Colostrum

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Human foremilk and breast milk. Left breast milk from the fourth day of breastfeeding, right breast milk from the eighth day of breastfeeding. Foremilk is often more yellowish than breast milk.

Colostrum ( lat. Colostrum ), also first milk , first milk or colostrum , is the first substance in mammals that is produced by the female mammary glands after pregnancy and excreted via the nipples . In cows, the mostly viscous and yellowish colostrum is also known as Biestmilch , Biest ( m. ) Or Beestmilch , in Switzerland also called Brieschmilch . Like milk that is formed later, it contains proteins and enzymes, Vitamins, minerals, growth factors, amino acids and antibodies formed by the mother , but sometimes in higher proportions. This strengthens the child or young animal and supports its immune defense . The fat content in colostrum is lower than in milk.

Human foremilk

Due to its high protein content, the colostrum is somewhat slimy, thick and yellowish in color, sometimes with blood . It is made available to the newborn immediately after birth and changes its composition in humans within the next 18 to 36 hours until normal breast milk is produced after about two to five days . Newborns have an immature digestive system, and colostrum provides its nutrients in a small, concentrated form. It has a low laxative effect, which stimulates the excretion of meconium . It also reduces the excess bilirubin in the intestine, which is caused by the loss of blood volume during childbirth and which is responsible for neonatal icterus .

The colostrum contains lymphocytes and antibodies ( IgA , IgG and IgM ). Other immune components in colostrum include lactoferrin , lysozyme , lactoperoxidase , complement and PRP . Some cytokines could also be detected in the colostrum, including interleukins , tumor necrosis factor and chemokines . Other ingredients in colostrum are growth factors .

In addition to a high proportion of proteins, colostrum also contains vitamin A , sodium chloride and, compared to later breast milk, lower proportions of carbohydrates , lipids and potassium.

Bovine colostrum

In cows colostrum also is the beast or the colostrum (in Switzerland Brieschmili ) called. Colloquially, the terms Pfaff , Pfaffenmilch , Priestermilch and Kuhpriest are also known , especially in southwestern Germany . Since, unlike humans, newborn cattle do not receive passive immunity via the placenta, the immune components of the colostrum are essential in calves. The porous nature of the calf's intestine allows even large proteins to penetrate the intestinal wall. This condition of the intestinal wall changes after 24 hours at the latest, which limits the immune capacity of the colostrum after this time.

Colostrum from cows is considered a healthy food, there are numerous studies on colostrum. Among other things, colostrum should offer a certain protection against infectious diseases and support wound healing and the regeneration of damaged intestinal mucosa. The quality of the colostrum as a food is usually specified in terms of the immunoglobulin G content per liter of colostrum. The composition of bovine and human colostrum differs only slightly. According to a German study, mares produce the highest quality colostrum with an IgG content of an average of 70 g per liter.

Colostrum is used regionally as a raw material for bread and cheese. In Finland , cheese made from Biestmilch is available in every grocery store under the name Leipäjuusto (“bread cheese”) and is a popular dessert with multi-berry jam .

Food law situation

According to Section 18 (2) of the Milk Ordinance, bovine colostrum (“milk of the first five days after calving ”) may not be declared as “milk” or as a “milk-based” product in Germany, but only as a food of its own type, for example as a dietary food. The use in food supplements is currently being discussed from a technical and legal point of view. Advertising claims about the special effects of colostrum are not permitted in the European Union . Since July 1, 2007, they have been checked in accordance with the requirements of the Health Claims Ordinance , which prescribes scientifically adequate protection.

In Australia, colostrum is used to improve performance in sport, as it appears to promote the body's own release of growth hormones and breast milk is not on the doping index. The quality of the colostrum used depends very much on the processing of the raw material. The valuable ingredients are lost through excessive heating. With the process of cold sterile filtration, the basic product is made sterile on the one hand, and freeze-dried on the other hand and above all not heated above 42 ° C.

In order to import food made from bovine colostrum, the animal health conditions must be met as with other dairy products. The conditions of Commission Decision 95/343 / EC apply.

