Brodiaea

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Brodiaea
Brodiaea californica subsp. leptandra

Brodiaea californica subsp. leptandra

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae)
Subfamily : Brodiaeoideae
Genre : Brodiaea
Scientific name
Brodiaea
Sm.

Brodiaea is a genus in the family of asparagaceae (Asparagaceae) within the monocots . The approximately 18 Since 2013 species are western North America distributed and there english lilies cluster called.

description

Brodiaea californica inflorescences with stalked flowers and flower buds
The black seeds of Brodiaea californica

Vegetative characteristics

Brodiaea species are perennial herbaceous plants . Fibrous plant tubers are formed as persistence organs .

One to six narrow leaves are produced per tuber during the growing season . The simple, parallel-veined leaf blades are linear and sickle-shaped in cross-section.

Generative characteristics

The cylindrical, usually slender, sometimes strong, stiff inflorescence shafts are glabrous. At the end of the single inflorescence stem per tuber is an open, golden inflorescence . The not completely enveloping during the knospigen state inflorescence bracts will soon trockenhäutig. There are also cover sheets . The upright flower stalks are articulated at their base.

The hermaphrodite flowers are threefold. There are two circles with three blue to purple bracts each, which are fused at their base. The flower tube is narrow-bell-shaped or funnel-shaped. The three outer bracts are narrower than the inner three.

There are two circles with three stamens each, only those of the inner circle are fertile. In almost all species there are three sterile stamens, i.e. staminodes , which are located within the bracts and are fused with them , which resemble small petals and each face the outer bracts. Only in Brodiaea orcuttii are no staminodes present. The three fertile stamens are opposite the inner bracts. The stamens are fused with the flower tube and their base is sometimes widened and has many shapes depending on the species, for example triangular tabs or sometimes with wings or appendages. The size and shape of the stamens and the structures at the base of the stamens are important determinants. The basifix dust bags can rest on the stylus. Three fruit leaves a permanent top, three-engine combs ovary grown and includes some ovules . The perched ovary is usually green, only in Brodiaea jolonensis it is purple. The upright style ends in a three-lobed stigma that are spread out and bent back.

The egg-shaped capsule fruits open in folds = loculicide. The seeds are rounded to flattened. The black seed coat is grooved lengthways.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome numbers are x = 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 20 or 24. Depending on the species, there are different degrees of ploidy .

Locations and exposure

Many Brodiaea species are adapted to serpentine or other soils with a special chemical composition, which leads to limited distribution areas.

Several Brodiaea species are rare or endangered. An example is Brodiaea pallida , of which only two populations are known along the border between the California counties of Tuolumne and Calaveras.

Systematics and distribution

Illustration from The native flowers and ferns of the United States in their botanical, horticultural and popular aspects , 1879 by Brodiaea coronaria

The genus Brodiaea is type genus of the subfamily Brodiaeoideae , which belongs to the family Asparagaceae .

Botanical history

The genus Brodiaea belonged to the Themidaceae family.

The origin of the scientific name of the genus Brodiaea is somewhat confused. The first specimens of a species of the genus validly called Brodiaea were first collected in 1792 by Archibald Menzies , a botanist on the Vancouver Expedition . Menzies obtained these plant specimens in the vicinity of the Strait of Georgia , which George Vancouver called "New Georgia". The first published reference to the plant specimens did not yet give them a name. This happened in James Edward Smith's 1807 work An introduction to physiological and systematical botany , in which Smith discussed:

“I cannot conceal a recent discovery which strongly confirms the opinion of my acute and candid friend. Two species of a new genus, found by Mr. Menzies on the West coast of North America, have beautiful liliaceous flowers like an Agapanthus, with six internal petals besides! "

“I cannot hide a recent discovery that confirms the opinion of my heated and sincere friend. Two species of a new genus that were found by Mr. Menzies on the west coast of North America have beautiful lily-like flowers like an agapanthus with six inner petals! "

