Krefeld-Uerdingen on the Rhine

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Coat of arms of Krefeld-Uerdingen on the Rhine

The city of Krefeld-Uerdingen am Rhein was a so-called "umbrella community" between the two Lower Rhine cities of Krefeld (city charter since 1323) and Uerdingen am Rhein (city since 1255) that is unique in German municipal constitutional law to this day . In 1928, as equal partners, they signed a merger agreement in which the two cities were to largely retain their independence. The community town was laid down in the law on the municipal reorganization of the Rhenish-Westphalian industrial area and a majority decided on in the local city council meetings. Uerdingen was not incorporated into the city of Krefeld in 1929.

The city of Krefeld-Uerdingen on the Rhine, with its two independent districts, as it were communities, Krefeld and Uerdingen, existed from August 1, 1929 until its dissolution on April 1, 1940.

prehistory

In the 19th and 20th centuries there were repeated efforts to reorganize the territories of the municipalities in the Prussian Rhine Province . So there were often integrations and voluntary incorporations, which was not least a consequence of the rapid development from small villages to large communities and cities in the course of industrialization (see district reforms in Prussia ). Already at the beginning of the 20th century a municipal reorganization of the Rhenish-Westphalian conurbation was considered. The First World War and the post-war period with Belgian occupation interrupted further planning. A large-scale local reorganization of the industrial areas on the central Lower Rhine therefore only began in the mid-1920s. With a decree of December 6, 1927, the Prussian Interior Minister Albert Grzesinski instructed the District President of Düsseldorf, Karl Bergemann , to begin the preparatory work for a municipal reorganization and to complete it next year. The aim was to make a north and a south district out of five districts. Krefeld was to include parts of the Kempen district and the city of Uerdingen.

The effect on Krefeld and Uerdingen

Krefeld was already growing into a large city at the end of the 19th century. Through further incorporations of Linn in 1901 and Bockum , Verberg and Oppum in 1907, the city continued to grow considerably. The incorporation of Fischeln and Traar was planned. The neighboring town of Uerdingen had long been a glimpse of the neighboring town of Uerdingen, which seemed to be a sensible addition to its own economy due to its developed chemical industry, metal processing industry and the 3.5 km long Rhine front, which was mainly based on the textile industry. In addition, Uerdingen did not oppose Krefeld's efforts to expand much in the last few decades and even wanted other places to be incorporated into Uerdingen, such as B. did not seriously persecute the community of Traar. In the meantime, Uerdingen was encompassed by the city of Krefeld in the west, despite the later increase in area in the north through the incorporation of Hohenbudberg and the southern part of Kaldenhausen (Hagschinkel). As a municipality, Uerdingen could also have considered moving to the district of Moers , especially since the city had developed brilliantly commercially and industrially in the previous years. However, after careful consideration, this did not appear sensible and feasible due to economic, historical and local political reasons. In addition, due to the proximity in some areas, there was already selective cooperation (e.g. Crefeld-Uerdinger Lokalbahn).

History and content of the umbrella community

History of origin

"The most important thing for the city of Uerdingen is the preservation of its self-government and its untouched independence" it said in 1927 in a resolution of the city council of the city on the Rhine. That is why a largely liberal incorporation agreement, based on the Frankfurt-Höchst model , was out of the question for the Uerdinger. The solution therefore seemed to be the establishment of a special purpose association as a so-called "umbrella community" between the two cities of Krefeld and Uerdingen on the Rhine. The idea of ​​the umbrella community agreement was accepted by a large majority in the Prussian state parliament after hard fighting. The "umbrella community" should be regulated on the basis of an association agreement, whereby both cities should be granted the greatest possible independence for a longer period of time. Negotiators for the negotiations were the mayor Wilhelm Warsch ( German Center Party ) for Uerdingen and the non-party, nationally liberal-minded mayor Johannes Johansen for Krefeld. As a new type of local politician, Wilhelm Warsch tried to achieve as much as possible for Uerdingen in the joint agreement, as his city councilors were extremely skeptical of a merger with the city of Krefeld. Therefore, the construction of the umbrella community should become an integral part of the still to be enacted Prussian law on the municipal reorganization of the Rhenish-Westphalian industrial area, which Warsch was able to achieve through clever tactics and striking actions ("Contractual law is sacred, protects it!").

