Marie Maynard Daly

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Marie Maynard Daly, 1942

Marie Maynard Daly (born April 16, 1921 in Corona , New York City , United States ; died October 28, 2003 in New York City, United States) was an American biochemist. She was the first African American to earn a PhD in chemistry from Columbia University in 1947.

Life

Marie Daly's father, Ivan C. Daly, immigrated to the United States from the British West Indies , found work as a postal worker, and married Helen Page of Washington, DC. They lived in New York City . Marie Daly was born in Corona, Queens , New York , and grew up there. She often visited her maternal grandparents in Washington. There Mary Daly could read about scientists and their achievements in her grandfather's extensive library. She was particularly impressed by Paul de Kruif's The Microbe Hunters , a book that helped make her want to be a scientist.

Daly's interest in science was also influenced by her father, who attended Cornell University to become a chemist. However, he had to give up his studies for lack of money. His daughter carried on her father's legacy when she graduated with a degree in chemistry. Many years later she set up a study fund in his honor at Queens College to help minority students study chemistry or physics.

education

Daly attended Hunter Collage High School, a laboratory high school for girls run by Hunter College faculty. There, too, she was encouraged to study chemistry. She then enrolled at Queens College , a small and relatively new school in Flushing , New York. She lived at home to save money. In 1942 Daly graduated from Queens College with a bachelor's degree in chemistry with magna cum laude . Upon graduation, Daly became a Queens College Scholar, an honor given to the 2.5% of a graduating class.

The labor shortage and the need for academics to participate in the World War II effort enabled Daly to receive fellowships to study at New York University and Columbia University for her Masters and PhD degrees.

In 1943 Daly worked as a laboratory assistant at Queens College and studied at the same time at New York University for her master's degree in chemistry, which she obtained in 1943. She then became a chemistry tutor at Queens College and enrolled in Columbia University's doctoral program , where she was tutored by Mary L. Caldwell . Caldwell, who had a PhD in nutritional science, helped Daly discover how chemicals are produced in the body to aid digestion. Daly completed her dissertation, A Study of the Products Formed By the Action of Pancreatic Amylase on Corn Starch, for her PhD in Chemistry in 1947.

work life

Daly worked from 1947 to 1948 as a physics lecturer at Howard University . At the same time she conducted research under the direction of Herman Branson . She received an American Cancer Society scholarship to support her postdoctoral research. Daly joined AE Mirsky at the Rockefeller Institute , where she studies the nucleus and its components. At that time, the structure and function of DNA were unknown.

In 1955, Daly began working at Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons . In collaboration with Quentin B. Deming, she studied arterial metabolism. She continued her work as an assistant professor of biochemistry and medicine at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University , where Quentin B. Deming moved in 1960. From 1958 to 1963, Daly also worked as an investigator for the American Heart Association .

Daly enjoyed teaching the medical students and made efforts to increase the number of minority students in medical schools. In 1971 she was appointed assistant professor.

In 1975, Daly was one of 30 minority women scholars to attend a conference examining the challenges faced by minority women from STEM subjects. The conference was organized by the American Association for the Advancement of Science . As a result, the report The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science (1976) was published, in which proposals were made for attracting and retaining women scientists from minority groups.

Daly served on the prestigious New York Academy of Sciences Board of Directors for two years . Additional fellowships Daly received during her career included the American Cancer Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science , the New York Academy of Sciences, and the American Heart Association's Council on Arteriosclerosis.

Daly was earmarked for a career in science by the Health Research Council of the City of New York. She left Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 1986 and established a scholarship for African American chemistry and physics students at Queens College in 1988 in honor of her father.

Marie Maynard Daly Clark died on October 23, 2003.

Awards

In 1999, she was recognized by the National Technical Association as one of the Top 50 Women in Science, Engineering, and Technology.

On February 26, 2016, R. Emmanuel-Cooke, Founding Director of the new PS360Q Elementary School, announced that the school would be “The Dr.” in honor of Queens-based Daly. Marie M. Daly Academy of Excellence ”.

Research priorities

Daly made important contributions in four areas of research: Chemistry of histones , protein synthesis , the relationship between cholesterol and high blood pressure and intake of creatines by muscle cells.

Histones

Daly was particularly interested in nuclear proteins. She developed methods to crush nuclear material and determine its composition. It is crucial to break down the cell material into its components without destroying or losing any of it.

She examined histones , proteins, which are found in cell nuclei and was able to demonstrate the amino acid composition of various histone components. She concluded that histones were a mixture of basic components such as lysine and arginine . Since then, it has been shown that histones play an important role in gene expression . Daly's work on histones is now considered fundamental.

Proteins

Daly developed methods to detach nuclei from tissue and to measure the basic composition of purines and pyrimidines in deoxypentose nucleic acids. She concluded, among other things, that "no components except adenine , guanine , thymine and cytosine are present in significant amounts."

