Brodiaea coronaria

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Brodiaea coronaria
Brodiaea coronaria

Brodiaea coronaria

Systematics
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae)
Subfamily : Brodiaeoideae
Genre : Brodiaea
Type : Brodiaea coronaria
Scientific name
Brodiaea coronaria
( Salisb. ) Jeps.

Brodiaea coronaria is a species of the genus Brodiaea in the asparagus family (Asparagaceae). It is common in western North America.

description

Flower in detail and flower bud

Vegetative characteristics

Brodiaea coronaria grows as perennial herbaceous plants . Plant tubers are formed as persistence organs . One to six narrow leaves are produced per tuber during the growing season.

Generative characteristics

The bald, slender inflorescence stem is 4 to 25 inches long. At the end of the inflorescence stem there is an open, golden inflorescence . The bracts also covers during the inflorescence a still in bud this is not complete. There are also cover sheets . The upright flower stalk is 1 to 5 inches long.

The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and threefold. There are two circles with three blue to purple bracts each, which are fused at their base. The three outer bracts are narrower than the inner three. The six bluish-purple, bluish-purple, pink-purple or pink bracts are fused together to form a 6 to 13 centimeter long egg to bell-shaped flower tube, which does not open until the fruit is ripe. The corolla is a total of 24 to 38 millimeters long. The free part of the bracts is 12 to 25 millimeters long, spread out and bent back at the upper end. In Brodiaea coronaria there are three sterile stamens, that are staminodes , that are fused with the bracts and resemble small petals and each face the outer bracts. The white or pink, 10 to 11 millimeters long and relatively wide staminodes are generally inwardly towards the fertile stamens, but at their upper end they are curved outward; the edges are 3/4 rolled up and the top is rounded. The three fertile stamens are located opposite the inner bloom and also at the base of the bloom. The base of the 3 to 4 millimeter long stamens is broadened and forms triangular wings. The size and shape of the stamens and the structures at the base of the stamens are important determinants for the Brodiaea species. The anthers are linear with a length of 5 to 7 millimeters with a hook-shaped or rounded upper end. Three carpels are long to a 6 to 9 mm, three crests membered ovary grown. The 6 to 11 millimeter long stylus ends in a three-lobed scar .

The egg-shaped capsule fruits open up in the form of fissures (loculicidal). The seeds are black.

Systematics

Illustration from The native flowers and ferns of the United States in their botanical, horticultural and popular aspects , 1879

Botanical history

Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Jeps. is the type species of the genus Brodiaea .

The history of the scientific names of the genus Brodiaea and thus also of the type species Brodiaea coronaria is somewhat confused. The first specimens of a species of the genus validly called Brodiaea were collected in 1792 by Archibald Menzies , a botanist on the Vancouver Expedition, in the vicinity of the Strait of Georgia , which George Vancouver called "New Georgia". This first published reference to these plant specimens has not yet been given a name and took place in James Edward Smith's work An introduction to physiological and systematical botany in 1807 .

In the following year, in early 1808, Richard Salisbury published the first valid description of the first species accepted as belonging to the genus Brodiaea in his work The Paradisus Londinensis and named it Hookera coronaria Salisb. . With the generic name Hookera Salisbury honored the botanical illustrator William Hooker . Shortly thereafter, Smith named a moss genus Hookeria and in April 1808 the Linnean Society of London gave a formal description of a new genus which, like Salisburys Hookera coronaria, was based on the same species, but was called Brodiaea by him ; he chose the generic name Brodiaea in honor of the Scottish botanist James Brodie . However, no formal publication was made before Smith's 1810 presentation went to press. Although Salisbury's generic name Hookera enjoys priority over Smith's name Brodiaea (names that are somewhat similar to Hookera and Hookeria are considered confusing), a formal proposal to preserve the names Brodiaea and Hookeria in place of Hookera was accepted. Brodiaea is therefore a noun conservandum , which is indicated in botanical scientific works by the abbreviation “nom. cons. ”is expressed after the scientific name. The type species of the genus Brodiaea is Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Jeps. , and the original type name Brodiaea grandiflora Sm. is an illegitimate name to which the homonyms Brodiaea grandiflora Pursh from Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, ... , 1, 1814, page 223 and Brodiaea grandiflora (Lindl.) JF Macbr. (a synonym of Triteleia grandiflora Lindl. ) from Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University , Volume 56, 1918, page 9 there.