The future city district should be called Krefeld-Uerdingen am Rhein. The double name Krefeld-Uerdingen (a. Rh.) Was for Uerdingen a conditio sine qua non , a basic condition for a united city. The new city would consist of the two independent districts of Krefeld and Uerdingen, which were to be administered largely independently in accordance with the Rhenish City Code of May 15, 1856 (to which both cities belonged). According to today's perspective, the city of Krefeld-Uerdingen am Rhein thus had the character of a twin city with two districts that were independent under municipal law.

On November 23, 1928, the city councils in Krefeld and Uerdingen on the Rhine approved the contract by a majority, with the councilors of the KPD voting against it in both cities. In Uerdingen, three central politicians also voted against the negotiated treaty, so that only a narrow majority was in favor. On December 12, 1928, the extensive contract on a special purpose association of the cities of Krefeld and Uerdingen am Rhein (union contract) was officially concluded. The city as a whole received the permanent name Krefeld-Uerdingen am Rhein .

After the Prussian state parliament passed the law on the municipal reorganization of the Rhenish-Westphalian industrial area on July 29, 1929 , it came into force on August 1, 1929. On the same day, Warsch was appointed acting mayor of the city of Krefeld-Uerdingen a. Rh. The last city council meeting of Uerdingen took place on July 31, 1929. The next meeting of the city representatives of Uerdingen took place as a district council meeting on December 6, 1929.

On June 11, 1930, Warsch became the first councilor of the new city and mayor of the Uerdingen district. As early as April 30, 1930, the former, long-time mayor of Neuss, Heinrich Hüpper, was elected mayor of Krefeld-Uerdingen am Rhein and mayor of the Krefeld district as successor to Johannes Johansen . He, too, was inducted into office on June 11, 1930.

After the reorganization law came into force, a local statute was drawn up as stipulated there in Section 7 (1). In this, § 1 stipulated the transition period for dual administration until March 31, 1949. In addition, a “contract between the municipality of Krefeld-Uerdingen a. Rh. On the one hand and the districts of Krefeld and Uerdingen as corporations under public law on the other, as well as the district of Krefeld on the one hand and the district of Uerdingen on the other "closed. This regulated in addition to the legal relationships and obligations among each other u. a. the gas, water and electricity supply, the port community, schools, baths and slaughterhouse, city arms, seals and flags as well as the repayment of community debts and was sometimes bitterly negotiated. Both contracts were signed on April 25, 1930 with the approval of the Krefeld and Uerdingen district assemblies and the Krefeld-Uerdingen a. Rh. Approved and enacted by the district government.

Was written z. B. despite concerns of the Reichsbahn the renaming of the Krefeld stations in Krefeld-Uerdingen-Hauptbahnhof and Uerdingen in Krefeld-Uerdingen-Rheinbahnhof . There should be a Lord Mayor for the community town, a (Lord) Mayor for Krefeld and a Mayor for Uerdingen. Perpetual elements were set out in the local statutes, such as: B. the permanent maintenance of the library, the police station and the town hall in Uerdingen. Long-term collaborative projects such as B. the creation of a tunnel opening at Uerdingen train station (Rheinbahnhof), however, were fixed in advance in the unification contract (50 book pages).

City arms

Since the unification on August 1, 1929, the coats of arms of Krefeld and Uerdingen have stood side by side on an equal footing in official documents and publications. The local statute of April 25, 1930 agreed on a common coat of arms for the future. The coat of arms was designed by the respected heraldist Professor Otto Hupp . It was valid from 1931. In contrast to the current coat of arms of the city of Krefeld , the coat of arms was divided (above and below) and not split. The coat of arms showed the Krefeld coat of arms in the upper half of the shield, consisting of Saint Dionysius , growing , with the crook in the right hand and the severed head in the left, in the lower half the (divided) Uerdingen coat of arms with the two keys. The Moers coat of arms, actually part of the Krefeld coat of arms, was historically and therefore heraldically incorrect as a heart shield in the middle.

