Mineralogical Museum of the Philipps University of Marburg
.jpg) Museum in the Kornhaus on Firmaneiplatz in 2015 |
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| Data | |
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| place | Marburg |
| Art |
Mineralogical Museum
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| operator |
Friends of the Marburg Mineralogical Museum eV
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| management |
Sebastian Müller
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| Website | |
| ISIL | DE-MUS-156212 |
The Mineralogical Museum of the Philipps University in Marburg is an extensive collection of geological finds that goes back to the end of the 18th century. The collection currently comprises 60,000 minerals , 55,000 rock samples, 15,000 raw gemstone samples and 150 meteorites . It has the largest collection of minerals and rocks in Hessen . The collection is primarily a teaching and research collection . The museum is now part of the geography department .
The Mineralogical Museum is of particular importance not only because of its extensive collection, but also because of its rooms. It is located in the granary and bakery and thus the last remaining farm building of the Marburg branch of the Teutonic Order . This makes it a not insignificant part in the existing ensemble today the former Coming of the Teutonic Order. This is located around the Elisabeth Church , from Ketzerbach to the Old Botanical Garden , and is cut through by Deutschhausstraße.
The museum emerged from the 'Hessian Mineral Cabinet'.
Museum division
Since 1977, 3,000 objects from the entire collection have been accessible to the public in three large exhibition rooms. In the first room there is a darkroom for fluorescent minerals. The second room contains the 150 most important pieces from the collection of the pharmacist Gerhard Schweinsfurth. This collection mainly includes ore minerals from the Siegerland mining area . Finally, in the third room there is the permanent exhibition 'Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil'. This was bequeathed to the museum in 2002, on the 475th birthday of the university, by the Marburg merchant and gemstone expert Reinhard Balzer as a permanent loan.
Building history
excavation
In the course of the redesign of the surroundings of the Elisabeth Church in Marburg in 2006, archaeological excavations took place on the site. The investigations lasted from October 2006 to February 2007. Already during excavations in 1970/71 it was shown that this area contains important archaeological sources.
Building description
The former bakery is in the farm yard, which is east of the Elisabeth Church. It is the only farm building of the Teutonic Order in Marburg that is still preserved today. The other buildings were demolished by the end of the 19th century at the latest. The bakery has three floors and three attics and also served the Teutonic Order as a granary. Its considerable size documents the wealth of those coming from the land . The building has a slate roof and a round oriel tower. In the years 1515 and 1516 it was built into the smaller farm yard, which was located east of the Elisabeth Church and the three-winged house.
The Teutonic Order in Marburg and the historical-topographical location of the museum (formerly the Backhaus)
The Teutonic Order settled in Marburg on the hospital district of St. Elisabeth . This arranged itself around a fenced yard around the Elisabeth church. Pope Gregory IX On July 1st, 1234 transferred the institution together with the right of patronage over the parish church of Marburg to the Teutonic Order. This happened at the request of Landgraves Heinrich Raspe IV and Konrad von Thuringia , Elisabeth's brother-in-law. Thus the Teutonic Order was able to settle in Marburg. When it was handed over to the Teutonic Order, there was intensive construction work, which turned the area into a spacious and representative complex. Originally, the hospital district was more likely to have been a group of homesteads. An institution had been created that was spiritually oriented on the one hand and economically oriented on the other. In terms of ownership and construction, Marburg was by far the largest commander in Hesse and thus a powerful manorial power. The branch of the order was divided into the following buildings: The Elisabeth Church, the Franziskushospital, the later hospital building, the firm, the Teutonic Order House and several farm buildings like the bakery. The buildings are only partially preserved today. At the end of the 19th century, a large part of the farm buildings was demolished. Deutschhausstrasse cuts through the former courtyard. Apart from the Elisabeth Church, there are still remnants of the hospital chapel on the Pilgrimstein, the former bakery, which today houses the Mineralogical Museum, and the three-winged German House, the former residential building of the friars. Today the Geography Department of the University of Marburg is located there.
The Elizabeth Church
The Elisabeth Church was built by the Teutonic Order on August 14, 1235. The construction process dragged on into the first third of the 14th century.
