Limnanthes floccosa
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Limnanthes floccosa subsp. californica |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Limnanthes floccosa | ||||||||||||
| Howell |
Limnanthes floccosa is a species of the genus Limnanthes within the Limnanthaceae family. It occurs with five subspecies in the western USA only in northern California and in southern Oregon and is called there ( English woolly meadowfoam ). Most of the five subspecies have a very limited range and are therefore considered "critically endangered" or "endangered".
description
Vegetative characteristics
Limnanthes floccosa is an annual herbaceous plant , the upright or prostrate stem is 3 to 25 inches long. The leaves are glabrous or sparsely hairy; they are 1 to 8 inches long and divided. The five to eleven leaflets are oblong to ovate-elliptical, entire, toothed or lobed.
Generative characteristics
The flowering period in the USA extends from March to May, occasionally into June. The flowers are urn-shaped, cup-shaped or bell-shaped. The sepals are 4 to 10 millimeters long. The petals 4.5 to 10 millimeters, more or less the same length as the sepals. They are white and curved over the fruit. The stamens are 2 to 7 millimeters long and the anthers are 0.4 to 1.5 millimeters long.
The fruits are Doppelachänen ( English mericarps ).
Occurrence
The habitats of Limnanthes floccosa are generally areas that are fresh in spring, in particular the chaparral , montane forests, meadows in valleys and mountain foothills and the banks of water-bearing pools in spring.
The most common subspecies ( floccosa ) occurs in both California and Oregon. Two subspecies ( pumila and grandiflora ) are endemic to southern Oregon .
The Jepson Manual , a flora of California, describes only one subspecies endemic to the state ( californica ), but the Flora of North America lists a second ( bellingeriana ). (The Jepson Manual lists the subspecies bellingeriana as a "putative" subspecies "from the foothills of the cascade chain that requires further investigation".)
Systematics
Limnanthes floccosa was first published by Thomas J. Howell
Limnanthes floccosa is assigned to the section inflexae of the genus because the petals, like all representatives of the section, are curved over the fruit when it ripens. Most populations of the species are at least partially autogamous (self-fertilizing).
Limnanthes floccosa can easily be distinguished from the other species in the section, as their petals are not much longer, often even shorter, than the sepals. The flowers usually remain closed even when ripe, in contrast to Limnanthes douglasii subsp. nivea ( English Table Mountain meadowfoam ).
There are several subspecies of Limnanthes floccosa :
Subspecies Limnanthes floccosa subsp. floccosa
Limnanthes floccosa Howell subsp. floccosa ( English Woolly meadowfoam ) occurs in northern California and southern Oregon. Their range overlaps with the severely restricted areas in which all other subspecies can be found. Therefore, in most of the places where one of the rarer subspecies can be found, Limnanthes floccosa subsp. floccosa , which makes an accurate determination critical.
Although widespread, this taxon is nowhere common.
The difference to the two subspecies endemic to Oregon Limnanthes floccosa subsp. pumila and Limnanthes floccosa subsp. grandiflora as well as Limnanthes subsp. bellingeriana consists of the thick hairs of petals and leaves (hence the common name "woolly"), whereas the three other subspecies have only sparsely hairy leaves and petals that are either bald or hairy on one side only.
The subspecies Limnanthes floccosa subsp. floccosa can be derived from the endangered subspecies Limnanthes floccosa subsp. californica ( English Butte County meadowfoam ) can be differentiated on the basis of the shape of the flower and the lack of hair at the base of the petals in floccosa . Some characteristics of the fruit are also helpful for the determination.
Subspecies Limnanthes floccosa subsp. bellingeriana
Limnanthes floccosa subsp. bellingeriana (M.Peck) CTMason ( English Bellinger's meadowfoam ) was named after the couple Dr. Grover C. and Hattie Bellinger, who first collected specimens of this taxon in 1936. It occurs in the foothills of northern California. The subspecies bellingeriana can be distinguished from the other subspecies in that it has a bell-shaped or urn-shaped flower, hairless (or only sparsely hairy) sepals and bare petals at the base. The leaves and stems are bare.
Subspecies Limnanthes floccosa subsp. grandiflora
Limnanthes floccosa subsp. grandiflora Arroyo ( English Big-flowered woolly meadowfoam ) is only known from biotope types that are humid in spring, such as temporary bodies of water and the adjacent estuaries of rivers and in the adjacent wet floodplains of the Agate Desert , an area near White City in Oregon. In contrast to floccosa, this subspecies has only sparsely hairy leaves and shoots. It can also be distinguished from the other subspecies by its cup-shaped flowers and the hairiness of its sepals, which is sparse on the outer base and dense on the insides of the tips. The petals are hairy along the edges of the base.
Subspecies Limnanthes subsp. pumila
Limnanthes floccosa subsp. Pumila (Howell) Arroyo ( English Dwarf woolly meadowfoam ) inhabits, in contrast to the other subspecies, the margins of spring-humid temporary waters and the humid areas on the Upper and Lower Table Rocks as well as the lava formations in the middle Rogue River Valley in Jackson County in Oregon. The only 3.9 in (99 mm) tall plants can be recognized by the cup-shaped flowers with hairless sepals on both sides and the hairy petals on the edges of the base. As with the subspecies Limnanthes floccosa subspec. bellingeriana , the leaves and shoots are hairless.