Construct the umbrella community

The umbrella community Krefeld-Uerdingen a. Rh. Consisted of the old city of Krefeld with the municipalities of Fischeln, Traar, Gellep-Stratum, which were incorporated in 1929, as well as part of Benrad and the city of Uerdingen (already with Hohenbudberg) with the southern part of Kaldenhausen (Hagschinkel), which was incorporated in 1929. The community town was an urban district in the sense of the municipal constitutional regulations.

The district of Krefeld-Uerdingen a. Rh. Only very few original responsibilities were transferred, such as statistical matters, gas, water and electricity supply, port and shipyard operations, youth welfare office, all so-called "district matters", i.e. matters that were usually assigned to the urban and rural districts.

Krefeld-Uerdingen a. Rh. Consisted of the two independent districts of Krefeld and Uerdingen in the urban areas from 1929, which retained the properties of corporations under public law as independent municipalities. According to § 7 (2) of the restructuring law, the two districts were z. B. in local elections, independent electoral districts and according to § 7 (3) independent municipalities with regard to tax.

In the districts of Krefeld and Uerdingen, therefore, all other administrative branches remained, so that little changed in their administrative practice. For the district of Krefeld-Uerdingen a. Rh. There was its own assembly of city councils and the head of administration under the leadership of the mayor, which was and remained essentially identical to the previous Krefeld city administration and the new city administration of the Krefeld district. The Uerdingen self-government continued to operate basically unchanged as the new city administration of the Uerdingen district. The mayor of the Uerdingen district was also appointed first alderman of the city of Krefeld-Uerdingen a. Rh. Both parts of the city had so-called district councils as their own parliamentary bodies. Both parts of the city had a mayor. The deputy mayor of the city of Krefeld-Uerdingen a. Rh. Was on an equal footing with the Lord Mayor.

The construct of the "umbrella community" negotiated in the Weimar Republic as a special purpose association between two cities was unprecedented. It cannot be compared with city associations carried out at the same time, such as B. Duisburg-Hamborn ( Duisburg ) or Barmen-Elberfeld ( Wuppertal ). Even in the new European constitutional history in 1929 there was hardly a similar construct. The closest comparable would be the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, in which the two halves of the empire were largely autonomous and only managed certain areas such as foreign policy, warfare and finances together. The twin towns of Villingen-Schwenningen , founded on January 1, 1972, have similarities in some points with the former town of Krefeld-Uerdingen on the Rhine.

Dissolution of the city of Krefeld-Uerdingen am Rhein

Political turning point

On January 30, 1933, the NSDAP took power in Germany. This was the beginning of the decline of local self-government. With the adoption of the Prussian Municipal Constitutional Law , the Reichsgemeindeordnung , at the end of 1933, all previously valid town and country codes were repealed. From now on, a single municipal code applied to all previous Prussian urban and rural communities (with the exception of the capital Berlin). The mayors or mayors in the district towns were no longer elected, but appointed.

The intellectual pioneers of this development were the conservative constitutional theorists Ernst Forsthoff and Carl Schmitt , who campaigned against the introduction of democratic party politics in the Weimar Republic and the influence of "pluralistic signs of decomposition" as early as the early 1930s.

In the member states of the German Reich, the more than 30 local state constitutions continued to apply until the introduction of the German Municipal Code (DGO) on January 30, 1935. The DGO stipulated that a mayor appointed by the state as "head of the community" had to be at the head of the community in accordance with the leadership principle . There was no longer an elected council to represent the citizenry, but the municipal councils had to "ensure the permanent management of the administration of the municipality with all layers of the citizenry". Local self-government was practically abolished by the DGO .

Since coming to power, the National Socialists had used a combination of terror and intimidation to calm down the political functionaries in most communities and gradually removed them on the basis of the law to restore the civil service of 7 April 1933.

Dissolution of the umbrella community

Mayor Warsch, with the help of reliable police officers, prevented the Nazis from entering the town hall and other public buildings. On March 27, 1933, the district president of Düsseldorf appointed the former mayor of Uerdingen, Aldehoff, as acting mayor at the age of 65. Warsch was first on leave, then released in 1934 and retired in 1935 at the age of 40. The new Lord Mayor and Mayor of the Krefeld district, Heinrich Hüpper, was also on leave on July 9, 1933 and finally released on January 1, 1934.

