Latwerge

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The Latwerge (Latin Electuarium , German also licking agent ) is a thickened juice and honey preparation of a thick, viscous consistency and was used as a medicinal form especially in the medicine of the Middle Ages .

Preparation and history

As a medicinal mixture in the form of a stiff pulp for oral ingestion, latwerg vegetables always contain honey in addition to the various medicinal drugs . In the vernacular of the 19th and 20th centuries, Latwerge (from Middle High German Latwarje , with dialectal forms such as Latwäre and similar), on the other hand, often stands for desserts of a latwerge-like consistency such as plum jam or for syrupy boiled down fruit juice, even for (older forms of) Jam ("crushed jam").

The word, Middle High German latwārje, latwērje u. Ä., comes from the Latin ēlect (u) ārium , which in turn comes from the Greek ἐκλεικτόν ekleiktón '(soft) medicine (licking agent)', literally: "what is licked up". The honey is used here as a preservative . Licks, consisting of powders and soft or liquid components ( syrup , honey or puree ), sometimes have a consistency similar to that of puree . A common latwerge was the theriak , another latwerge of medieval pharmacy was the rose juice latwerge electuarium de suci rosarum , which was made from rose juice, dried curry binder juice, sandalwood , bone ash, camphor and sugar. Were added to the modern era with a plurality of slide designated as electuaries Diacitoniton (Quittenlatwerge) Diagentiana (Enzianlatwerge, gentian containing) or Diamargariton (Perlenlatwerge).

Latwergen can be found among others in Marcellus Empiricus (4th – 5th centuries), in the Lorsch Pharmacopoeia (around 795), in the fifth book of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine (around 1030), in the Antidotarium Nicolai (11th century), in Hildegard von Bingen († 1179) and in the Compendium aromatariorum of Saladin by Ascoli (15th century), which was the first known pharmacist's textbook, as well as by the surgeon or lay doctor Albert Birchtel (late 15th century), who was influenced by al-Kindī . The so-called Kaiser-Karl-Latwerge , based on an older recipe called Electuarium Karoli, which was used, among other things, for hoarseness, was a recipe widespread in many pharmacopoeias in the Middle Ages. In the monastery medicine electuaries are also still used today. Another commonly used in medieval and early modern medicine electuaries whose action mostly on a "purification" of excess or corrupt humors in humoral pathological been viewed sense were the laxative action, from Salerno Horse tradition dating Holy bitter electuary ( Hiera picra ) and the Electuarium Ducis , the "Herzogslatwerge" used against urinary stones (which, according to the Circa instans, could also be replaced by an equally effective latwerge preparation from the dwarf pine).

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Latwerge. In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 12 : L, M - (VI). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1885 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
  2. ↑ Latwari. In: Schweizerisches Idiotikon , Volume III, Column 1486 ( idiotikon.ch ).
  3. ↑ See Linguistic Atlas of German-speaking Switzerland , Volume V, Map 191 and Christoph Landolt : Jam - then and now . «Word history» from October 26, 2016, ed. from the editors of the Swiss Idiotikon .
  4. ↑ Kluge. Etymological dictionary of the German language . Edited by Elmar Seebold . 25th, revised and expanded edition. De Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2011, p. 561. Compare also Rudolph Weinberger: Latwerge / Electuarium . In: Arznei-Verordnungslehre and complete recipe paperback . Vienna 1857, p. 70 ( google.de/books ). Latwerge. In: True Lexicon, Foreign Dictionary and Origin Dictionary. Wissen.de, accessed on June 10, 2014 .
  5. ↑ Peter Schantz: Hawthorn and motherwort. Medical historical research on the European tradition of these medicinal plants from the Middle Ages to the present. Kassel 2009. p. 46.
  6. ^ A b Annette Geuther: Scientists in their time: Justus von Liebig (1803–1873) and Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179). Giessen 2004, p. 31.
  7. ↑ Werner Dressendörfer: Late medieval medicine taxes of the Munich city doctor Sigmund Gotzkircher from the Grazer Codex 311. A contribution to the early history of the southern German pharmacy. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1978 (= Würzburg medical-historical research. Volume 15), pp. 217 and 294.
  8. ^ Jörg Mildenberger: Anton Trutmann's 'Pharmacopoeia', Part II: Dictionary. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 1997 (= Würzburg medical research. Volume 56), ISBN 3-8260-1398-0 , pp. 443–453.
  9. ↑ Thomas Sänger and Christian Tenner: An instruction leaflet for a plague dwarf from the 15th century. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 2, 1984, pp. 19-28.
  10. ↑ Ulrich Stoll: Herbal Collection Calendar. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 787 f., Here: p. 787.
  11. ↑ Bernward Notker Zorn: Effect and application of Hyssopus officinalis L. - a medical-historical study. Würzburg 2012, p. 46.
  12. ↑ Alfred Siggel: Al-Kindī's paper on the compound remedies. In: Sudhoffs Archiv Volume 37, 1953, pp. 389-393.
  13. ↑ Gerhard Ice : Albert Birchtels treatise of the sixteen electuaries. In: Medical history in our time. Festschrift Edith Heischkel-Artelt and Walter Artelt. Edited by Hans-Heinz Eulner a. a., Stuttgart 1971, pp. 111-117; also in: Gerhard Eis: Medical specialist prose of the late Middle Ages and the early modern times. Amsterdam 1982 (= Amsterdam Publications on Language and Literature, 48), pp. 130–136.
  14. ↑ Wolfgang Wegner: Birchtel, Albert. In: Werner E. Gerabek u. a. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of medical history. 2005, p. 183 f.
  15. ↑ Gundolf Keil : A recipe with the name of Charlemagne. In: Journal for German Philology. Volume 81, 1962, pp. 329-337.
  16. ^ Gundolf Keil: Emperor Karl Latwerge. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 714.
  17. ↑ Gundolf Keil: The cancer powder recipe for Charlemagne. In: Würzburg medical history reports. Volume 3, 1985, pp. 243-255, here: pp. 245-247.
  18. ^ Gerhard Eis : King Karl Latwerge. In: Correspondence sheets of the Association for Low German Language Research , Volume 59, 1952, p. 41 f.
  19. ↑ Hans Wiswe: King Karl Latwerge. In: Correspondence sheets of the Association for Low German Language Research. Volume 68, 1961, p. 62 f.
  20. ↑ Hartmut Broszinski: Kaiser Karl Latwerge. In: Author's Lexicon . 2nd Edition. Volume 4, Col. 944 f.
  21. ^ Bitter medicine made from wine and honey. ( Memento of the original from January 15, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on echo-online.de, July 27, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.echo-online.de
  22. ↑ Cf. for example Volker Zimmermann: The Heidelberg Pharmacopoeia Ysack Leujs. Contributions of Jewish Doctors to Medieval Medicine. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2018, ISBN 978-3-515-12174-3 , p. 62 f. ("If the cold dampness occurs in the kidneys and genital area, a latwerge is recommended for cleaning in the eighth recipe: [...]").
  23. ↑ Gundolf Keil : "blutken - bloedekijn". Notes on the etiology of the hyposphagma genesis in the 'Pommersfeld Silesian Eye Booklet' (1st third of the 15th century). With an overview of the ophthalmological texts of the German Middle Ages. In: Specialized prose research - Crossing borders. Volume 8/9, 2012/2013, pp. 7–175, here: p. 18.
  24. ↑ Konrad Goehl : Observations and additions to the 'Circa instans'. In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 34, 2015 (2016), pp. 69-77, here: p. 71.