Subspecies Limnanthes subsp. californica
Limnanthes floccosa subsp. californica Arroyo ( English Butte County meadowfoam, Shippee meadowfoam ) is an endangered subspecies that is endemic to Butte County (California). Land use by settlement development in the Chico, California area, including the expansion of the freeway and the construction of a school and church, had an impact on the vulnerability status at the federal and state levels. Local blogger Anthony Watts was drawn into the conflict when he suggested that the endangered subspecies could be "cultivated to save."
It is possible that this subspecies provides genetic resources for the continued cultivation of the species. The available area is still limited by the structural development.
Of the other subspecies, Limnanthes floccosa subsp. californica can be distinguished by the cup-shaped flowers with densely hairy sepals and the hairy petals on the edges of the base. Leaves and shoots are densely hairy.
| floccosa | californica | bellingeriana | grandiflora | pumila | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Foliage leaves | densely hairy | densely hairy | bald | bald | bald (or only sparsely hairy) |
| Flower shape | Bell or urn | Cup | Bell or urn | Cup | Cup |
| Sepals | densely hairy | densely hairy | bald (or only sparsely hairy) | bald | only densely hairy on the inside at the tip |
| Edges of the base of the petals | bald | hairy | bald | hairy | hairy |
Hazard and protection
Limnanthes floccosa is endangered by grazing and road construction. There are also potential dangers from settlement development. There may be a threat from invasive plant species .
Perhaps the most "popular" subspecies of Limnanthes floccosa is californica , not because it is the most common (it is very inconspicuous), but because this taxon has been the focus of a significant conflict. This subspecies is only known from about a dozen places in Butte County, California , and is legally protected as an endangered species. The conflict escalated between those who wanted to preserve the remaining populations and those who wanted to use the habitat, which is critical for the advancement of the subspecies, for economic activities.
use
Some subspecies of Limnanthes floccosa were used to improve a cultivar of the Limnanthes alba species . This crop is grown because of the oil obtained from the seeds, which contains long-chain fatty acids (with more than 20 carbon atoms), is highly stable against oxidation, odorless and very smooth. The oil is used in the manufacture of cosmetics. The cultivation takes place among other things in the Willamette Valley in Oregon.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Limnanthes floccosa ssp. bellingeriana . In: Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants (online edition, v7-09b) . California Native Plant Society. January 19, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
- ↑ Dwarf meadowfoam (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. Pumila) . Oregon Department of Agriculture. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
- ↑ Big-flowered wooly meadowfoam (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. Grandiflora) . Oregon Department of Agriculture. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
- ↑ Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californica . In: Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants (online edition, v7-09b) . California Native Plant Society. January 19, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
- ↑ Large-flowered woolly meadowfoam . United States Fish and Wildlife Service . Retrieved March 31, 2010.
- ↑ a b c d Limnanthes floccosa ssp. floccosa . In: Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants . California Native Plant Society. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
- ↑ a b c Limnanthes floccosa . In: The Jepson Herbarium . University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
- ↑ Robert Ornduff: Limnanthaceae . In: The Jepson Manual . University of California . Retrieved March 31, 2010.
- ↑ Limnanthes floccosa . In: Flora of North America . eFloras.org. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
- ^ Mary TK Arroyo: A taximetric study of infraspecific variation in autogamous Limanthes floccosa (Limnanthaceae). In: Brittonia , Volume 25, 1973, pp. 177-191. doi : 10.2307 / 2805936
- ↑ Limnanthes floccosa Howell ssp. bellingeriana . In: Calflora . Retrieved April 3, 2010.
- ^ Mary T. Kalin Arroyo: A Taximetric Study of Infraspecific Variation in Autogamous Limnanthes floccosa (Limnanthaceae) . (PDF) In: Brittonia . 25, No. 2, April-June 1973, pp. 177-191. doi : 10.2307 / 2805936 .
- ↑ Big-flowered wooly meadowfoam (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. Grandiflora) . Oregon Department of Agriculture. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
- ↑ Dwarf meadowfoam (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. Pumila) . Oregon Department of Agriculture. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
- ↑ Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californica . In: Calflora . Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ↑ a b Butte County meadowfoam species account . United States Fish and Wildlife Service . Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- ↑ JA Dole, M. Sun: Field and genetic survey of the endangered Butte County meadowfoam - Limnanthes floccosa subsp. californica (Limnanthaceae) . In: Conservation Biology . 6, 1992, pp. 549-558.
- ↑ Devanie Angel: Loving meadowfoam , Chico News & Review. April 19, 2001. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
- ↑ My Life With meadowfoam , Chico News & Review. May 3, 2001. Retrieved April 3, 2010.
- ↑ meadowfoam . In: Alternative Field Crops Manual . University of Wisconsin Extension, University of Minnesota Center for Alternative Plant and Animal Products. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
literature
- M. Peck: New Plants from Oregon In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington , Volume 50, 1937, pp. 93-94. - First description of “Limnanthes Bellingeriana sp. nov. ”scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