The construction of the twin city as an "umbrella community" was a thorn in the side of the National Socialists since they came to power, as it contradicted the spirit of a centrally and tightly managed municipal system based on the Führer principle. It was branded as a contract of black and red interests. Despite the opposition of the Uerdingen NSDAP to the Krefeld NSDAP district leader Erich Diestelkamp and the appointed mayor, also mayor of the Krefeld district, SA-Obersturmbannführer Alois Heuyng, the first steps towards the planned dissolution of the umbrella community were taken. This happened under the supervision of the responsible Gauleiter of Düsseldorf Friedrich Karl Florian . In an expert statement by the legal office of the Krefeld district in December 1937, z. B. the legal validity of the democratically introduced local statutes of 1930 under the National Socialist point of view and in relation to the DGO denied. Targeted influence was used to work towards their abolition at the higher-level official bodies and authorities. In 1938 the mayor of Uerdingen, Aldehoff, was asked to resign and was replaced by the rigid SS-Standartenführer and Krefeld city ​​council member Emil Hürter.

After the beginning of the Second World War, the Reich Ministry of the Interior (RMdI) under Wilhelm Frick pushed for the umbrella community with its double administrative structure to be dissolved in favor of an efficient and cost-saving war administration. The district president in Düsseldorf instructed the mayor Alois Heuyng to strictly implement this. This was preceded by the relevant intervention with the same objective by Mayor Heuyng at the RMdI.

By mayor resolutions in the two councilors meetings Krefeld and Uerdingen as well as the city of Krefeld-Uerdingen am Rhein on January 25, 1940, the balanced relationship between the districts of Krefeld and Uerdingen was dissolved and Uerdingen removed its statutory legal status. While the councilors in the Uerdingen district presented a 23-point paper and raised concerns, the decision was expressly and unanimously approved by the Krefeld councilors.

Even if the local statutes of 1930 of the city of Krefeld-Uerdingen on the Rhine allowed a shortening of the transitional period of dual administration in Section 23, the decision of the National Socialists was clearly in contradiction to the democratic requirements set out in it. There were no democratic majority decisions in the German Municipal Code (DGO) of 1935, the mayors were appointed. Krefeld's Lord Mayor Heuyng and Uerdingen Mayor Hürter announced their resolutions with the same wording in classic rulership style: “After hearing the councilors, they did not raise any objection, I decide: The transition period for the separate and independent administration of Uerdingen will be on 1 April 1940 shortened. ”The“ unconditional and final unification of the districts of Krefeld and Uerdingen comes into force on April 1, 1940 ”, had Hürter recorded in the city council minutes. On April 1, 1940, the umbrella community was finally dissolved, and on April 24, 1940 the name of the municipality was changed to "Stadt Krefeld".

The strict dismantling of decentralized and dual structures began under the slogan “Uerdingen must become Krefeld”. On September 1, 1940, the Städtische Sparkasse Uerdingen was incorporated into the Stadt- Sparkasse Krefeld . After large parts of Krefeld were almost completely destroyed by several Allied bombings, the Nazi rulers came up with the idea of ​​partially demolishing the still little destroyed Uerdingen and rebuilding "Krefeld am Rhein" after a war they had won. In a letter from the responsible Gauleiter Friedrich Karl Florian on August 30, 1944 to rebuild Krefeld, Uerdingen is degraded to a single industrial area. Krefeld should be brought closer to the Rhine through concrete measures. This did not happen because of the liberation from National Socialism.

Change of community name

The communal rulers did not originally plan to change the community name Krefeld-Uerdingen am Rhein . However, on January 15, 1940, Lord Mayor Heuyng urged the district president to do away with the double name. In doing so, he relied on the councilors of the Krefeld district. According to the councilors of the Krefeld district , the “double name of the entire city is impossible and unbearable”. Several associations and institutions now demanded that the community name be changed by submitting written submissions to various administrative levels. Also in a letter initiated by the Chamber of Industry and Commerce, where Heuyng was on the board until 1933 and whose chairman Walter Feltgen patronized him in the office of Lord Mayor, the latter mentioned the change in the place name. By order of the Upper President of the Rhine Province Josef Terboven on April 24, 1940, the city was finally renamed. The order was based on the German Municipal Code (DGO) of January 30, 1935. The city was now called Krefeld. “Uerdingen am Rhein” was dropped from the city name. The attempt of the NSDAP Lord Mayor Heuyng through the district president to rename the city Krefeld am Rhein in the future failed because of the final decision of the chief president Josef Terboven in Koblenz.

