Saybusch country
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The country Saybusch (Polish Państwo Żywieckie - literally State Saybusch ) was a latifundy , the area of which initially belonged to the Duchy of Auschwitz , was owned by noble families from the middle of the 15th century: Skrzyński, Komorowski (from 1467), Wasa , Wielopolski and Habsburgs (until 1944). The area is now considered the historical and ethnographic territory of Saybuscher Land , but in some cases went far beyond this. The seat of the latifundie was initially the Old Castle and later the New Castle in Żywiec .
history
In 1445, Saybusch's Weichbild was first mentioned in a document ( in our Zeywisschem weigbilde ). The Weichbilder in Silesia served as judicial, tax and military districts and usually comprised a city and its surrounding area, in the case of Żywiec the Saybuscher basin with the Soła valley north to Porąbka . When the Duchy of Auschwitz was divided , it fell to Primislaus / Przemko III. Around 1447 or 1448 the area was probably pawned (the first documented evidence of this dates back to 1450), which began private rule in this area, which resulted in the separation from the Duchy of Auschwitz. The Skrzyński family, whose presence in the area is first documented in 1452, led a grueling activity as robber barons in the Polish-Silesian border area between 1460 and 1465 , which forced the military intervention of the Polish King Casimir IV . The Skrzyński family was forced to sell the area to the Polish king in 1465. Two years later, King Casimir IV bequeathed the territory to the Komorowski family for his services in the war against Matthias Corvinus and their political support, especially the king's policy in Hungary.
On April 13, 1465, the Skrzyński brothers ( Joannis Labuth et Vlodconis fratrum de Scrinno in Litawa ) sold seventeen villages in addition to the town and castle of Żywiec: Stary Żywiec (Old Saybusch), Zarzecze , Pietrzykowice , Łodygowice , Zabłocie , Sporyszcz , Wieprz Mały , Wieprz Wielki , Radziechowy , Lipowa , second Lipowa , Rychwałd , Łękawica , Gilowice , Tissowyecz ( Cisiec ?), Moszczanica , and Ślemień . Jan Długosz mentioned in his detailed description of the Krakow diocese from 1470 to 1480 only twelve villages in the districtus Zywyecz . The Wallachian colonization in Saybusch began probably under Mikołaj Komorowski (1480 to 1487) , although the first mention of it comes from 1511. In 1537 the widek of Żywiec only comprised sixteen villages (including Świnna –Świnia Mała for the first time ). After that, some new rural villages were established downstream of the Soła and Koszarawa rivers, but more shepherds' settlements in the mountains. The Wallachians made up a significant proportion of the population as early as the second half of the 16th century and spread the lifestyle that is most closely associated with the culture of the Saybuscher country today - the Saybuscher Gorals .
In 1543 the Komorowski enlarged their Saybuscher property in the east by buying Ślemień, but this brought them into conflict with the owners of Sucha . It was not until 1598 that Mikołaj Komorowski acquired part of the Sucha land (as a pledge).
The latifundie, which stretched far east into the Makower Beskids along with the Saybuscher Land , remained with the Komorowski until 1624, whereby it was divided into three parts in the course of the legal succession in 1608, Land Ślemień in the northeast, Land Sucha in the southeast and that Saybusch country in the west. As early as 1618, the Saybusch area was further reduced to include the Łodygowice area , which was spun off and sold. Finally, the Polish Queen Constanze Habsburg acquired the remaining part for the Wasa dynasty. After the Wasa died out in 1672, it was initially leased before Jan Wielopolski acquired it in 1678, who had leased it since 1675. Under the Wielkopolski, the latifundie was further reduced through succession. After the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the latifundy was in western Galicia . Aleksander Wielopolski sold it in 1838 to Archduke Karl Habsburg , who bought it for the Teschen Chamber . Under Albrecht Habsburg , the latifundy expanded again to include areas that were already lost. He drove the industrialization of the region, among other things founded the brewery Żywiec in 1856. At this time the Teschener Kammer including the Saybusch country was one of the economically most successful areas of the Habsburg monarchy. Archduke Karl Stephan Habsburg inherited the area in 1895 and with him the Saybusch line of the Habsburgs began. The Saybuscher Habsburgs were not expropriated after the First World War and took on Polish citizenship. Karl Albrecht Habsburg inherited the property in 1933. After the German invasion of Poland , his property was confiscated because he refused to sign the German People's List . In the course of the Soviet occupation of Poland in 1944, he was formally expropriated. With this, the state of Saybusch was also dissolved as a latifundie. His children Karol Stefan Altenburg and Maria Krystyna Altenburg , both honorary citizens of the city of Żywiec , reached a settlement with the Polish state after 1989 regarding their inheritance rights to the latifundie. Maria Krystyna Altenburg spent her old age in the New Palace and Karol Stefan Altenburg received a settlement for the loss of the shares in the Żywiec brewery.
literature
- Beskid Żywiecki. Przewodnik, S. Figiel, Pruszków: Oficyna Wydawnicza “Rewasz”, 2006, ISBN 83-89188-59-7
- Przemysław Stanko: Monografia Gminy Wilkowice . Wydawnictwo Prasa Beskidzka, Wilkowice 2014, ISBN 978-83-940833-0-4 (Polish).
Individual evidence
- ↑ P. Stanko, 2014, pp. 74-75.
- ↑ P. Stanko, 2014, p. 68.
- ↑ P. Stanko, 2014, pp. 92–93.
- ↑ P. Stanko, 2014, pp. 68-69.
- ↑ Józef Hampel, Feliks Kiryk: Sucha Beskidzka . Wydawnictwo i Drukarnia "SECESJA", Kraków 1998, ISBN 83-8734565-2 , p. 50-51 .