | - |
|
1.98 1: 9.3||||
≈ 18.00 | Euphemia Church | Constantinople | 5th century | hexagon | |||||
16.75 |
Villa Adriana , ' Serapeum ' |
Tivoli | 2nd century | Umbrella dome with stitch caps | concrete | Cavity system | |||
16.45 |
Imperial thermal baths , tepidarium |
trier | 4th century | concrete | |||||
15.70 | San Vitale | Ravenna | 6th century | Clay pipes, wooden roof structure |
|||||
≈ 15.60 | Nymphaeum in Albano Laziale | ? | 1st century | concrete |
|
2.08 1: 7.6for the first time cavities at the dome base for the purpose of weight reduction | |||
≈ 13.00 |
≈ 15.00 to Südthermen | Bostra | 3rd to 4th Century | Octagon | concrete | ||||
≈ 15.00 | West thermal baths | Gerasa | 2nd century | square | Keilstein | one of the first wedge-shaped domes with a square plan; largest stone dome in the world | |||
14.70 | Roman Forum | 'Romulusheroon' at theRome | 4th century | Lead plate cover |
|
0.90 1:16≈ 1.80 1: 8.2 |
|
3.70 1: 4.0||
≈ 14.50 | 'Portunus Temple' | postage | ≈ 3rd century | Concrete with brick cladding inside | - | ≈ 2.20 1: 6.6 |
|||
13.71 | Mausoleum at Tor de'Schiavi | Via Prenestina | 4th century |
|
0.60 1:23
|
2.60 1: 5.3four oculi on the dome base | |||
13.48 | Domus Aurea | Rome | 1st century |
Monastery vault , octagon |
concrete |
|
5.99 1: 2.3first dome over octagonal plan; earliest in palace architecture | ||
13.35 | Diocletian's mausoleum | Split | ≈ 300 | Tile, tiled roof with light masonry |
|
0.68 1:20
|
3.40 1: 3.9double-shell dome | ||
12.90 | San Aquilino to San Lorenzo | Milan | 4th century | brick | |||||
12.33 | 'Tempio della Tosse' | Tivoli | 4th century | Concrete with brick ribs |
|
1.30 1: 9
|
2.08 1: 5.9
|
2.10 1: 5.9||
≈ 12.00 |
Villa Adriana , Summer Triclinium ( Exedra ) |
Tivoli | 2nd century | Concrete with brick cladding inside | |||||
≈ 12.00 | Aquae Flavianae thermal baths | El Hammam | 3rd century | Clay tubes | largest dome in the world made of hollow clay bodies | ||||
≈ 12.00 | Hodegetriakirche | Constantinople | 5th century | hexagon | |||||
≈ 12.00 | Skeuophylakion | Constantinople | ≈ 5th century | Dodecagon | |||||
11.90 | Baptistery |
Nocera Superiore , Campania |
6th century | eight rectangular domed windows | |||||
≈ 11.90 |
Villa Adriana , 'Heliocaminus' |
Tivoli | 2nd century | double-shell dome with space for continuation of the wall heating | |||||
11.50 | 'Red Hall' | Pergamon | ≈ 2nd century | brick | two rotundas ; largest brick dome in the world | ||||
11.50 | Santa Costanza | Rome | 4th century |
Concrete with brick ribs, tiled roof lying directly on the dome shell |
≈ 0.70 1:16 |
|
1.45 1: 7.9Reel | ||
≈ 11.50 | Mor Gabriel Monastery | Tur Abdin | 6th century | brick | Yes | ||||
11.47 | Praetorium | Cologne | 4th century | Octagon | - |
|
2.00 1: 5.7|||
11.10 | Gordian's villa |
Rome , Via Prenestina |
3rd century | Octagon | - | ≈ 1.35 1: 8.2 |
Preliminary stage of the pendentif dome ; eight oculi at the base of the dome | ||
11.00 | Therme d'Allance | ? | ? | ||||||
≈ 10.80 | Gaul mausoleum |
Rome , Via Appia |
3rd century | Rotunda with six niches | - | ≈ 1.60 1: 6.8 |
|||
10.70 | Centcelles Mausoleum | Centcelles ( Constantí ) near Tarragona |
4th century | Brick and stone | ≈ 0.40 1:27 |
≈ 1.90 1: 5.6 |
|||
≈ 9.40 |
≈ 10.40 to
Villa Adriana , small thermal baths |
Tivoli | 2nd century | Elliptical 'corrugated edge dome' | |||||
≈ 10.00 | Gordiansvilla, hall |
Via Prenestina | ≈ 2nd century | Dome with stitch caps | |||||
≈ 10.00 | 'Villa delle Vignacce' | Via Latina | 2nd century | earliest known use of clay amphorae in the dome base | |||||
9.85 |
Cathedral , baptistery |
