LHOOQ

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LHOOQ
Marcel Duchamp , 1919
Reproduction of the Mona Lisa, completed in
pencil
19.7 x 12.4 cm
Private collection

Link to the picture
(please note copyrights )

LHOOQ is one of the ready-mades of the Franco-American painter and object artist Marcel Duchamp from the time of Dadaism , which he created in different versions. The first version dates from 1919. LHOOQ is an edited reproduction of Leonardo da Vinci's world-famous painting Mona Lisa , to which Duchamp added a mustache and a goatee on the chin and the title as a parody of the picture in pencil.

description

The ready-made titled LHOOQ is an edited reproduction of the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci, whose 400th anniversary of death was commemorated in 1919. Duchamp added a mustache and a goatee to the reproduction in pencil. It is classified within the six categories of ready-made by Duchamp after Francis M. Naumann under the term " Rectified readymade " ("Improved Ready-made").

The title LHOOQ (French: èl ache oo qu ) is a play on words ; if the letters are pronounced in French, the result is the sentence "Elle a chaud au cul" (German for example: "She has a hot bottom"). The phrase is a vulgar expression for a woman whose sexual interest is above normal. This interpretation was supported by Duchamp in a late interview in which he loosely translated LHOOQ as “There's a fire down there”.

history

Marcel Duchamp implemented the concept of the ready-made in his works such as Fahrrad-Rad (1913), Flaschentdryers (1914) and Fontäne (1917).

LHOOQ was created in Paris in 1919 . It was the time of Dadaism , an art movement that emerged in Zurich during the First World War in 1916 and that found supporters in other European cities as well as New York City . Dada was a literary and artistic response to the brutality of war; Dada despised bourgeois ideals and responded by rejecting “conventional” art forms that were often parodied.

In Francis Picabia's Dadaist magazine 391 , LHOOQ Tableau Dada by Marcel Duchamp appeared on the front page of No. 12 in March 1920 . In the reproduction, however, the goatee on the Mona Lisa's chin was omitted and only the mustache remained. Duchamp later explained that Picabia did not have the original and that he had drawn the mustache on a Mona Lisa reproduction, but had forgotten the goatee. Picabia's reproduction was long considered the original; It was not until ten years later, in March 1930, that Duchamp's first work was shown together with a larger replica at the La peinture au défi exhibition in Paris. Louis Aragon wrote a foreword in the catalog. In the early 1940s, another Dada artist, Hans Arp , found Picabia's original replica in a bookstore. Arp showed it to Duchamp, who carefully completed it with black ink around the goatee that Picabia had forgotten and added to the title in blue ink: “Mustache par Picabia / barbiche par Marcel Duchamp. Avril 1942 ".

Duchamp created many of his ready-mades in several versions; LHOOQ is also available in different sizes and in different materials. In 1960 he painted his additions on a hand-painted copy of the Mona Lisa , which was in the possession of Max Ernst and his wife Dorothea Tanning , and provided them with his dedication.

Sapeck: La Joconde fumant la pipe , 1887

The last unmodified reproduction of the Bearded Mona Lisa from 1965, LHOOQ rasée , a playing card mounted on an invitation card, is included in the collection of the New York Museum of Modern Art under the title LHOOQ Shaved . The invitation card referred to an exhibition of Duchamp's work in New York in 1965, to which the artistic avant-garde appeared, including Andy Warhol , whose Mona Lisa adaptation Thirty Are Better Than One had been created two years earlier. Also in the exhibition were the replicas of the ready-mades from 1964, which the art historian and gallery owner Arturo Schwarz had made for his Milan edition, including LHOOQ

Adaptations of the Mona Lisa

A predecessor of this work was Sapeck's caricature of the Mona Lisa with the title La Joconde fumant la pipe (La Gioconda, smoking a pipe) from 1887. In 1914 Kasimir Malevich's Suprematist painting Solar Eclipse with Mona Lisa followed . After Duchamp's LHOOQ of 1919, there were other artists who were inspired by the Mona Lisa (see overview ). The contemporary Indian conceptual artist Subodh Gupta formed the Mona Lisa with a beard as a bronze sculpture in 2009/2010 and gave it the title Et tu, Duchamp?

Provenance

In 1944, Duchamp gave the back of the original from 1919 a guarantee of authenticity, certified by a New York notary. The 1930s version was a gift from Duchamp to Louis Aragon , who gave it to the French Communist Party in 1979 . In 2005, the ready-made came on loan from the financially troubled party to the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris for 99 years .

reception

Charles Demuth : At Marshall’s , 1915. Pictured are Duchamp (center), Edward Fisk and Marsden Hartley .

“It was using what people often do with posters, blackening their teeth and things like that. More or less a chapter of graffiti . The Gioconda was so universally known and admired that the temptation was very great to use it for a scandal. "

- Marcel Duchamp : quoted from Calvin Tomkins: Marcel Duchamp. A biography , p. 261

The masculine change in motif suggests Duchamp's role play with gender; as a female alter ego he chose the pseudonym Rrose Sélavy , which in French means “Eros, c'est la vie” (“Eros, that is life”).

Contemporaries understood the picture as an allusion to Leonardo da Vinci's alleged homosexuality , which was publicly speculated about after the appearance of Sigmund Freud's essay A Childhood Memory of Leonardo da Vinci in 1910. Duchamp later stated that the well-known and admired La Gioconda had stimulated him to provoke a scandal. The young woman with a beard appears very masculine, which agrees well with da Vinci's homosexuality.

