Knick-toe tree frogs (subfamily)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Knick-toe tree frogs i. w. S.
Scinax fuscovarius

Scinax fuscovarius

Systematics
Order : Frog (anura)
Subordination : Neobatrachia
without rank: Tree frogs (arboranae)
Family : Tree frogs i. w. S. (Hylidae)
Subfamily : Knick-toe tree frogs i. w. S.
Scientific name
Scinaxinae
Duellman , Marion & Hedges , 2016

The knick-toe tree frogs (Scinaxinae) are a subfamily consisting of four genera within the family of tree frogs . They mainly emerged from the species-rich genus Scinax , which was divided into three genera. Then there was the related group Sphaenorhynchus as a fourth genus . The name of the subfamily is derived from the genus Scinax , whose name comes from the Greek word skinos = quick, nimble, here in its Latin form scinax .

distribution

These frogs are found from eastern and southern Mexico through Central America to Argentina and Uruguay and are found on the Caribbean islands of Trinidad and Tobago and St. Lucia .

description

These mostly monotonously colored tree frogs have, compared to other tree frogs, a small to medium-sized head-torso length and medium-sized eyes. The adhesive discs on the fingers are wider than they are long. The webbed fingers are completely absent or reduced. The webbing between the first and second toe is missing or reduced to a hem on the second toe. Other morphological features that can be used to distinguish buck-toe tree frogs from other tree frogs include: a. the fontanelle , which is emphasized behind the eyes (to different degrees), the integument of the head, which is not fused with the skull, the front part of the scaly bone , which does not reach the upper jaw and the small jawbone, which is poorly developed and forms a joint with the upper jaw.

Originally, the Scinax species were divided into different species groups with common features, such as a characteristic coloration of the inside of the thighs in the S. ruber group (so-called “flash colors” ). Jungfer (1987) described the remarkable ability to bend the first finger and the first toe forwards by 90 °, probably in order to sit more securely “upside down”. Duellman & Wiens (1992) assign this type of sitting only to certain species of the genus (the S. rostrata group, see systematics below ), but in the literature the common German name "Knickzehenlaubfösche" appears for all Scinaxinae species.

Way of life

In their large area to find Scinax - species in almost all tropical and subtropical habitats with a particularly high level of diversification in the Atlantic Forest South-East of Brazil. These tree frogs normally use pools or swamps, often of a temporary nature, for reproduction. One species group in South America reproduces in streams ( S. catharinae group), another lays eggs in pools of water in terrestrial bromeliads ( S. perpusilla group). The tadpoles are free swimming.

Systematics

These tree frogs were listed in the Hyla catharinae group and the Hyla rubra group until 1977 . Fouquette & Delahoussaye (1977) placed them in the genus Ololygon Fitzinger, 1843. This outdated classification is mainly based on the morphology of the sperm: Ololygon sperm have two tails, most other tree frog sperm only one. However, many other types of anuras also have two-tailed sperm. Pombal & Gordo (1991) also noted that among the species assigned to the genus Ololygon by Fouquette & Delahoussaye (1977) there was also the type species from Scinax Wagler, 1830, which takes precedence over Ololygon . Duellman & Wiens (1992) also showed on the basis of morphological , osteological , larval and reproductive characteristics that Scinax Wagler, 1830, takes precedence over Ololygon . They assigned the (then known) species to seven groups:

  • Scinax catharinae group

S. albicans, S. arduous, S. ariadne, S. argyreornata, S. brieni, S. catharinae, S. flavoguttatus, S. heyeri, S. humilis, S. littoralis, S. machadoi and S. obtriangulatus

Duellman & Wiens (1992) modified the group classification according to Peixoto & Weygoldt (1987). The species of this group have the common, derived characteristics that they lay their eggs in brooks and the tadpoles of some species lack a dorsal gap in the dental papilla ( S. albicans, S. ariadne, S. flavoguttatus, S. heyeri, S. machadoi ) or is greatly reduced ( S. obtriangulatus ).

  • Scinax perpusilla (S. perpusillus) group

S. alcatraz, S. atratus, S. cosenzai, S. littoreus, S. melloi, S. insperatus, S. perpusillus and S. v-signata

This group was first recognized by Peixoto (1987). Their types are characterized by v. a. in that they only use phytotelmata of bromeliads for reproduction and have characteristic callers.