Ravenna | 5th century | ||||||
≈ 9.50 |
Villa Adriana , Piazza d'Oro ( vestibule ) |
Tivoli | 2nd century | Umbrella dome | ≈ 1.90 1: 5.0 |
||||
≈ 9.50 | Praetextat catacomb , 'Calventiergrab' |
Rome | 3rd century | Rotunda with six niches | |||||
≈ 9.00 | Capitotherms, Laconicum |
Miletus | 1st century | concrete | |||||
≈ 9.00 | Small round temple | Baalbek | 3rd century | ||||||
≈ 8.50 | Domus Augustana | Rome | 1st century |
Monastery vault , octagon |
one of the earliest monastery vaults over an octagonal substructure | ||||
8.10 | 'Torraccio del Palombaro' |
Rome , Via Appia |
≈ 4th century | ≈ 0.90 1: 9 |
|
2.30 1: 3.5≈ 1.50 1: 5.4 |
|||
≈ 7.70 | Maxentiusthermen | Rome | 4th century | Umbrella dome, octagon |
|||||
7.60 | Domus Flavia | Rome | 1st century | ||||||
≈ 6.20 |
≈ 7.60 to
Villa Adriana , 'Heliocaminus' |
? | 2nd century |
Monastery vault , irregular octagon |
|||||
≈ 6.80 | Nymphaeum |
Riza , Epirus |
~ 250-350 | Dodecagon | |||||
≈ 6.75 |
Venus Temple ', annex building |
' Baiae | 2nd century | flat umbrella dome, octagon |
|||||
6.65 | Thermal hall Pisa | ? | ≈ 2nd century |
Monastery vault with eight windows, octagon |
|
2.00 1: 3.3||||
6.52 |
Stabianer Thermen , Laconicum |
Pompeii | 1st century BC Chr. | Conical vault (early form of the dome) | concrete | Yes | oldest known concrete domes | ||
≈ 6.00 | Hunting baths | Leptis Magna | ≈ 200 | Monastery vault with eight windows | |||||
5.86 | Marc Aurel Arch | Tripoli | ? | Monastery vault | Wedge stones | ||||
≈ 5.70 | Water fort | Pompeii |
Chr. - 14 AD |
30 BC Flat dome | |||||
5.40 | Octagon room near the ' Mercury Temple ' | Baiae | 2nd century | Umbrella dome, octagon |
|||||
≈ 5.40 |
San Vitale , stair towers |
Ravenna | 6th century | brick | |||||
5.20 |
grave building |
'Sedia del Diavolo',
Rome , Via Nomentana |
2nd century | square | |||||
≈ 4.70 | Tabularium | Rome | 1st century BC Chr. |
Monastery vault , square |
first monastery vault | ||||
4.41 |
Temple of Venus ', Annex |
' Baiae | 2nd century | Umbrella dome over a round floor plan |
|
0.59 1: 7.5||||
≈ 4.40 | Mausoleum of Galla Placidia ' | 'Ravenna | 5th century | Tiled roof | |||||
≈ 4.00 | Grave construction at Casal de 'Pazzi |
Rome , Via Nomentana |
2nd century | In-circle dome, square |
concrete | Preliminary stage of the pendentif dome ; Cavity system | |||
1.65 |
Mystery Villa ', Laconicum |
' Pompeii | 1st century BC Chr. | Conical vault (early form of the dome) | Brick and clay (upper dome) | Wall shell made of concrete | |||
? | Constantine mausoleum at the Apostle Church | Constantinople | 4th century | probably a rotunda with twelve niches |
Half domes
Diameter ø | Name, component |
place | Built | Dome shape, floor plan |
Material, roof construction |
Shell thickness (SD) SD to ø |
Ring wall thickness (RD) RD to ø |
Comments / other characteristics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≈ 30.00 | Thermae of Trajan | Rome | ? | Largest dome (s) in the world | ||||
≈ 22.00 |
Baths of Diocletian , two apse halls |
Rome | ≈ 300 | |||||
≈ 18.50 | Trajan's Forum | Rome | ? | |||||
≈ 15.80 |
Santi Cosma e Damiano , apse |
Rome | 6th century | |||||
≈ 11.00 | Nymphaeum | Gerasa | 2nd century | concrete | ||||
≈ 9.60 | Basilica, apse |
Bostra | ≈ 3rd century | Concrete with rectangular formwork inside | ||||
≈ 8.00 | Cathedral, annex rooms |
Bostra | 6th century | concrete | ||||
≈ 5.70 |
Pantheon , front niches |
Rome | 2nd century |
See also
literature
- Jürgen Rasch: The dome in Roman architecture. Development, Shaping, Construction, In: Architectura , Vol. 15 (1985), pp. 117-139.