In the following year, in early 1808, Richard Salisbury published the first description of the first species accepted as the Brodiaea species. in his work The Paradisus Londinensis and named it Hookera coronaria . With the generic name Hookera he honored the botanical illustrator William Hooker . Shortly thereafter, Smith named a moss genus Hookeria and in April 1808 the Linnean Society of London gave a formal description of a new genus which, like Salisburys Hookera coronaria, was based on the same species, but was called Brodiaea by him ; he chose the generic name Brodiaea in honor of the Scottish botanist James Brodie . However, no formal publication was made before Smith's 1810 presentation went to press. George Boulger , writes in the Dictionary of National Biography , that Smith's actions were deliberately planned to deprive Salisbury of naming the genus.

If this was indeed Smith's intention, his approach was successful because - although Salisbury's generic name Hookera enjoys priority over Smith's name Brodiaea - names as similar to Hookera and Hookeria are considered confusing, so a formal suggestion for preserving the Names Brodiaea and Hookeria instead of Hookera were accepted. Brodiaea is therefore a noun conservandum , which is indicated in botanical scientific works by the abbreviation “nom. cons. ”is expressed after the scientific name. The type species is Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Jeps. , and the original type ( Brodiaea grandiflora Sm. ) is an illegitimate name .

The accepted first publication of the genus Brodiaea Sm. Nom. cons. successes in 1810 by JE Smith in Characters of a new Liliaceous genus called Brodiaea. in Transactions of the Linnean Society , Volume 10, pages 1-5. A synonym for Brodiaea Sm. Nom. cons. is Hookera Salisb. nom. rej.

A revision of the genus Brodiaea was carried out by RF Hoover in A revision of the genus Brodiaea. in American Midland Naturalist , Volume 22, 1939, pp. 551-574. Cytological studies were carried out by MP Burbanck in Cytological and taxonomic studies in the genus Brodiaea. Published in Botanical Gazette (Chicago, 111.) Volume 103, 1941, pages 247-265. An important study of the genus Brodiaea was carried out by TF Niehaus in A biosystematic study of the genus Brodiaea (Amaryllidaceae). in University of California Publications in Botany , Volume 60, 1971, pp. 1-67.

Similar genera

Brodiaea is used in the Anglo-American region as a common name both for representatives of the genus Brodiaea and for the species of the genera Dichelostemma and Triteleia . The latter two genera were once considered part of the genus Brodiaea . From Dichelostemma , Brodiaea differs in the flower stalk, which is straight instead of curved or twisted, a normally loose, dold-like inflorescence (in contrast to the dense one in Dichelostemma ) and the presence of three staminodes instead of appendages that are corolla-like and form a tube outside the flower envelope . Brodiaea differs from Triteleia in that it has three fertile stamens instead of six.

The monophyly of the genus Brodiaea is controversial. There could be overlaps ( paraphyly ) with Dichelostemma , was mentioned in Pires 2001.

Numerous taxa that were first described as members of the genus Brodiaea are considered to be representatives of other genera such as Androstephium , Beauverdia , Dandya , Dichelostemma , Leucocoryne , Nothoscordum , Tristagma , Triteleia , Triteleiopsis and are therefore sometimes even in other subfamilies and families.

Species and their distribution

The species and subspecies of the genus Brodiaea occur along the Pacific coast of North America from British Columbia via California to the Baja California peninsula . They are particularly common in northern California. Brodiaea species are distributed in western North America in the north from the Canadian province of British Columbia over the west coast of the United States to northwestern Mexico in the south. The majority of the species are endemic only found in small areas of California.