She studied protein synthesis, including the role of cytoplastic ribonucleoprotein in protein synthesis. Using radiation-labeled amino acid glycine, she was able to measure how the protein metabolism of a mouse changed under nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor conditions. This allowed her to observe the activity of the cytoplasm as the radiation-labeled glycines were taken up into the nucleus.

In 1953, Watson and Crick described the structure of DNA . When he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work in 1962, Watson cited one of Daly's papers on "The Role of Ribonucleoprotein in Protein Synthesis" as essential to his work. After 1953, nuclear research was inundated with research funds.

Cholesterol and hypertension

Daly and her colleagues did some of the earliest work on the relationship between diet and cardiovascular health. They discovered the influence of cholesterol , sugar and other nutrients. Daly was the first to discover that high blood pressure is a precursor to atherosclerosis and the first to establish a relationship between cholesterol and clogged arteries, an important discovery in understanding how heart attacks occur .

Daly was particularly interested in how high blood pressure affects the circulatory system. She showed that high intake of cholestrin led to clogged arteries and that high blood pressure exacerbated this effect. She studied the effects of diet on high blood pressure and found that both cholesterol and sugar are linked to high blood pressure. While studying aging , she came to the conclusion that mild muscle hypertropia could be a cause of high blood pressure and atherosclerosis. Daly was also one of the early discoverers of the effects of cigarette smoke on lungs and high blood pressure.

