List of ancient monoliths

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A man in the midst of the collapsed giant columns of a Greek temple in Selinunte, Sicily .

The list of ancient monoliths includes monoliths of all kinds from ancient times (from about 800 BC to about 600 AD), those in ancient Greek (about 900 BC-100 AD) and Roman buildings (approx. 500 BC - 400 AD) were built; monolithic sculptures such as colossal statues are also performed.

The transport from the quarry to the destination was carried out by land and preferably by water, whereby carrier ships such as the obelisk ships were often built especially for the occasion . For vertical conveyance at the construction site, since the late 6th century B.C. Chr. Antique cranes with block and tackle , as for example in the construction of Trajan's Column were used, the older ramp technology from.

Since monoliths were rarely actually weighed, the weight information is based on estimates of the volume and density of the stones (weight = volume × density), which is why the values ​​given in the specialist literature are sometimes subject to strong deviations. The main source for the Greek era, JJ Coulton, uses 2.75 t / m³ for marble and 2.25 t / m³ for other types of stone.

Greek monoliths

A selection of Greek monoliths:

construction time Building / object place region monolith Weight
(in t ) 		comment
≈1250 BC Chr. Lion Gate of Mycenae Mycenae Greek Mainland Lintel 11≈20 the Mycenaean culture does not belong to the classical ancient Greek architecture , but sometimes to antiquity to be counted
≈650 BC Chr. Statue of Nikandre Delos Greek Islands statue ≈1110.25
≈650 BC Chr. Fortification wall Leontinoi Sicily Wall blocks ≈1111.75
≈640 BC Chr. Temple of Poseidon isthmus Greek Mainland Wall blocks ≈1110.5
≈630 BC Chr. Temple A Prinias Crete Frieze plate ≈1110.5
≈610-590 BC Chr. Sounion kouros Sounion Greek Mainland statue 111≈2
≈610-590 BC Chr. Colossus of the Naxians Delos Greek Islands Base ≈1134
≈610-590 BC Chr. Colossus of the Naxians Delos Greek Islands statue 11≈23
≈590-580 BC Chr. Temple of Artemis Corfu Greek Islands Gable top , middle ≈1113.25
≈590-580 BC Chr. Temple of Artemis Corfu Greek Islands Architrave block ≈1115 or 6.25
≈565 BC Chr. Temple of Apollo Syracuse Sicily Stylobate block ≈1124
≈565 BC Chr. Temple of Apollo Syracuse Sicily Column shaft ≈1135
≈565 BC Chr. Temple of Apollo Syracuse Sicily Architrave block ≈1120.25
≈555 BC Chr. Olympieion Syracuse Sicily Stylobate block ≈1120.25
≈560-550 BC Chr. Artemis Temple Ephesus Asia Minor Architrave block , middle ≈1141.25
≈550-530 BC Chr. Temple C Selinunte Sicily Stylobate block ≈1112.5
≈550-530 BC Chr. Temple C Selinunte Sicily Architrave block ≈1116
≈540 BC Chr. Temple of Apollo Corinth Greek Mainland Column shaft ≈1126th
≈540 BC Chr. Temple of Apollo Corinth Greek Mainland Architrave block ≈1110
≈535 BC Chr. Temple D Selinunte Sicily Architrave block ≈1113.75
≈525 BC Chr. Temple FS Selinunte Sicily Architrave block ≈1121st
≈520 BC Chr. Kouros from Apollonas Naxos Greek Islands statue 11≈69
≈520 BC Chr. Temple of Apollo Naxos Greek Islands Lintel block ≈1122nd
≈520 BC Chr. Temple of Apollo Naxos Greek Islands Doorstep ≈1122.25
≈520 BC Chr. Temple in Parikia Paros Greek Islands Lintel block 11≈22
≈520–409 BC Chr. Temple of Apollo ('GT') Selinunte Sicily Column drum in quarry ( Cave di Cusa ) ≈1173
≈520–409 BC Chr. Temple of Apollo ('GT') Selinunte Sicily Architrave block ≈1140
≈520–409 BC Chr. Temple of Apollo ('GT') Selinunte Sicily Cornice block ≈1112.5
≈515 BC Chr. It is believed that crane technology found its way into Greek construction sites at this time, which led to a drastic reduction in block sizes.
≈515 BC Chr. Olympieion Athens Greek Mainland Column drum ≈1119
≈500–406 BC Chr. Olympieion Akragas Sicily Abacus block , middle ≈1111.5
≈500–406 BC Chr. Olympieion Akragas Sicily Architrave block ≈1119.25
≈500–406 BC Chr. Olympieion Akragas Sicily Architrave block ≈1111
≈500–406 BC Chr. Olympieion Akragas Sicily Architrave block ≈1114th
≈500–406 BC Chr. Olympieion Akragas Sicily Metopeblock , lower (corner) ≈1113.5
≈500–406 BC Chr. Olympieion Akragas Sicily Cornice block ≈1111.5
≈500 BC Chr. Aphaia temple Aegina Greek Islands Column shaft ≈1116th
≈480-460 BC Chr. Temple ER Selinunte Sicily Architrave block ≈1117th
≈468-457 BC Chr. Temple of Zeus Olympia Greek Mainland Stylobate block ≈1118.5
≈468-457 BC Chr. Temple of Zeus Olympia Greek Mainland Architrave block ≈1116.5
≈460 BC Chr. 'Temple of Poseidon' Paestum Magna Graecia Architrave block ≈1111.5
≈448-437 BC Chr. Parthenon Athens Greek Mainland Architrave block ≈1119.5
≈448-437 BC Chr. Parthenon Athens Greek Mainland Fall block , largest ≈1119
≈437-432 BC Chr. Propylaea Athens Greek Mainland Architrave block , middle ≈1112.5
≈437-432 BC Chr. Propylaea Athens Greek Mainland Fall block , largest ≈1112.25
≈437-432 BC Chr. Propylaea Athens Greek Mainland Fall block , relief ≈1118.75
≈437-432 BC Chr. Propylaea Athens Greek Mainland Deck beam, western canopy ≈1110
≈421-405 BC Chr. Erechtheion Athens Greek Mainland Block over Pandroseion ≈1111.5
≈421-405 BC Chr. Erechtheion Athens Greek Mainland Lintel block , north entrance ≈1117.25
≈421-405 BC Chr. Erechtheion Athens Greek Mainland Deck beam, north canopy ≈1110
≈420 BC Chr. Segesta Temple Segesta Sicily Architrave block ≈1112.5
≈366-326 BC Chr. Temple of Apollo Delphi Greek Mainland Architrave block ≈1119.25
≈340 BC Chr. Temple of Zeus Nemea Greek Mainland Architrave block ≈1116.75
≈340 BC Chr. Temple of Zeus Nemea Greek Mainland Lintel block ≈1118.75
≈350 BC Chr. Starting from Ionia , the loads moved reached the archaic level again, which indicates a safe mastery of the pulley system.
≈310 BC Chr. Temple of Apollo Didyma Asia Minor Doorstep ≈1146.75
≈310 BC Chr. Temple of Apollo Didyma Asia Minor Lintel block ≈1148
≈310 BC Chr. Temple of Apollo Didyma Asia Minor Door jamb ≈1171.5
≈170 BC Chr. Olympieion Athens Greek Mainland Architrave block , largest ≈1123.25