Species of the S. catharinae group and the S. perpusillus group have a short and blunt snout from the dorsal point of view, a characteristic dorsal color pattern and tadpoles with a rounded snout (as far as the larvae are described or were in 1992). Duellmann & Wiens (1992) also see derived features in this.

  • Scinax rizibilis group

S. jureia, S. ranki and S. rizibilis

This group was first recognized by Andrade & Cardoso (1988). As a synapomorphy , the three species have paired sound vesicles .

  • Scinax rubra (S. ruber) group

S. blairi, S. chiquitanus, S. elaeochrous, S. funereus, S. fuscovarius, S. hayii, S. quinquefasciatus, S. ruber and S. similis

Mexico to Argentina, most species in southeastern Brazil; small to medium size, single throat vocal sac, muzzle undointed, inside of hind legs conspicuously colored, call from several impulses; Reproduction mainly in open land.

  • Scinax rostrata (S. rostratus) group

S. boulengeri, S. garbei, S. kennedyi, S. nebulosus, S. pedromedinae, S. proboscideus, S. rostratus and S. sugillatus

The group was defined by Duellman (1972). All species have a pointed, flat snout. Except for S. nebulosa , the well-known tadpoles have characteristic tooth formulas. Except for S. kennedyi and S. rostratus , all species have conical, ulnar, tarsal and labial tubercles. Duellman & Wiens (1992) see it as a uniform feature of this group to sit "upside down" on vertical surfaces (cf. description above ) and call out.

  • Scinax staufferi group

S. agilis, S. baumgardneri, S. berthae, S. danae, S. exiguus, S. fuscomarginatus, S. nasicus, S. parkeri, S. squalirostris, S. staufferi, S. trilineatus and S. wandae

  • Scinax x-signata (S. x-sigantus) group

S. acuminatus, S. boesemani, S. crospedospilus, S. cruentommus, S. cuspidatus and S. x-sigantus

The division into these seven groups is based in part on differences in the morphology of the sperm heads described by Fouquette & Delahoussaye (1977). In addition, Duellman & Wiens (1992) could not confirm the monophyly of the S. ruber, S. staufferi and S. x-siganatus groups, nor could they assign all the species known at the time to the seven groups.

Faivovich (2002) therefore carried out a cladistic analysis with 36 representatives of the genus and eight external species on the basis of osteological , myological , morphological characteristics of adults and larvae as well as characteristics in reproductive biology and karyotypes . According to these results, there are only two clades: the Scinax catharinae clade (with the two species groups S. catharinae and S. perpusillus ) and the Scinax ruber clade (with the S. rostratus , S. ruber and S. staufferi Species groups). In addition, some species have been regrouped.

Faivovich et al. (2005) showed in their molecular genetic investigation on the family Hylidae that the genus Scinax is monophyletic . Duellman & Wiens (1992) hypothesized that Scinax is the Adelphotaxon of Scarthyla and that this clade in turn is the Adelphotaxon of Sphaenorhynchus . Faivovich et al. (2005) also tested this hypothesis and showed that Scinax is not the sister group of Scarthyla , but either from a clade consisting of Scarthyla , Lysaphus and Pseudis , or a so-called "South America II" clade, in addition to those already mentioned Genera also includes the genera Sphaenorhynchus and Xenohyla and some species that are currently still under Hyla . The systematics of the genus Scinax has not yet been finally clarified.

species

Scinax

The genus Scinax currently counts 72 species . These correspond mainly to the earlier Scinax ruber clade. A complete list of species can be found in the generic article Knick-toe Tree Frogs .