Francis Hospital
The Franziskushospital , built in Marburg in 1228 by Landgravine Elisabeth of Thuringia, formed the basis of the later Ballei in Hesse. The hospital was north, outside the city on the banks of the Lahn . Pope Gregory IX on April 19, 1234, “[...] at the presentation of Elisabeth (later saint), widow of Landgrave Ludwig von Thuringia, gave the hospital she had built in honor of St. Francis in Marburg a pardon for repentant visitors. [...] "
Hospital building
This building was built in 1253 south of the Ketzerbach. As is customary for medieval hospitals, it had a large hall with a chapel extension in the middle of the long side. The idea behind it was that the sick could watch the service lying down in the large hall. In its original state, the front of the hospital had narrow and tall Gothic windows. It was demolished in 1876.
The firm
The firm was a small hospital reserved for the convent brothers of the Teutonic Order and their servants in Marburg with a St. Francis chapel consecrated in 1286 as an eastern extension. It was located on the north-western edge of the enclosure. In the corner, a large building used as a granary has been attached to the building since the 14th century. The building wing went up in flames during the Seven Years' War ; the then restored warehouse fell victim to an expansion of Elisabethstrasse in 1839. Today's Firmanei-Platz in the east of the Elisabethkirche (Marburg) was once part of the order's farm yard, which was laid down in the second half of the 19th century.
From the 15th to the 18th century, the order maintained a badly reputed wine tavern in the former Fimanei buildings, "a throat of all money in Marburg", as the Hessian church reformer Adam Krafft in association with other Reformation preachers told Landgrave Philip ( Philipp I. (Hessen) ). A few years later (1544) he even felt compelled to contact the emperor, the patron saint of the Teutonic Order, and with reference to that of Philip hl. Ancestor Elisabeth on the site of the firm once established Franziskus-Hospital to lodge a complaint about the conditions in the Marburg Teutonic Order House : “But the infirmario went to the house of the sick, as Christ says, the temple is a house of horror, so you have one morder grub made of it; then they turned this place into a tavern or wine house because the poor man was waiting. And it is to be found from all that S. Elisabeth pawed the hospital of the place where the infirmeria and S. Francisci Capella are. "
The name Firmanei goes back to a Latin infirmaria , a name for a hospital room within a convent for its brothers and was also transferred to the charitable institution itself and to the building, the latter also called infirmarium . In addition to the full Latin form infirmaria , there have been lightening variants such as firmaria , firmeria or fermeria since the 12th century ; Middle High German has a firmarîe (infirmary) conveyed through older French , which could become firmanei in vernacular - with a conforming development of the loan ending -îe > -ei (e) as well as a second nasal instead of -r- (a phonetic assimilation) and adopted final emphasis. In French and English, infirmerie or infirmary (infirmary, hospital) has survived to this day.
The Teutonic Order House
This is the original three-wing house of the Teutonic Order. The Teutonic Order House can be dated to the 13th century.
History of the museum
The history of the museum begins with the naturalist and geologist Nathanael Gottfried Leske . In 1786 he owned an extensive collection of minerals and rocks. This was known as the ' Museum Leskeanum '. When he traveled from Kassel to Marburg in the same year to take up a professorship for finance and economics , he had an accident and died shortly afterwards. His collection, which he had sent in advance, came into the hands of Johann Gottlieb Waldin , a mathematics professor in Marburg. Waldin submitted to Landgrave Wilhelm IX. the proposal to buy the collection in order to build a Hessian mineral cabinet. For the Landgrave, the price of 6000 Reichstalers for the 'Museum Leskeanum' was too high, which is why he refused to buy it. Waldin tried to convince him of a cheaper solution. He suggested that the miners responsible should be instructed to send ore stages, rock samples and fossils from all Hessian mines to the University of Marburg . On July 29, 1790, Landgrave Waldin transferred the supervision of the 'Hessian Minerals Cabinet' by decree . A short time later, Waldin received large quantities of rock samples, minerals and fossils. These came from the mines and smelters in Frankenberg , Homburg and others.
Since then it has appeared as the 'Mineralogical Museum'.
In 1791 Waldin published the first part of his book "The Hessian Mineral Cabinet at the Princely Hessian University of Marburg ". Together with sending parts two and three, Waldin sent a request to the landgrave to give him public supervision of the collection. Waldin received the Landgrave's approval. At that time the collection was in a room in the so-called Collegio under the library.