Roman monoliths

A selection of Roman monoliths; the list also includes construction work on Greek temples that continued into the Roman era and pharaonic obelisks brought from Egypt .

construction time Building / object place region monolith Weight
(in t ) 		comment
1st century BC Chr. Apollo statue Vitr. 10.2.13 Base ≈1151?
10 BC Chr. Obelisco Flaminio Rome Italia obelisk ≈1263 From Egypt with obelisk ship
10 BC Chr. Obelisco di Montecitorio Rome Italia obelisk ≈1230 From Egypt with obelisk ship
A.D. 37–41 Vatican obelisk Rome Italia obelisk ≈1361 From Egypt with obelisk ship
1st – 2nd Century Pregnant woman stone Baalbek Syria ( Lebanon ) Brick unused, still in the quarry ≈1000 also stone of the South called
? Unnamed Monolith I Baalbek Syria ( Lebanon ) Brick unused, still in the quarry ≈1242 second largest man-made monolith of all time, in the same quarry as Stone of the South
? Unnamed Monolith II Baalbek Syria ( Lebanon ) Brick unused, still in the quarry ≈1650 largest man-made monolith of all time, in the same quarry as Stone of the South
1st – 2nd Century Jupiter Temple Baalbek Syria ( Lebanon ) Bricks in the podium ≈∅ 350 seven bricks in the podium of the temple of Jupiter, stone layer under the trilith
1st – 2nd Century Jupiter Temple Baalbek Syria ( Lebanon ) Bricks in the podium ≈∅ 800 three bricks (called " Trilith ") in the podium of the Temple of Jupiter
1st – 2nd Century Jupiter Temple Baalbek Syria ( Lebanon ) Column drum , lower ≈1148.5
1st – 2nd Century Jupiter Temple Baalbek Syria ( Lebanon ) Architrave - frieze block , middle ≈1163 Lifted 19 m with cranes
1st – 2nd Century Jupiter Temple Baalbek Syria ( Lebanon ) Cornice block , corner ≈1108 Lifted 19 m with cranes
1st - 3rd Century Granite column Mons Claudianus Aegyptus ( Egypt ) Column shaft in the quarry ≈1207
113 Trajan's Column Rome Italia Pedestal 11≈77
113 Trajan's Column Rome Italia Base ≈1155
113 Trajan's Column Rome Italia Column drum , typical 11≈32
113 Trajan's Column Rome Italia capital ≈1153.3 Raised 34 m with cranes
2nd century? Temple of Apollo Didyma Asia Minor ( Turkey ) Architrave block ≈1120.5
297 Pompey column Alexandria Aegyptus ( Egypt ) Column shaft ≈1285
306-313 Basilica Nova Rome Italia Column shaft ≈1103
357 Lateran Obelisk Rome Italia obelisk ≈1500 From Egypt with obelisk ship
530 Mausoleum of Theodoric Ravenna Italia Domed roof ≈1230 Erected by the Ostrogoths , it no longer belongs to classical Roman architecture , but partly still belongs to antiquity, see also: End of antiquity