Ololygon

The species group around Scinax catharinae was raised in 2016 to its own genus named Ololygon Fitzinger , 1843 , 50 species have now been described:

As of June 7, 2020

Julianus

The genus Julianus came into being in 2016 when Duellman , Marion and Hedges separated the species Scinax uruguayus from the genus Scinax and placed it in its own genus. The genus currently includes 3 species:

As of June 7, 2020

Sphaenorhynchus

The genus Sphaenorhynchus was also placed in the new subfamily Scinaxinae because of the sister group relationship to Scinax by Duellman, Marion and Hedges. The genus currently includes 14 species:

As of June 7, 2020

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Darrel R. Frost: Scinaxinae Duellman, Marion, and Hedges, 2016 , Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference, Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, 1998-2020, accessed on June 28, 2020
  2. ↑ a b c Savage, JM (2002): The amphibians and reptiles of Costa Rica. A herpetofauna between two continents, between two seas. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  3. ^ A b W. E. Duellman & JJ Wiens: The status of the hylid frog genus Ololygon and recognition of Scinax Wagler, 1830 . Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History of the University of Kansas, 151, pp. 1-23, 1992
  4. ↑ a b J. P. Pombal Jr., Célio FB Haddad & S. Kasahara (1995): A new species of Scinax (Anura: Hylidae) from southeastern Brazil, with comments on the genus . Journal of Herpetology 29: 1-6.
  5. ↑ a b Julián Faivovich: A cladistic analysis of Scinax (Anura: Hylidae) . Cladistics, 18, pp. 367-393, 2002
  6. ↑ OL Peixoto (1987): Caracterização do grupo perpusilla e revalidação da posição taxonômica de Ololygon perpusilla perpusilla e Ololygon perpusilla v-signata (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae) . Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro 10: 37-49.
  7. ↑ JP Pombal Jr. & RP Bastos (2003): Vocalizações de Scinax perpusillus (A. Lutz & B. Lutz) e S. arduous Peixoto (Anura, Hylidae), com comentários taxonômicos. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 20: 607-610.
  8. ↑ a b Julián Faivovich, Celio FB Haddad, PCA Garcia, Darrel R. Frost, JA Campbell & WC Wheeler: Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 294, 2005
  9. ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Ololygon Fitzinger, 1843 , Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference, Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, 1998-2019, accessed June 7, 2020
  10. ↑ Ana Carolina Calijorne Lourenço, R. Lingnau, Célio FB Haddad & Julián Faivovich: A new species of the Scinax Catharinae group (Anura: Hylidae) from the highlands of Santa Catarina, Brazil. South American Journal of Herpetology, 14, pp. 163-176, 2019.
  11. ^ A b William E. Duellman, AB Marion & S. Blair Hedges: Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae). Zootaxa, 4104, pp. 1–109, 2016
  12. ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Julianus Duellman, Marion, and Hedges, 2016 , Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference, Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, 1998-2019, accessed June 7, 2020
  13. ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Sphaenorhynchus Tschudi, 1838 , Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference, Version 6.0, American Museum of Natural History, 1998-2019, accessed June 7, 2020

literature

  • Andrade, GV & AJ Cardoso (1987): Reconhecimento do grupo rizibilis; descrição de uma espécie de Hyla (Amphibia, Anura). Rev.Brasil.Zool. 3: 433-440.
  • Duellman, WE (1972): South American frogs of the Hyla rostrata group (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Zool.Mededel.Rijksmus.Nat.Hist.Leiden 47: 177-192.
  • Duellman, WE & JJ Wiens (1992): The status of the hylid frog genus Ololygon and recognition of Scinax Wagler, 1830 . Occas.Pap.Mus.Nat.Hist.Univ.Kansas 151: 1-23.
  • Fouquette MJ & AJ Delahoussaye (1977): Sperm morphology in the Hyla rubra group (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae), and its bearing on generic status . Journal of Herpetology 11: 387-396.
  • Jungfer, KH (1987): Observations on Ololygon boulengeri (Cope, 1887) and other 'buck-toe tree frogs'. Herpetofauna 9: 6-12.
  • Peixoto, OL (1987): Caracterização do grupo perpusilla e revalidação da posição taxonômica de Ololygon perpusilla perpusilla e Ololygon perpusilla v-signata (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae) . Arquivos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro 10: 37-49
  • Peixoto, OL & P. ​​Weygoldt (1987): Notes on Ololygon heyeri Weygoldt 1986 from Espírito Santo, Brazil. Senckenbergiana Biol. 68: 1-9.
  • Pombal, JP Jr. & M. Gordo (1991): Duas novas espécies de Hyla da floresta atlântica no estado de São Paulo (Amphibia, Anura) . Memórias do Instituto Butantan 53: 135-144.

Web links

Commons : Scinax  - collection of images, videos and audio files