Homonyms for Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Jeps. are: Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Engl. from the memo sheet of the Royal Botanical Garden and Museum in Berlin , Volume 2, 18, 1899, page 317 and Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) A.Nelson & JFMacbr. from Botanical Gazette , Volume 65, 1, 1918, page 58.

Most of the herbarium specimens that WL Jepson (1923-1925) assessed as belonging to Brodiaea coronaria were recognized by TF Niehaus (1971, 1980) as belonging to Brodiaea elegans .

Until 2013 there were two subspecies of Brodiaea coronaria :

  • Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Jeps. subsp. coronaria , which was considered to be found in the entire range of this species. There are, depending on the partial area of the chromosome numbers found from 2n = 12, 24 or 42nd
  • Brodiaea coronaria subsp. rosea (Greene) TFNiehaus . This rare subspecies was only known from three localities in the northern coastal mountains of California .

New extent of related species and their distribution according to Preston 2013

Robert E. Preston showed in 2013 in A Revision of Brodiaea coronaria (Asparagaceae: Brodiaeoideae): Morphometric Analysis and Recognition of New and Emended Taxa. In:  Systematic Botany , Volume 38, Issue 4, pp. 1012-1028 by comparing the characteristics of herbarium material that the populations represent two species with a new subspecies.

Preston restored Brodiaea rosea (Greene) Baker to species rank in 2013 , previously known as Brodiaea coronaria subsp. rosea (Greene) TFNiehaus was viewed with a very small area. Other synonyms are Hookera rosea Greene , Brodiaea coronaria var. Rosea (Greene) Hoover and Brodiaea howellii Eastw. non S. Watson . Since 2013 there have been two subspecies in this taxon, which is now again in the rank of a species:

  • Brodiaea rosea (Greene) Baker subsp. rosea : Much more populations are assigned to it than the previous Brodiaea coronaria subsp. rosea (Greene) TFNiehaus . There are two disjoint population groups. The southern group has populations in a wide arc from California's inner Northern Coast Mountains and the southeastern Klamath Mountains, north to the southern Oregon Cascade Mountains and then south to the Modoc Plateau . The northern group has populations in southwestern British Columbia, on Vancouver Island, the San Juan Islands and the coastal areas of Washington in the Puget Sound area .
  • Brodiaea rosea (Greene) Baker subsp. vallicola REPreston: It was first described in 2013. It thrives on the eastern edge of the Sacramento Valley and the San Joaquin Valley as well as in the adjacent foothills of the Sierra Nevada from Butte County to Calaveras County only at altitudes of 10 to 335 meters.

Brodiaea coronaria (Salisb.) Engler (Syn .: Hookera coronaria Salisb. , Brodiaea grandiflora Smith ): According to the research by Preston in 2013, their populations can be found from the Canadian province of British Columbia and Vancouver Island via the US states of Washington and Oregon to California . There are nomore subtaxas .

ecology

Little is known about the ecology of the species. It grows in grasslands and on volcanic mesas at altitudes between 0 and 1,600 meters.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Brodiaea coronaria. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 25, 2019.
  2. ^ A b c d e f Robert E. Preston: A Revision of Brodiaea coronaria (Asparagaceae: Brodiaeoideae): Morphometric Analysis and Recognition of New and Emended Taxa. In:  Systematic Botany , Volume 38, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 1012-1028. doi : 10.1600 / 036364413X674913
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g J. Chris Pires: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 . Brodiaea coronaria (Salisbury) Engler , p. 324 - online with the same text as the printed work .
  4. ↑ a b c Brodiaea coronaria at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved December 25, 2019.
  5. ↑ James Edward Smith : An introduction to physiological and systematical botany 1807. scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  6. ↑ Richard Anthony Salisbury : Hookera coronaria - Garland Hookera , In: The Paradisus Londinensis, or colored figures of plants cultivated in the vicinity of the metropolis , XCVIII., 2, 1808, plate 98. Plate 98 scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org and text scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  7. ↑ James Edward Smith: Characters of a new Liliaceous Genus called Brodiæa. In: Transactions of the Linnean Society of London , Volume X, Part I, 1810/1811, pp. 1-5. doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-3642.1810.tb00010.x PDF. Text and board scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  8. ↑ J. Chris Pires, Robert E. Preston: Brodiaea , 2012: Brodiaea coronaria - Garland Brodiaea data sheet in Jepson Flora Project (ed.): Jepson eFlora .
  9. ^ Jepson Manual Treatment - Brodiaea coronaria . Retrieved December 11, 2019.

Web links

Commons : Brodiaea coronaria  - Collection of images, videos and audio files