gallery

Greek monoliths

Roman monoliths

See also

Remarks

  1. ↑ If in two blocks.
  2. ↑ If monolithic.
  3. ↑ If monolithic.
  4. ↑ For Egyptian obelisks, the year the ship was transported to Rome.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wirsching 2000 & 2003.
  2. ↑ Lancaster 1999, pp. 419-439.
  3. ↑ a b Coulton 1974, pp. 7, 16.
  4. ↑ Coulton 1974, p. 14.
  5. ^ Josef Maier: Handbook of historical masonry: investigation methods and repair procedures. Birkhäuser, Basel 2002, p. 15 f .; Spyros Iakovidis : Mycenae-Epidaurus. Argos Tiryns Nauplia. Complete guide to the museums and archaeological sites of the Argolis. Athens 1996, p. 30.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj Coulton 1974, pp. 17-19 (appendix); other information from running text
  7. ^ Coulton 1974, p. 16.
  8. ↑ Vitruvius: De Architectura, Book 10 (Engl.)
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g Wirsching 2000, p. 271 (plate 1)
  10. ↑ Lancaster 1999, p. 428.
  11. ↑ Ruprechtsberger 1999, p. 15.
  12. ↑ Ruprechtsberger 1999, p. 17.
  13. ↑ Adam 1977, p. 52.
  14. ↑ a b Coulton 1974, pp. 16, 19.
  15. ↑ Maxfield 2001, p. 158.
  16. ↑ Lancaster 1999, p. 430.
  17. ↑ a b c Lancaster 1999, p. 426.
  18. ↑ Jones 1993, p. 32.
  19. ↑ Adam 1977, p. 50 f.
  20. ↑ Robert Heidenreich , Heinz Johannes : The tomb of Theodoric in Ravenna . Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden 1971, p. 63.
  21. ^ Coulton 1974, p. 7.

literature

  • Jean-Pierre Adam: About you trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes . In: Syria . tape 54 , 1977, pp. 31-63 .
  • JJ Coulton: Lifting in Early Greek Architecture . In: The Journal of Hellenic Studies . tape 94 , 1974, pp. 1-19 .
  • Mark Wilson Jones: One Hundred Feet and a Spiral Stair: The Problem of Designing Trajan's Column . In: Journal of Roman Archeology . tape 6 , 1993, pp. 23-38 .
  • Lynne Lancaster: Building Trajan's Column . In: American Journal of Archeology . tape 103 , no. 3 , 1999, p. 419-439 .
  • MJT Lewis: Roman Methods of Transporting and Erecting Obelisks . In: Transactions of the Newcomen Society . tape 56 , no. 1 , 1984, p. 87-110 .
  • Valerie A. Maxfield: Stone Quarrying in the Eastern Desert with Particular Reference to Mons Claudianus and Mons Porphyrites . In: David J. Mattingly, John Salmon (Ed.): Economies Beyond Agriculture in the Classical World (=  Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society . Volume 9 ). Routledge, London 2001, ISBN 0-415-21253-7 , pp. 143-170 .
  • Erwin M. Ruprechtsberger : From the quarry to the Jupiter temple of Heliopolis / Baalbek (Lebanon) . In: Linz archaeological research . tape 30 , 1999, pp. 7-56 .
  • Armin Wirsching: How the Obelisks Reached Rome: Evidence of Roman Double-Ships . In: The International Journal of Nautical Archeology . tape 29 , no. 2 , 2000, pp. 273-283 .
  • Armin Wirsching: Supplementary Remarks on the Roman Obelisk-Ships . In: The International Journal of Nautical Archeology . tape 32 , no. 1 , 2003, p. 121-123 .