- John Bishop: The Pantheon: Design, Meaning, and Progeny (review). In: Art Journal , Vol. 37, No. 1 (1977), p. 92.
- Erwin Heinle, Jörg Schlaich : domes of all times, of all cultures. Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-421-03062-6 , p. 27.
- Werner Heinz: Roman thermal baths. Bathing and bathing luxury in the Roman Empire. Munich 1983, ISBN 3-7774-3540-6 , pp. 60-64.
- Robert Mark, Paul Hutchinson: On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon. In: Art Bulletin , Vol. 68, No. 1 (1986), pp. 24-34.
- Werner Müller: dtv-Atlas Baukunst I. General part: Building history from Mesopotamia to Byzantium. 14th edition. dtv, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 253.
- Jakob Straub, Mark Gisbourne, Roma Rotunda . Hatje Cantz Verlag (Ostfildern). ISBN 978-3-7757-3975-7 . [English and German, a kind of leporello with photos of the interior of 37 Roman domes from antiquity to the present day, photos by Straub, text by Gisbourne]
Web links
- Traianus - Technical investigations of Roman buildings
- The Roman Pantheon: The Triumph of Concrete
Remarks
- ^ A b Robert Mark, Paul Hutchinson (1986), p. 24
- ↑ a b c d Erwin Heinle, Jörg Schlaich (1996), p. 27
- ↑ Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 117
- ↑ Helge Svenson 2010: THE BUILDING AS »AISTHETON SOMA« - A REINTERPRETATION OF HAGIA SOPHIA IN THE SPIEGEL OF ANCIENT MEASUREMENT AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS. In: Falko Daim · Jörg Drauschke (Ed.) Byzanz - the Roman Empire in the Middle Ages Part 2, 1 scenes, Roman-Germanic Central Museum Research Institute for Prehistory and Early History [1]
- ↑ Jörg Lauster 2012: Why are there churches? Rome - Jerusalem - Constantinople. In: Thomas Erne 2012 (Ed.): Church building. 23–33, Vanderoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen. ISBN 978-3-525-56852-1 , here pp. 30–31.
- ↑ Helge Svenshon 2010: THE BUILDING AS »AISTHETON SOMA« - A REINTERPRETATION OF HAGIA SOPHIA IN THE SPIEGEL OF ANCIENT MEASUREMENT AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS. In: Falko Daim · Jörg Drauschke (Ed.) Byzantium - the Roman Empire in the Middle Ages Part 2, 1 scenes, Roman-Germanic Central Museum Research Institute for Prehistory and Early History [2] . P. 63.
- ↑ All information in the individual columns comes from Jürgen Rasch: The dome in Roman architecture. Development, design, construction. In: Architectura , Vol. 15 (1985), pp. 117-139, unless other sources are listed. The "Diameter" column also contains individual evidence, in the case of "Comments / other characteristics" the evidence is limited to statements of greater significance.
- ↑ a b c d Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 119
- ↑ Romanconcrete.com
- ↑ Werner Müller (2005), p. 253
- ^ John Bishop (1977), p. 92
- ↑ Helge Svenshon 2010: THE BUILDING AS »AISTHETON SOMA« - A REINTERPRETATION OF HAGIA SOPHIA IN THE SPIEGEL OF ANCIENT MEASUREMENT AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS. In: Falko Daim · Jörg Drauschke (Ed.) Byzantium - the Roman Empire in the Middle Ages Part 2, 1 scenes, Roman-Germanic Central Museum Research Institute for Prehistory and Early History [3]
- ^ Slobodan Ćurčić : Architecture in the Balkans. From Diocletian to Suleyman the Magnificent. Yale University Press, New Haven and London 2010, pp. 195ff.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 129
- ↑ a b c d corners
- ↑ a b pillar
- ↑ a b c d e Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 123
- ↑ a b Werner Heinz (1983), pp. 60-64
- ↑ a b c d e f Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 125
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 126
- ↑ Werner Schäfke : Cologne's Romanesque churches. Architecture, furnishings, history. 5th edition. Cologne 1985, ISBN 3-7701-1360-8 , pp. 100 and 118.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 124
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 127
- ↑ a b Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 138
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 130
- ↑ a b c d e Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 136
- ^ Robert Mark, Paul Hutchinson (1986), p. 33
- ↑ a b c d e f Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 118
- ↑ a b c d Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 133
- ↑ a b c Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 135
- ↑ a b c d e f g Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 128
- ↑ a b Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 139
- ↑ Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 137
- ↑ Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 120
- ↑ Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 134
- ↑ Jürgen Rasch (1985), p. 122