In 1795, after Waldin's death, supervision of the mineral cabinet was transferred to Johann Christoph Ullmann , Professor of Philosophy , Finance , and Mining and Metallurgy . He was not very enthusiastic about the work of his predecessor:
“ Waldin received a lot of mostly misshapen fossils from all Hessian mining districts , he piled up everything that was sent to him and left me with a mess that I was only able to put in order after a few years. "
However, his attempt to expand the collection largely failed due to a lack of money and a lack of support from the Kassel government. The lack of both money and support from the Kassel government can undoubtedly be traced back to the temporary fall of the Hessian state as a result of the fall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
In August 1821, Friedrich Hessel , associate professor for mineralogy and mining science, took up the position of head of the cabinet after Ullmann's death. Hessel created a new catalog of the Mineralien-Kabinett in order to be able to use the existing material for his lectures. In 1829, Hessel was appointed the first full professor of mineralogy at the University of Marburg.
In 1849 Carl Adolf Heinrich Girard was appointed as the new director of the mineral cabinet. At that time, the collection comprised more than 5000 pieces. At Girard's instigation, the so-called 'Herz'sche Sammlung', which comprised over 4,000 pieces, was bought in 1852 for 4,500 thalers . So the total size of the collection came to over 10,000 pieces. Under his successor Wilhelm Dunker , duplicates, i.e. all minerals that were duplicated, were removed from the main collection in 1877 due to lack of space. The museum continued to grow through donations. The reorganized collection only comprised 8,000 items. During this time, the museum was extremely short of cash, so that one had to forego specific purchases of fossils. The situation only improved when it was possible to move into the German House in 1882. Here, however, there was a lack of furniture to set up the collection appropriately. In between, in 1878 the chair of mineralogy-geology was split up. The collection was then divided: the paleontological collection remained with the geology, as did part of the rock collection. The other part of the rock collection and the mineral collection fell to mineralogy. Friedrich Georg Klocke became head of the Mineralogical Museum in 1881. He brought with him - for this time - a wealth of private instruments, which he donated to the institute, including a microscope and a goniometer . In addition, Klocke succeeded in expanding and enriching the collection by purchasing mineralogical holdings.
In 1915 Oskar Weigel became the new director of the Mineralogical- Petrographic Institute. Due to the First World War , he was only able to take up the position in 1918. Under him, the petrographic collection was moved to the first floor of the granary, which is in the immediate vicinity of the German House. In 1917 the so-called ' Meteorit von Treysa ', weighing 64 kg, was obtained and incorporated into the collection. In the further course, the rooms of the mineralogy were redesigned and a chemical laboratory was set up, which ultimately enabled grants to be obtained. In 1924 the museum received special funds amounting to 5,000 Reichsmarks . From 1930, in addition to the first floor, rooms on the second floor and in the attic of the granary were filled with minerals from the collection.
Oskar Weigel died in 1944. The position of director initially remained vacant due to the Second World War . During this time, the long-time taxidermist and caretaker of the Heinrich Thürmann Institute ensured that the collection was preserved. In the 1950s, the institute's collection was continuously expanded.
In 1964 Erwin Hellner was appointed to the chair of Marburg Mineralogy. He appointed Georg Birke as curator. As a result, the first foundations were laid for presenting the teaching and research collection to the public. At the same time, Georg Birke and Erwin Hellner made sure that the granary was completely renovated by 1973 and turned into a museum.
In 1971 the Mineralogical Institute moved together with the Institute for Geology and Paleontology as the Geosciences Department to the Lahnberge for reasons of space .
In 1976 Reinhard Hembold replaced Georg Birke and established the museum. He became the first director of the Mineralogical Museum. The museum opened its doors on the occasion of the 450th anniversary of Philipps University , initially with two exhibitions.
In 1983 Kay Schürman became the director of the Mineralogical Museum. He strengthened the museum's international scientific contacts. This was an important step to facilitate the exchange and loan of exhibits. Furthermore, a third exhibition hall was opened, whereby the museum reached its present exhibition space.
In 1990 friends and patrons founded the Friends of the Marburg Mineralogical Museum eV
Peter Masberg headed the museum from 2004 to 2019, and Sebastian Müller took over the management at the beginning of 2020. The geosciences department has now practically been dissolved, which is why the museum has been part of the geography department since 2007.
In May 2013, the Mineralogical Museum acquired a fragment of Martian rock . The fragment was separated from Mars by a meteorite impact and ended up in the Earth's field of attraction as a so-called Martian meteorite . In 2011, a total of 12 kg of Martian rock landed in Morocco , including the acquisition of the Mineralogical Museum. This piece is special, as only about 155 such Martian meteorites have been documented on Earth.