There is also suspicion that the choice of the Mona Lisa as a motif refers to the French poet and friend of Duchamps, Guillaume Apollinaire , who was wrongly suspected in 1911 of stealing the painting from the Louvre .

According to the American sculptor Rhonda R. Shearer , the alleged reproduction of the Mona Lisa is in fact a photomontage that was partly created according to Duchamp's own facial features.

The surrealist Salvador Dalí created - with the help of the photographer Philippe Halsman in the book Dali's Mustache (1954) - an interpretation / alienation of LHOOQ: The Mona Lisa has Dalí's bearded face, and his strong hands hold gold coins. In addition, Dalí - unmistakable through his mustache, look and other attributes - takes the place of the “art icon La Gioconda ” personally and as a new icon .

The name of an Icelandic pop band that was active in the 1990s, Lhooq, referred to Duchamp's work.

Versions

  • 1919 - private collection, Paris. The Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris has several photographs of Man Ray's work in its collection.
  • 1920 - current location unknown.
  • 1930 - enlarged replica, Musée National d'Art Moderne, Center Georges Pompidou, Paris (loan)
  • 1940 - Color reproduction of the original, carried out by Duchamp for the Boîte-en-valise portable museum . One example is in the Boijmans Van Beuningen Museum , Rotterdam
  • 1941 - Mustache and Beard of LHOOQ Frontispiece to the poem Marcel Duchamp by Georges Hugnet . Edited by Georges Hugnet, Paris 1941
  • 1958 - Collection by Antoni Tàpies , Barcelona
  • 1960 - Oil on canvas, until 1999 Dorothea Tanning Collection , New York, later privately owned
  • 1964 - 38 replicas for a limited edition by Pierre de Massot's Marcel Duchamp, propos et souvenirs , Arturo Schwarz , Milan.
  • 1965 - LHOOQ Shaved , Museum of Modern Art , New York

literature

  • Francis M. Naumann: Marcel Duchamp. The Art of Making Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction . Harry N. Abrams, New York 1999, ISBN 0-8109-6334-5
  • Calvin Tomkins : Marcel Duchamp. A biography . Hanser, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-446-20110-6 , pp. 260-263
  • Arturo Schwarz : The complete Works of Marcel Duchamp . Thames and Hudson, London 1969, pp. 202-204; Pp. 670-671; P. 761

Web links

Commons : Art derivatives of the Mona Lisa  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Illustrations

  1. ↑ LHOOQ , 391 No. 12, March 1920
  2. ↑ LHOOQ , April 1942
  3. ↑ Subodh Gupta: Et tu, Duchamp? In: KÖR Art in Public Space Vienna. 2010, accessed March 5, 2017 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Seekamp Kristina: LHOOQ or Mona Lisa . In: Unmaking the Museum: Marcel Duchamp's Readymades in Context ( Memento from June 9, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) . Binghamton University Department of Art History. 2004. Archived from the original on September 12, 2006. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  2. ↑ LHOOQ Tableau Dada par Marcel Duchamp , newsletters.artips.fr, accessed on January 2, 2014
  3. ^ André Gervais: Five Small Things about LHOOQ , toutfait.com, accessed December 28, 2013
  4. ↑ LHOOQ, 1920 , francisnaumann.com, accessed December 28, 2013
  5. ↑ LHOOQ, 1960 , christies.com, accessed on January 2, 2013
  6. ↑ LHOOQ Shaved , moma.org, accessed December 28, 2013
  7. ↑ Susanna Partsch : Great moments of art: From Nefertiti to Andy Warhol . CH Beck, Munich 2003, ISBN 978-3-406-49490-1 , p. 218
  8. ↑ Illustration of the back in: Arturo Schwarz: The complete Works of Marcel Duchamp . Thames and Hudson, London 1969 p. 670
  9. ↑ LHOOQ au Center Pompidou , lesinrocks.com, June 16, 2005, accessed December 29, 2013
  10. ↑ Sylvia Zappi: Financière Movement exsangue, le fait PCF évaluer les oeuvres d'art de son siège , Le Monde , June 3, 2007
  11. ↑ Maurice Ulrich: LHOOQ à Londres , L'Humanité , January 25, 2002
  12. ↑ Quoted from an interview by Calvin Tomkins with Duchamp
  13. ↑ Marcel Dorothea Tanning, LHOOQ or La Joconde , 1964 (replica of 1919 original) Norton Simon Museum , Pasadena.
  14. ↑ LHOOQ, 1920 , francisnaumann.com, accessed December 28, 2013
  15. ↑ Marting, Marco De: Mona Lisa: Who is Hidden Behind the Woman with the Mustache? . Art Science Research Laboratory. 2003. Archived from the original on March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  16. ↑ Gianluca Spinato: Mona Lisa as a Modern Icon , www.academia.edu, accessed on November 24, 2015.
  17. ↑ La Joconde et cette histoire de mustaches , Worldpress, November 18, 2011; accessed on November 24, 2015.
  18. ↑ Lhooq , icelandicmusicmuseum.blogspot.de, accessed on December 31, 2013
  19. ↑ Please enter your search in the link , centrepompidou.fr, accessed on April 24, 2019
  20. ↑ LHOOQ , centrepompidou.fr , accessed December 29, 2013
  21. ↑ LHOOQ , flickr.com, accessed December 30, 2013
  22. ^ Arturo Schwarz: The complete Works of Marcel Duchamp . Thames and Hudson, London 1969 p. 761