Since 2007 there are around 17 and since 2013 18 species of Brodiaea :

  • Brodiaea appendiculata Hoover : This endemic occurs only in central California.
  • Brodiaea californica Lindl. ex Lem. : It occurs only in northern California and southwestern Oregon .: There have been two subspecies since 2001:
    • Brodiaea californica Lindl. ex Lem. subsp. californica : It occurs only in northern California.
    • Brodiaea californica subsp. leptandra (Greene) JCPires (Syn .: Brodiaea californica var. leptandra (Greene) Hoover , Hookera leptandra Greene , Brodiaea leptandra (Greene) Baker , Hookera synandra A.Heller , Brodiaea synandra (A.Heller) Jeps. ): She has since 2001 the rank of a subspecies. It occurs only in the California counties of Lake County , Napa County and Sonoma County .
  • Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Engl .: It is also distributed in the new species range in western North America from British Columbia via Washington and Oregon to California.
  • Brodiaea elegans Hoover : It occurs in western Oregon and most of California.
  • Brodiaea filifolia S. Watson : It occurs only in southern California.
  • Brodiaea insignis (Jeps.) Niehaus : This endemic occurs only in Tulare County .
  • Brodiaea jolonensis Eastw. : It occurs from southern California to northern Baja California .
  • Brodiaea kinkiensis Niehaus : This endemic is only found on San Clemente Island .
  • Brodiaea matsonii R.E. Preston : It was first described in 2010/2011. This endemic occurs only in Shasta County ,California. So far, only one population has been found there along Sulfur Creek in Redding.
  • Brodiaea minor (Benth.) S.Watson (Syn .: Brodiaea purdyi . Eastw , Brodiaea grandiflora var. Minor Benth. , Hookera minor (S.Watson) Britten ex Greene , Hookera purdyi A.Heller ): It comes only in nördlichen- central California.
  • Brodiaea nana Hoover : It only occurs in northern California.
  • Brodiaea orcuttii (Greene) Baker : It occurs from southern California to northern Baja California.
  • Brodiaea pallida Hoover : It occurs only in Calaveras and Tuolumne counties.
  • Brodiaea rosea (Greene) Baker (Syn .: Brodiaea coronaria subsp. Rosea (Greene) TFNiehaus , Hookera rosea Greene , Brodiaea coronaria var. Rosea (Greene) Hoover and Brodiaea howellii Eastw. Non S. Watson ): It was reactivated to species rank in 2013 . There have been two subspecies since 2013:
    • Brodiaea rosea (Greene) Baker subsp. rosea : Much more populations are assigned to it than the previous Brodiaea coronaria subsp. rosea (Greene) TFNiehaus . There are two disjoint population groups. The southern group has populations in a wide arc from California's inner Northern Coast Mountains and the southeastern Klamath Mountains, north to the southern Oregon Cascade Mountains and then south to the Modoc Plateau . The northern group has populations in southwestern British Columbia, Vancouver Island, the San Juan Islands and the Washington coastal areas in the Puget Sound area .
    • Brodiaea rosea (Greene) Baker subsp. vallicola REPreston: It was first described in 2013. It thrives on the eastern edge of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Tales and the adjacent foothills of the Sierra Nevada from Butte County to Calaveras County only at altitudes of 10 to 335 meters.
  • Brodiaea santarosae TJChester : It was first described in 2007. So far, it has only been found in the southern California counties of Riverside and San Diego .
  • Brodiaea sierrae R.E. Preston : It was first described in 2006. It has so far only been found in the central California counties of Butte , Yuba and Nevada .
  • Brodiaea stellaris S. Watson : It occurs only in the counties Sonoma , Mendocino and Humboldt .
  • Brodiaea terrestris Kellogg : It occurs in southwest Oregon and in coastal and southern California.

cultivation

A number of species of the genus Brodiaea are cultivated. Species such as Brodiaea californica and Brodiaea coronaria are recommended for sunny locations in gardens, where they extend the flowering period of most "bulbous bloomers" because they bloom in early summer rather than spring. The inflorescences of the larger species can be dried so that they can be used for decorative purposes in winter. Smaller species like Brodiaea terrestris can be cared for in cold frames or greenhouses with special conditions.