Friends of the Marburg Mineralogical Museum eV
The Friends of the Marburg Mineralogical Museum eV was founded in 1990 by Reinhard Balzer to ensure the preservation of the Mineralogical Museum. Due to the lack of public funds, the museum was on the verge of collapse. The Freundeskreis has been looking after the museum ever since. The premises were renovated, showcases and lighting were bought. Furthermore, the Freundeskreis purchases collectibles and organizes guided tours and excursions.
literature
- Atzbach, Rainer : Marburg's holiest place - excavations 1970/71 at the site of the founding of the hospital of St. Elisabeth , Marburg 2007
- Braasch-Schwersmann, Ursula : The Teutonic Order House of Marburg - Economy and Administration of a Late Medieval Manor , Marburg 1989
- Circle of Friends of the Marburg Mineralogical Museum eV (Ed.): 20 years of the Circle of Friends of the Marburg Mineralogical Museum eV , Marburg 2011
- Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt (Hrsg.): Art in Hesse and on the Middle Rhine . Darmstadt 1985
- Hessischer Museumsverband eV (Hrsg.): Museums in Hessen - A guide to 370 Hessian museums , Kassel 2008
- Meyer, Andreas (Ed.): Elisabeth and no end ... - on the afterlife of Saint Elisabeth of Thuringia , Leipzig 2012
- Schaal, Katharina: The Teutonic Order House in Marburg during the Reformation - The attempt at secularization and the inventories from 1543 , Marburg 1996
- Schürmann, Kay (Ed.): 200 Years of the Hessian Mineral Cabinet 1790–1990 , Marburg 1990
- Wittstock, Paul Jürgen (Red.): Elisabeth in Marburg: The service to the sick; an exhibition of the University Museum for Art and Cultural History Marburg , Kassel 2007
Web links
- Literature on the Mineralogical Museum of the Philipps University of Marburg in the Hessian Bibliography
- Homepage of the Mineralogical Museum
- Christa Meiborg / Ursula Braasch-Schwersmann, Elisabeth of Thuringia: Her hospital in Marburg and the Teutonic Order branch in the 13th century
- Audio tour through the Mineralogical Museum (MP3 files 25.9 MB)
Footnotes
- ^ Collection of the Mineralogical Museum , accessed on December 1, 2014
- ^ A b Circle of Friends of the Marburg Mineralogical Museum eV (ed.): 20 years of the Circle of Friends of the Marburg Mineralogical Museum eV, Marburg 2011, p. 5
- ↑ Hidden magic of nature Worth seeing: the Mineralogical Museum of the Philipps University
- ↑ a b Schaal, Katharina: The Teutonic Order House in Marburg during the Reformation - The attempt at secularization and the inventories from 1543 , Marburg 1996, p. 173
- ↑ RI V, 2,3 n. 7025, in: Regesta Imperii Online, URI: RI V Jüngere Staufer (1198–1272) - RI V, 2,3 data set 1479 out of a total of 5555. ( Memento from June 11, 2015 on the Internet Archives ) (Retrieved July 9, 2013).
- ↑ Ursula Braasch-Schwersmann: Das Deutschordenshaus Marburg - Economy and administration of a late medieval manorial rule , Marburg 1989, p. 6 and 7
- ↑ Atzbach, Rainer: Marburg's holiest place - excavations 1970/71 at the site of the founding of the hospital of St. Elisabeth , Marburg 2007, p. 57
- ↑ RI V, 2,3 n. 6760, in: Regesta Imperii Online, URI: RI V Jüngere Staufer (1198–1272) - RI V, 2,3 1201 of a total of 5555. ( Memento from June 11, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (Retrieved July 9, 2013).
- ↑ Schaal, Katharina: The Teutonic Order House in Marburg in the Reformation period - The attempt at secularization and the inventories from 1543 , Marburg 1996, p. 226
- ↑ Norbert Nail: Hospital, wine tavern and a place of science. Background information on the new 'Firmanei' campus of the Philipps University in Marburg. In: Studenten-Kurier 3/2014, pp. 13-16
- ^ Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt (Ed.): Art in Hessen and on the Middle Rhine. Darmstadt 1985, p. 24
- ↑ Mar (s) burg: Mineralogists acquire meteorites from the Red Planet - extremely rare fragment of a Martian meteorite in the possession of the Mineralogical Museum
Coordinates: 50 ° 48 ′ 54.1 ″ N , 8 ° 46 ′ 15.8 ″ E