Failed attempt at redress

After the end of the war, the former councilor Edmund Holtz (March to June 1945), who was classified as largely unencumbered by the western allies, and the politically innocent mayor Wilhelm Warsch tried to reverse the communal injustice experienced by Uerdingen during the Third Reich . "Warsch will return to Uerdingen, with him the fight for the validity of Uerdingen", so the premonition of the mayor of Krefeld, Dr. jur. Johannes Stepkes . On June 15, 1945, Stepkes clarified with Holtz in their first joint post-war decree the position of the mayors of the entire city of Krefeld-Uerdingen on the Rhine in relation to the districts of Krefeld and Uerdingen.

On June 16, 1945, Holtz and Warsch, Stepkes made it unmistakably clear that they were in favor of the continuation of the Krefeld-Uerdingen umbrella community and the unbundling of the Krefeld and Uerdingen administrations. The transitional period had to be extended by six years to 1955 due to the time of the breach of contract, which Stepkes saw differently. Even the option of "dissolving the entire city" is conceivable. Stepkes on the communal injustice against the old Rhine city of Uerdingen: "I would not have to be a man of justice if I did not advocate that the contractual rights of Uerdingen be restored." He agreed to the re-establishment of the umbrella community, unless this was done lead to the fact that the two districts of Krefeld and Uerdingen split or even separate. Separation efforts are to be strictly opposed. In addition, he wanted “unquestionable proof” that the shortening of the transition period decided in 1940 was due to impermissible influence from the NSDAP. Warsch agreed to this and on July 1, 1945 he was returned to service as a revocable civil servant in the city of Krefeld-Uerdingen and as a representative of Stepkes. On July 19, 1945, Warsch quickly re-planned the Uerdingen administration in accordance with the logic of the Krefeld-Uerdingen am Rhein umbrella community.

On December 27, 1945, Stepkes, as Lord Mayor of Krefeld-Uerdingen, unexpectedly gave the order for an "expert opinion on the incorporation issue of Krefeld-Uerdingen" to the head of the War Damage Office, attorney Walther Höller, whom he had appointed on August 1, 1945. In a clear letter to Höller, Warsch pointed out how the Nazis had illegally taken the rights of Uerdingen and that Stepkes, too, because of the recognized injustice, wanted to campaign for the restoration of the contractual rights of Uerdingen in June 1945. Warsch provided written evidence that the Uerdingen councilors saw no way to object to the shortening of the transition period for the umbrella community due to pressure from the NSDAP. In the declaration of January 12, 1946 it said u. a .: "... that an objection had to be omitted due to the order of the competent high-ranking NSDAP. The Gauleiter (Friedrich Karl Florian), whose point of view was decisive for us at the time, wanted the districts to be merged as quickly as possible without taking into account the contractually documented rights of the Uerdingen district. A rebellion against the will of the party, which has been clearly disclosed to us, would have had party disciplinary consequences for us. "

In his report of January 21, 1946 (as of January 15, 1946), Höller came to the conclusion that the municipal law decisions under National Socialism were correct under administrative law aspects, with the exception of the renaming of the municipality, however, a compensation claim by Uerding, neither with reference to the umbrella community would still insist on the community name "Krefeld-Uerdingen am Rhein". The basis of his consideration was the still valid law of the German Municipal Code (DGO) from 1935, which at that time had not yet been overridden or revised by the Allies. The political system of conformity, reprisals, intimidation and persecution only appeared diametrically in the legal assessment. As a result, the reestablishment of the umbrella community until August 1949 was denied. Thus the status set under National Socialism was rightly declared. An actionable, functioning administrative law did not yet exist in the immediate post-war period. It was not until October 10, 1946 that the Allies re-established administrative jurisdiction through Control Council Act No. 36. Warsch tried to achieve as far-reaching self-administration as possible for Uerdingen and the district council under the framework now set, without the rights secured in the umbrella community contract. The correction of the city name in Krefeld-Uerdingen a. Under this political situation, Rh. Seemed hopeless.