Creatine

In the 1970s, Daly began studying the uptake of creatine by muscle cells, a major research topic in muscle energy recovery. Her "Uptake of Creatine by Cultured Cells" (1980) described the conditions under which muscle tissue can best absorb creatine.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Marie M. Daly - Life, Facts & Family - Biography. In: biography.com. Retrieved March 15, 2019 .
  2. ↑ a b c James Kessler, JS Kidd, Renee Kidd, Katherine A. Morin: Distinguished African-American Scientists of the 20th Century . Oryx Press, Phoenix, Arizona 1996, ISBN 978-0-89774-955-8 , pp. 57 (English, limited preview in Google Book search).
  3. ↑ a b c d Marie Maynard Daly. In: sciencehistory.org. Retrieved March 15, 2019 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Louise S. Grinstein, RK Rose, MH Rafailovich: Women in chemistry and physics: a biobibliographic sourcebook . 1st edition. Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut 1993, ISBN 978-0-313-27382-7 , pp. 149 (English).
  5. ^ A b c Jeannette Elizabeth Brown: 1934-: African American women chemists . Oxford University Press, New York 2012, ISBN 978-0-19-974288-2 .
  6. ↑ a b Marie Maynard Daly: Showcasing Support for Women in STEM. In: undark.org. Retrieved March 15, 2019 .
  7. ↑ Dr. Marie Maynard Daly: The First African-American PhD. in Chemistry - On the Shoulders of Giants. (No longer available online.) In: ontheshoulders1.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2018 ; accessed on March 15, 2019 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ontheshoulders1.com
  8. ^ Mitchell C. Brown: Marie Maynard Daly: Biochemist. In: webfiles.uci.edu. November 25, 2007, accessed March 15, 2019 .
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Dale DeBakcsy: Marie Maynard Daly (1921-2003), America's First Black Woman Chemist. In: womenyoushouldknow.net. February 28, 2018, accessed March 15, 2019 .
  10. ^ A b Ray Spangenburg, Douglas Long: African Americans in Science, Math, and Invention . Chelsea House Publishers, New York 2003, ISBN 978-1-4381-0774-5 (English, google.de ).
  11. ↑ Shirley Mahaley Malcom, Paula Quick Hall, Janet Welsh Brown: The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science. Report of a Conference of Minority Women Scientists . Arlie House, Warrenton, Virginia 1976, pp. 63 ( online [PDF]).
  12. ↑ Demetria Irwin: [UNSUNG SHEROES] Dr. Marie Maynard Daly, a Trailblazer in Medical Research • EBONY. In: ebony.com. March 7, 2016, accessed March 15, 2019 .
  13. ↑ PTBoard - PS 360Q PTA The Dr. Marie M. Daly Academy of Excellence. In: ps360qpta.ptboard.com. Retrieved March 15, 2019 .
  14. ↑ Jan Bossing: AMAZING WOMEN - Jan Bossing - Medium. In: medium.com. June 1, 2016, accessed March 15, 2019 .
  15. ↑ a b c Marie M. Daly PhD Memorial Celebration. In: einstein.yu.edu. Retrieved March 15, 2019 .
  16. ^ A b Jean Brachet, Alfred E. Mirsky: The Cell: Biochemistry, Physiology, Morphology . Academic Press, New York 1959, ISBN 978-1-4832-1654-6 , pp. 196, 230, 257 (English, google.de ).
  17. ^ A b Harris Brusch: Histones and other nuclear proteins . Academic Press, 1965, ISBN 978-0-12-395593-7 , pp. 13-15, 76-77 ( google.de ).
  18. ^ A b M. M. Daly, AE Mirsky: Histones with high lysine content . In: The Journal of General Physiology . tape 38 , no. 3 , January 20, 1955, p. 405-13 , PMID 13221780 , PMC 2147486 (free full text) - (English).
  19. ↑ a b M. M. Daly, VG Allfrey, AE Mirsky: Uptake of glycine-N15 by components of cell nuclei . In: The Journal of General Physiology . tape 36 , no. 2 , November 1952, p. 173-9 , PMID 13011275 , PMC 2147362 (free full text) - (English).
  20. ^ A b M. M. Daly, AE Mirsky, Hans Ris: The amino acid composition and some properties of histones . In: The Journal of General Physiology . tape 34 , no. 4 , March 20, 1951, p. 439-50 , PMID 14824510 , PMC 2147226 (free full text) - (English).
  21. ↑ MM Daly: Purine and pyrimidine contents of some desoxypentose nucleic acids . In: The Journal of General Physiology . tape 33 , no. 5 , May 20, 1950, pp. 497-510 , doi : 10.1085 / jgp.33.5.497 , PMID 15422104 , PMC 2147206 (free full text).
  22. ^ A b V. Allfrey, MM Daly, AE Mirsky: Synthesis of protein in the pancreas. II. The role of ribonucleoprotein in protein synthesis . In: The Journal of General Physiology . tape 37 , no. 2 , November 20, 1953, p. 157-75 , PMID 13109153 , PMC 2147435 (free full text) - (English).
  23. ^ VG Allfrey, MM Daly, AE Mirsky: Some observations on protein metabolism in chromosomes of non-dividing cells . In: The Journal of General Physiology . tape 38 , no. 3 , January 20, 1955, p. 415-24 , PMID 13221781 , PMC 2147482 (free full text) - (English).
  24. ↑ James Watson: James Watson - Nobel Lecture: The Involvement of RNA in the Synthesis of Proteins - NobelPrize.org. In: nobelprize.org. Retrieved March 16, 2019 .
  25. ↑ DN Lee: You Should Know: Dr. Marie Daly - Scientific American Blog Network. In: blogs.scientificamerican.com. July 6, 2014, accessed March 16, 2019 .
  26. ↑ Edward D. Freis: Hypertension and Atherosclerosis . In: The American Journal of Medicine . tape 46 , no. 5 , May 1969, p. 735-740 (English, online [PDF]).
  27. ^ QB Deming, EH Mosbach, M. Bevans, MM Daly, LL Abell, E. Martin, LM Brun, E. Halpern, R. Kaplan: Blood pressure, cholesterol content of serum and tissues and atherogenesis in the rat . In: The Journal of Experimental Medicine . tape 107 , no. 4 , April 1, 1958, pp. 581-98 , PMID 13513919 , PMC 2136835 (free full text) - (English).
  28. ^ QB Deming, LM Brun, R. Kaplan, MM Daly, J. Bloom, M. Schechter: Hypertension, Recent Advances . In: AN Brest, JH Moyer (Ed.): The Second Hahnemann Symposium on Hypertensive Disease . Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1961, pp. 160 (English).
  29. ↑ MM Daly, QB Deming, VM Raeff, LM Brun: CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATION AND CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS IN AORTAS OF RATS WITH RENAL HYPERTENSION * . In: Journal of Clinical Investigation . tape 42 , no. 10 , October 1, 1963, p. 1606–1612 , doi : 10.1172 / JCI104845 , PMID 14074354 , PMC 289439 (free full text) - (English).
  30. ↑ David Kritchevky: Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Drugs . Plenum Press, New York, London 1975, ISBN 978-1-4684-3258-9 , pp. 295 (English).
  31. ↑ Marie Maynard Daly, biochemist. In: valentinaproject.wordpress.com. April 1, 2014, accessed March 16, 2019 .
  32. ↑ Sung Suh Park, Yutaka Kikkawa, Irene P. Goldring, Marie M. Daly, Melvin Zelefsky, Chang Shim, Morris Spierer, Toyohiko Morita: An Animal Model of Cigarette Smoking in Beagle Dogs Correlative Evaluation of Effects on Pulmonary Function, Defense, and Morphology . In: American Review of Respiratory Disease . tape 115 , no. 6 , June 1, 1977, pp. 971-9 , PMID 262108 (English).
  33. ^ Marie M. Daly, Sam Seifter: Uptake of creatine by cultured cells . In: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics . tape 203 , no. 1 , August 1980, p. 317-324 , doi : 10.1016 / 0003-9861 (80) 90182-4 (English).
personal data
SURNAME Daly, Marie Maynard
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American biochemist
DATE OF BIRTH April 16, 1921
PLACE OF BIRTH Corona , New York City , United States
DATE OF DEATH October 28, 2003
Place of death New York City , United States