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literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b PF Stevens: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Brodiaeoideae . In: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website . Missouri Botanical Garden . Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  2. ↑ a b c Brodiaea , family Themidaceae . In: Jepson eFlora . Jepson Herbarium. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Robert E. Preston: A Revision of Brodiaea coronaria (Asparagaceae: Brodiaeoideae): Morphometric Analysis and Recognition of New and Emended Taxa. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 38, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 1012-1028. doi: 10.1600 / 036364413X674913
  4. ↑ a b c Brodiaea species in the Calflora Database .
  5. ↑ JC Pires, KJ Sytsma: A phylogenetic evaluation of a biosystematic framework: Brodiaea and related petaloid monocots (Themidaceae) . In: American Journal of Botany . 89, No. 8, August 1, 2002, pp. 1342-1359. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.89.8.1342 .
  6. ↑ a b c Brodiaea . Pacific Bulb Society. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Brodiaea. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u J. Chris Pires: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 . Brodiaea Smith , pp. 321–327 - the same text online as the printed work .
  9. ↑ USFWS: Five Year Review: Brodiaea pallida . 2007. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
  10. ^ Key to Themidaceae . In: Jepson eFlora . Jepson Herbarium. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  11. ↑ Michael F. Fay, Mark W. Chase: Resurrection of Themidaceae for the Brodiaea alliance, and recircumscription of Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, and Agapanthoideae . In: Taxon . 45, No. 3, 1996, pp. 441-451. doi : 10.2307 / 1224136 .
  12. ↑ James Edward Smith : An introduction to physiological and systematical botany . Longman, Hurst, Reese, Orme, London 1807, pp.  263 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  13. ↑ RS Salisbury: Hookera coronaria . In: The Paradisus Londinensis 1808.
  14. ↑ James Edward Smith: Characters of a new Liliaceous Genus called Brodiæa . In: Transactions of the Linnean Society of London . X, 1810, pp. 1-5. doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-3642.1810.tb00010.x .
  15. ↑ George Simonds Boulger: Dictionary of National Biography . Salisbury, Richard Anthony. Ed .: Sidney Lee. tape 50 . Smith, Elder & Co., London 1897, ISBN 0-7134-4922-5 .
  16. ↑ HW Rickett, FA Stafleu: Nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda spermatophytorum . In: Taxon . 8, No. 7, 1959, pp. 213-243. doi : 10.2307 / 1217883 .
  17. ^ A b Brodiaea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  18. ↑ J. Chris Pires, Michael F. Fay, Warren S. Davis, Larry Hufford, Johan Rova, Mark W. Chase, Kenneth J. Sytsma: Molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyzes of Themidaceae (Asparagales) . In: Kew Bulletin . 56, No. 3, 2001, pp. 601-626. doi : 10.2307 / 4117686 .
  19. ^ Distribution map of Brodiaea . In: USDA Plants . Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  20. ↑ a b Brodiaea - “Subordinate Taxa” . In: USDA Plants Profile . Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  21. ^ A b c d e Robert E. Preston: A reconsideration of Brodiaea minor (Benth.) S. Watson and Brodiaea purdyi Eastwood (Themidaceae), with the resurrection of Brodiaea nana Hoover. In: Madroño , Volume 53, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 46-54. JSTOR 41425633 doi : 10.3120 / 0024-9637 (2006) 53 [46: arobmb] 2.0.co; 2
  22. ^ Robert E. Preston: Brodiaea matsonii (Asparagaceae: Brodiaeoideae) a New Species from Shasta County, California. In: Madroño , Volume 57, Issue 4, 2011, pp. 261-267. doi: 10.3120 / 0024-9637-57.4.261
  23. ↑ Tom Chester, Wayne Armstrong, Kay Madore: Brodiaea santarosae (Themidaceae), A New Rare Species From the Santa Rosa Plateau Area of ​​the Santa Ana Mountains of Southern California. In: Madroño , Volume 54, Issue 2, 2007, pp. 187-198.
  24. ↑ Wayne Armstrong, Tom Chester, Kay Madore: The Santa Rosa Basalt Brodiaea. In: Fremontia , Volume 37, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 20-27. Full text PDF.
  25. ^ Brian Mathew: The Smaller Bulbs . BT Batsford, London 1987, ISBN 0-7134-4922-5 (English).

Web links

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