In the course of the introduction of the municipal dual leadership by the revised German municipal code, the British appointed Warsch as (honorary) mayor of the city of Krefeld on February 28, 1946. The main focus of his term of office was the reconstruction, securing the communal finances, new industrial and commercial settlements, refugees, the care of the war victims and the treatment of the prisoners of war. Stepkes was chief town director and Höller was town director from May 1946 to June 1947 and thus his deputy.

On July 30, 1946, a meeting of the Krefeld city council took place in the Uerdinger Schauburg, formerly a theater, today a cinema (in Krefeld there was no room due to bomb damage). With diplomatic negotiating skills, Warsch achieved the resolution of its own Uerdingen local statutes, which in part meant independence under local authority law. In contrast to the original treaty of 1928, self-government even seemed permanently secured. Uerdingen was to receive a district administration based on the Berlin model, with a district mayor and an alderman at the head and with considerable responsibilities. Lord Mayor Warsch needed the approval of the Krefeld city council for this, since the Uerdingen representatives were deprived of their rights of co-determination and veto under the umbrella community agreement in 1940. In a speech, councilor Adolf Dembach questioned the mood of his Uerdingen population about the course of communal history and political ignorance.

On February 14, 1947, Warsch announced the resolution of the Krefeld city council during a ceremony for the first Uerdingen district representative meeting in the Uerdingen town hall. Warsch closed the district representation meeting with the conviction that he had permanently achieved independence within the entire city, based on the Uerdinger battle cry (Uerdinger Heimatlied) with the words "Oeding blievt Oeding". Warsch then moved to Cologne, where he was appointed regional president of Cologne in March 1947.

The decision of the Krefeld city council was specified again in the corresponding Krefeld statutes of July 15, 1949 (called "Lex Heun" because of the then senior city director Bernhardt Heun) due to renewed interpretation difficulties. The city on the Rhine continued to have special municipal rights, such as B. a mayor (district mayor) and their own financial leeway. But also public institutions and cultural events were permanently guaranteed to the people of the Rhine city. The position of Uerdingen was the model for the law amending the municipal code of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in 1952 , which ordered the institutions of district representatives and district administrations in major cities in the state.

With reference to the regional reform in North Rhine-Westphalia in 1975, these special rights were largely canceled by the Krefeld City Council. The Düsseldorf Act inevitably only resulted in the effect of an area increase through the Hüls district of the city of Kempen and the division into city districts. Of the entire city of Krefeld-Uerdingen on the Rhine, only the split coat of arms of the city of Krefeld (1950), which shows the coat of arms of Uerdingen in the left part, and the city treasurer of the city of Krefeld as a symbolic alderman of Uerdingen are left today . Many residents of Uerdingen still see themselves as citizens of an independent city, not as Krefeld. In 2005, "750 years of Uerdingen city rights" were celebrated in numerous events. A bound commemorative publication with the same title was published in 2006. The old Rhine city of Uerdingen today forms the Uerdingen district of the city of Krefeld with the Gellep Stratum .