Remarks

  1. ↑ The word "Biestmilch", denoting the first milk of a cow after calving, comes from the Old High German biost , is related to the old verb bies (t) en ('milking') and originally related to the old Indian pīyūša (colostrum) to páyate (' swells', 'is full'). See Friedrich Kluge , Alfred Götze : Etymological Dictionary of the German Language . 20th ed., Ed. by Walther Mitzka , De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1967; Reprint (“21st unchanged edition”) ibid 1975, ISBN 3-11-005709-3 , p. 75.
  2. ↑ DA Benaron, FW Bowen: Variation of initial serum bilirubin rise in newborn infants with type of illness. In: The Lancet . 338, 1991, pp. 78-81. PMID 1676469
  3. ↑ A. Bert Otto, G. Castellucci, G. Fabietti, F. Scalise, R. Vaccaro: Lymphocytes bearing the T cell receptor gamma delta in human breast milk. In: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 65 (11), 1990, pp. 1274-1275.
  4. ^ ML Groves: The isolation of a red protein from milk. In: Journal of the American Chemical Society. 82 (13), 1960, pp. 3345-3360. doi: 10.1021 / ja01498a029
  5. ↑ S. Paulík, L. Slanina, M. Polácek include: Lysozyme in the colostrum and blood of calves and dairy cows. In: Vet Med. (Praha) 30 (1), 1985, pp. 21-28. PMID 3918380 .
  6. ↑ B. Reiter: The lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide antibacterium system. In: Ciba Found. Symp. (65), 1987, pp. 285-294. PMID 225143 .
  7. ↑ JH Brock et al: Bactericidal and hemolytic activity of complement in bovine colostrum and serum: effect of proteolytic enzymes and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA). In: Annales d'Immunologie. 126C (4), 1975, pp. 439-451.
  8. ↑ A. Zabłocka, M. Janusz, K. Rybka, I. Wirkus-Romanowska, G. Kupryszewski, J. Lisowski et al: Cytokine-inducing activity of a proline-rich polypeptide complex (PRP) from ovine colostrum and its active nonapeptide fragment analog. In: Eur. Cytokine Netw. 12 (3), 2001, pp. 462-467. PMID 11566627
  9. ↑ K. Hagiwara, S. Kataoka, H. Yamanaka, R. Kirisawa, H. Iwai et al: Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrum. In: Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 76 (3-4), 2000, pp. 183-190. doi: 10.1016 / S0165-2427 (00) 00213-0 . PMID 11044552
  10. ^ HE Rudloff, FC Schmalstieg, AA Mushtaha, KH Palkowetz, SK Liu, AS Goldman and others: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human milk. In: Pediatr Res . 31 (1), 1992, pp. 29-33. doi: 10.1203 / 00006450-199201000-00005 . PMID 1375729 .
  11. ↑ A. Maheshwari, RD Christensen, DA Calhoun et al: ELR + CXC chemokines in human milk. In: Cytokines. 24 (3), 2003, pp. 91-102. doi: 10.1016 / j.cyto.2003.07.002 . PMID 14581003 .
  12. ^ Hermann Fischer, Hermann Taigel: Swabian Concise Dictionary. With German-Swabian register. Mohr Siebeck, 1999, p. 75.
    Meeting reports of the Königl. Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Volume 2, 1863, Appendix, p. 90.
    Hugo Steger, Volker Schupp : Introduction to the Southwest German Language Atlas , Volume 2, Elwert, 1998, p. 13.
  13. ^ R. Pakkanen, J. Aalto: Growth Factors and Antimicrobial Factors of Bovine Colostrum. In: International Dairy Journal. 7 (5), 1997, pp. 285-297. doi: 10.1016 / S0958-6946 (97) 00022-8
  14. ↑ MR Cesarone, G. Belcaro include: Prevention of influenza episodes with colostrum Compared with vaccination in healthy and high-risk cardiovascular subjects: The epidemiologic study in San Valentino. In: Clinical and Applied Thrombosis / Hemostasis. 13 (2), 2007, pp. 130-136.
  15. ↑ CO Tacket, SB Binion et al .: Efficacy of bovine milk immunoglobulin concentrate in preventing illness after Shigella flexneri challenge. In: American Journal Tropical Medicine Hygiene. 47 (3), 1992, pp. 276-283.
  16. ↑ FO Uruakpa, MAH Ismond include: Colostrum and its benefits: a review. In: Nutrition Research. 22, 2002, pp. 755-767.
  17. ↑ Use of colostrum. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
  18. ↑ M. Venner, RG Markus, K. Strutzberg-Minder, K. Nogai, M. Beyerbach, E. Klug et al: Evaluation of immunoglobulin G concentration in colostrum of mares by ELISA, refractometry and colostrometry. In: Berlin and Munich veterinary weekly. 121 (1-2), 2008, pp. 66-72. PMID 18277781
  19. ^ Arnd Krüger : Trainers Digest. In: competitive sport. 36 (2006), issue 6, p. 42.