literature

  • Hans Vogt, Robert Haas, Carl Müller, Albert Steeger: 750 years of Uerdingen city rights . Schotte, Krefeld 2006.
  • Elmar Jakubowski, Heinz Trebels: Uerdingen - the way it was . Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf 1977, ISBN 3-7700-0462-0 .
  • Walther Föhl: Uerdinger Bibliography . Publishing house d. Uerd. Heimatb., Krefeld 1965.
  • Joachim Lilla: Sources on the Krefeld incorporations between 1901 and 1975 with special consideration of the local reorganization in 1929 . Krefeld Archive, 1999, ISBN 3-9802939-5-5 .
  • Joachim Lilla: Wilhelm Warsch (1895–1969). Local civil servant - party founder - district president . In: History in the West . 2010, p. 105-132 .
  • Jürgen Matz, Sarah Rubal: The stolen city . tredition GmbH, Hamburg 2020, ISBN 978-3-7497-3275-3 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Joachim Lilla: Wilhelm Warsch (1895 - 1969). History in the West, 2010, accessed July 31, 2018 .
  2. ^ Joachim Lilla: Wilhelm Warsch. Internet portal Rheinische Geschichte, accessed on July 31, 2018 .
  3. Law on the municipal reorganization of the Rhenish-Westphalian industrial area of ​​July 29, 1929, Prussian Collection of Laws 1929, No. 21, issued in Berlin, July 31, 1929.
  4. Egon Traxler: Library: Broken Promises. Westdeutsche Zeitung, April 3, 2013, accessed on July 31, 2018 .
  5. a b c d e f Dirk Senger: Merger: The history of Uerdingen and Krefeld. Westdeutsche Zeitung, November 4, 2007, accessed on July 31, 2018 .
  6. Hans Joachim Matthias: 100 years of incorporation: three districts richer. Westdeutsche Zeitung, October 5, 2007, accessed on July 31, 2018 .
  7. ^ SPD Krefeld: Chronology of the Krefeld SPD. Retrieved July 31, 2018 .
  8. Elmar Jakubowski, Heinz Trebels: Uerdingen - the way it was . Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf 1977, ISBN 3-7700-0462-0 , p. 47 .
  9. ^ Hans Vogt, Robert Haas, Carl Müller, Albert Steeger: 750 years of Uerdingen city rights . Schotte, Krefeld 2006, p. 79 .
  10. ^ Uerdinger Heimatbund (ed.): Uerdinger Rundschau - special edition . Krefeld November 2013.
  11. Joachim Lilla 1999, Krefelder Archiv, p. 134
  12. Elmar Jakubowski, Heinz Trebels: Uerdingen - the way it was . Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf 1977, ISBN 3-7700-0462-0 , p. 45 .
  13. Elmar Jakubowski, Heinz Trebels: Uerdingen - the way it was . Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf 1977, ISBN 3-7700-0462-0 , p. 46 .
  14. Elmar Jakubowski, Heinz Trebels: Uerdingen - the way it was . Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf 1977, ISBN 3-7700-0462-0 , p. 46 f .
  15. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, S. XVI
  16. ^ A b Hans Vogt, Robert Haas, Carl Müller, Albert Steeger: 750 years of Uerdingen city rights . Schotte, Krefeld 2006, p. 77 .
  17. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 191.
  18. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 366
  19. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, pp. 365–398.
  20. Uerdingen library: City checks the legal situation. RP online, November 9, 2010, accessed July 31, 2018 .
  21. Egon Traxler: Uerdingen's forced marriage with Krefeld. Westdeutsche Zeitung, November 8, 2010, accessed on July 31, 2018 .
  22. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. XXI, Rd.-No. 41
  23. Jens Hildebrandt: History of local self-government. In: Federal Center for Political Education . February 14, 2019, accessed February 14, 2019 .
  24. ^ City of Krefeld, report from January 21, 1946, p. 5/6)
  25. a b Egon Traxler: January 30th: the day of conformity. (No longer available online.) Westdeutsche Zeitung, January 29, 2013, archived from the original on July 9, 2018 ; accessed on July 31, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wz.de
  26. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 485 (3.2.18)
  27. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 477
  28. ^ Institute for Contemporary History: German Reich 1938 - August 1939 . In: The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933-1945 . tape 2 . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-486-70872-1 , p. 329 .
  29. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 503.
  30. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 498 ff.
  31. ^ A b Elmar Jakubowski, Heinz Trebels: Uerdingen - as it was . Droste Verlag, Düsseldorf 1977, ISBN 3-7700-0462-0 , p. 7 .
  32. ^ City of Krefeld, report from January 21, 1946, as of January 15, 1946, RA Höller
  33. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 381.
  34. ^ A b Hans Vogt, Robert Haas, Carl Müller, Albert Steeger: 750 years of Uerdingen city rights . Schotte, Krefeld 2006, p. 27 .
  35. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 625 ff.
  36. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 537.
  37. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 539
  38. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 543.
  39. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 542
  40. Edmund Holtz: Made famous by Howinol. Westdeutsche Zeitung, October 21, 2010, accessed on July 31, 2018 .
  41. Johannes Stepkes, Diaries
  42. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 559
  43. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 545
  44. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 559
  45. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 564
  46. Personnel file, W.Höller, Krefeld archive
  47. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 543
  48. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, pp. 544/545
  49. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 545
  50. City of Krefeld, report on January 21, 1946, p. 19
  51. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 547 ff.
  52. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 578
  53. Joachim Lilla (1999) Krefelder Archiv, p. 569 ff.